The UPFC is a FACTS device that can control all three parameters of line power flow - voltage, impedance, and phase angle. It consists of two voltage source inverters, one connected in series with the transmission line and one connected in shunt. The shunt inverter controls reactive power flow and voltage, while the series inverter controls real and reactive power flow by injecting a controllable voltage in series with the line. Control schemes for the UPFC include phase angle control, cross-coupling control, and a generalized control scheme that provides damping against power swings for improved stability. The UPFC offers benefits like improved power transfer capacity, transient stability, and independent control of real and reactive power flows.
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
This document provides information about flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including opportunities for FACTS, types of FACTS controllers, and their relative importance. It discusses how FACTS controllers can control parameters like line impedance, phase angle, and voltage injection to regulate power flow. The key types of FACTS controllers are series, shunt, and combined series-series or series-shunt configurations. Series controllers directly impact current and power flow, while shunt controllers control voltage. Combined controllers allow coordinated control and real power transfer between elements.
The document discusses the basic types of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers, including series controllers that inject voltage in series with a line, shunt controllers that inject current, and combined series-shunt controllers. FACTS controllers are used to control power flow and improve voltage profiles by injecting currents and voltages. The choice of controller depends on the desired control over current, power flow, damping of oscillations, and improvement of voltage.
Reactive power management and voltage control by using statcomHussain Ali
This document summarizes the use of STATCOM devices for reactive power management and voltage control in transmission lines. It defines reactive power and explains the need for reactive power compensation. It then defines FACTS devices and specifically STATCOMs, describing their basic structure and principle of operation for generating and absorbing reactive power. The document discusses how STATCOMs can provide benefits like reactive power control, voltage regulation, and increased transmission capacity. It provides an example of a 500 MVAR STATCOM installed between Qatar and Bahrain for reactive power compensation and concludes that STATCOMs allow tighter voltage control and improved reliability compared to traditional capacitor banks.
1. Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom) is a member of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices that uses power electronics to control voltage and reactive power on AC transmission networks.
2. A Statcom consists of a voltage source converter with a DC capacitor that generates a voltage in phase or 180 degrees out of phase with the transmission line to inject or absorb reactive power.
3. Statcoms provide benefits like increasing transmission line loading capacity, improving power flow control and system stability, and dynamic reactive power compensation with response times less than 10 milliseconds.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
This document discusses voltage and reactive power control methods in power systems. It covers the need for reactive power to maintain voltage levels and deliver active power through transmission lines. Various reactive power compensation devices are described such as series and shunt capacitors/reactors, synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators, and static synchronous compensators. Common voltage and reactive power control methods include excitation control at generating stations, using tap changing transformers, and switching shunt reactors/capacitors depending on load levels.
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
This document provides information about flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including opportunities for FACTS, types of FACTS controllers, and their relative importance. It discusses how FACTS controllers can control parameters like line impedance, phase angle, and voltage injection to regulate power flow. The key types of FACTS controllers are series, shunt, and combined series-series or series-shunt configurations. Series controllers directly impact current and power flow, while shunt controllers control voltage. Combined controllers allow coordinated control and real power transfer between elements.
The document discusses the basic types of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers, including series controllers that inject voltage in series with a line, shunt controllers that inject current, and combined series-shunt controllers. FACTS controllers are used to control power flow and improve voltage profiles by injecting currents and voltages. The choice of controller depends on the desired control over current, power flow, damping of oscillations, and improvement of voltage.
Reactive power management and voltage control by using statcomHussain Ali
This document summarizes the use of STATCOM devices for reactive power management and voltage control in transmission lines. It defines reactive power and explains the need for reactive power compensation. It then defines FACTS devices and specifically STATCOMs, describing their basic structure and principle of operation for generating and absorbing reactive power. The document discusses how STATCOMs can provide benefits like reactive power control, voltage regulation, and increased transmission capacity. It provides an example of a 500 MVAR STATCOM installed between Qatar and Bahrain for reactive power compensation and concludes that STATCOMs allow tighter voltage control and improved reliability compared to traditional capacitor banks.
1. Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom) is a member of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices that uses power electronics to control voltage and reactive power on AC transmission networks.
2. A Statcom consists of a voltage source converter with a DC capacitor that generates a voltage in phase or 180 degrees out of phase with the transmission line to inject or absorb reactive power.
3. Statcoms provide benefits like increasing transmission line loading capacity, improving power flow control and system stability, and dynamic reactive power compensation with response times less than 10 milliseconds.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
This document discusses voltage and reactive power control methods in power systems. It covers the need for reactive power to maintain voltage levels and deliver active power through transmission lines. Various reactive power compensation devices are described such as series and shunt capacitors/reactors, synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators, and static synchronous compensators. Common voltage and reactive power control methods include excitation control at generating stations, using tap changing transformers, and switching shunt reactors/capacitors depending on load levels.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
This document provides an overview of the thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC). It begins with the basic TCSC scheme and equations showing how the variable inductive reactance XL can change the capacitive reactance XC. It then discusses the impedance characteristics of the TCSC and how the capacitor voltage is reversed by the thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). Next, it examines the TCSC operating in the capacitive and inductive regions and how it can provide phase advance or retard. The document also covers the attainable voltage-current characteristics and harmonic voltage generation in the TCSC. It describes the functional internal control schemes and concludes with notes on design considerations.
Series & shunt compensation and FACTs Deviceskhemraj298
Series compensation is used to improve the performance of extra high voltage transmission lines by connecting capacitors in series with the line. It allows for increased transmission capacity and improved system stability by reducing the phase angle between sending and receiving end voltages for the same power transfer. Shunt compensation controls the receiving end voltage by connecting shunt capacitors or reactors to meet reactive power demand and prevent voltage drops or rises. Flexible AC transmission systems use high-speed thyristors to switch transmission line components like capacitors and reactors to control parameters like voltages and reactances to optimize power transfer.
The document discusses Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC), a FACTS device that uses thyristors to control the capacitive reactance of transmission lines. TCSC can enhance power flow, limit fault current, improve stability and transients. It introduces benefits like mitigating subsynchronous resonance risks, damping power oscillations, and improving post-contingency stability. TCSC operates in modes like blocking, bypass, capacitive boost and inductive boost to accurately regulate power flow and damp oscillations while increasing transmission capacity and stability.
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
EHV (extra high voltage) AC transmission refers to equipment designed for voltages greater than 345 kV. Higher transmission voltages increase efficiency by reducing transmission losses and current, decrease infrastructure costs, and increase transmission capacity. However, they also present safety and interference risks. New technologies like FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) help maximize the benefits of EHV transmission by enabling voltage control and power flow management. There is growing support for expanding national EHV transmission grids to facilitate large-scale renewable energy integration and inter-regional power sharing.
This document discusses active and reactive power flow control using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The SSSC injects a controllable voltage in series with a transmission line to regulate power flow. It can control both real and reactive power flow to improve transmission efficiency. The SSSC consists of a voltage source converter connected to the line via a transformer. It provides advantages like power factor correction, load balancing, and reducing harmonic distortion.
This document discusses various topics related to power system stability including:
1. It defines power system stability as the ability of a system to regain equilibrium after a disturbance. It classifies stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability.
2. Rotor angle stability depends on the balance between electromagnetic and mechanical torque on generators. Voltage stability refers to maintaining steady voltages after a disturbance.
3. It derives and explains the swing equation, which describes the relative motion of a generator rotor during disturbances. It provides the swing equation both with and without damper torque.
4. It discusses single machine infinite bus systems and provides the equivalent circuit diagram. Small-signal angle stability refers to the ability of a system
This document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers. It defines FACTS controllers as power electronic devices that control parameters of AC transmission systems. The document describes several types of FACTS controllers including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, SSSC, and UPFC. It explains how each type of controller works and its benefits such as increasing power transfer capability and network reliability.
The document discusses emerging facts about STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) controllers. It describes that a STATCOM is a voltage source converter that produces synchronized AC output voltages using a DC voltage input to compensate for reactive power. It can improve dynamic voltage control, power oscillation damping, transient stability, voltage flicker control, and control of both reactive and active power. The STATCOM structure uses encapsulated electronic converters in a small footprint to minimize environmental impact. It can independently generate or absorb reactive power depending on the magnitude of its output voltage compared to the line voltage.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
Unit 2.Converter and Chopper fed Dc drivesraviarmugam
This document discusses different types of DC drives fed by converters or choppers. It describes phase controlled rectifier fed DC drives which can be single or three phase. It also discusses various types of chopper fed DC drives including one, two and four quadrant drives. Specific circuits are presented for single phase half wave and fully controlled rectifiers used in DC drives. Operation of two and four quadrant choppers for motoring, regenerative braking and reverse braking modes are also covered.
The document discusses the operation of a thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC). It describes the basic components of a TCSC including its controller, capacitor, and thyristor-controlled reactor. It explains the three main modes of TCSC operation - bypassed thyristor mode, blocked thyristor mode, and partially conducting thyristor or vernier mode. The bypassed and blocked modes allow the TCSC to behave as a fixed capacitor or inductor. The vernier mode provides continuously variable capacitive or inductive reactance through phase-controlled thyristor firing.
Reactive power is necessary to maintain adequate voltage levels to transmit active power across transmission systems. It is required for system reliability and to prevent voltage collapse. Voltage is controlled by managing the production and absorption of reactive power on the system. Both insufficient reactive power and excessive reactive power can cause voltage issues and equipment problems if voltage is not properly regulated. Reactive power reserves are also required to maintain voltage stability under contingency events like generator or transmission line outages.
There are two broad classes of power system stability:
1) Steady state stability - The ability of a system to maintain equilibrium after a small disturbance.
2) Transient stability - The ability to maintain synchronism during large disturbances like faults.
Factors influencing transient stability include generator loading, fault conditions, clearing time, reactances, and inertia. Methods to improve it include high-speed excitation, series capacitors, fault clearing and independent pole operation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on HVDC and FACTS technologies for improving power transmission through long lines. It introduces HVDC and its applications for long distance transmission. FACTS devices are discussed as providing advantages over HVDC, including flexible control of voltage, current and power flow. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is examined as a combined series-shunt FACTS device. The Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) is introduced for modeling and simulating HVDC and FACTS devices on transmission lines, allowing analysis of faults and power flow control.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
This document provides an overview of the thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC). It begins with the basic TCSC scheme and equations showing how the variable inductive reactance XL can change the capacitive reactance XC. It then discusses the impedance characteristics of the TCSC and how the capacitor voltage is reversed by the thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). Next, it examines the TCSC operating in the capacitive and inductive regions and how it can provide phase advance or retard. The document also covers the attainable voltage-current characteristics and harmonic voltage generation in the TCSC. It describes the functional internal control schemes and concludes with notes on design considerations.
Series & shunt compensation and FACTs Deviceskhemraj298
Series compensation is used to improve the performance of extra high voltage transmission lines by connecting capacitors in series with the line. It allows for increased transmission capacity and improved system stability by reducing the phase angle between sending and receiving end voltages for the same power transfer. Shunt compensation controls the receiving end voltage by connecting shunt capacitors or reactors to meet reactive power demand and prevent voltage drops or rises. Flexible AC transmission systems use high-speed thyristors to switch transmission line components like capacitors and reactors to control parameters like voltages and reactances to optimize power transfer.
The document discusses Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC), a FACTS device that uses thyristors to control the capacitive reactance of transmission lines. TCSC can enhance power flow, limit fault current, improve stability and transients. It introduces benefits like mitigating subsynchronous resonance risks, damping power oscillations, and improving post-contingency stability. TCSC operates in modes like blocking, bypass, capacitive boost and inductive boost to accurately regulate power flow and damp oscillations while increasing transmission capacity and stability.
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
EHV (extra high voltage) AC transmission refers to equipment designed for voltages greater than 345 kV. Higher transmission voltages increase efficiency by reducing transmission losses and current, decrease infrastructure costs, and increase transmission capacity. However, they also present safety and interference risks. New technologies like FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) help maximize the benefits of EHV transmission by enabling voltage control and power flow management. There is growing support for expanding national EHV transmission grids to facilitate large-scale renewable energy integration and inter-regional power sharing.
This document discusses active and reactive power flow control using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The SSSC injects a controllable voltage in series with a transmission line to regulate power flow. It can control both real and reactive power flow to improve transmission efficiency. The SSSC consists of a voltage source converter connected to the line via a transformer. It provides advantages like power factor correction, load balancing, and reducing harmonic distortion.
This document discusses various topics related to power system stability including:
1. It defines power system stability as the ability of a system to regain equilibrium after a disturbance. It classifies stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability.
2. Rotor angle stability depends on the balance between electromagnetic and mechanical torque on generators. Voltage stability refers to maintaining steady voltages after a disturbance.
3. It derives and explains the swing equation, which describes the relative motion of a generator rotor during disturbances. It provides the swing equation both with and without damper torque.
4. It discusses single machine infinite bus systems and provides the equivalent circuit diagram. Small-signal angle stability refers to the ability of a system
This document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers. It defines FACTS controllers as power electronic devices that control parameters of AC transmission systems. The document describes several types of FACTS controllers including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, SSSC, and UPFC. It explains how each type of controller works and its benefits such as increasing power transfer capability and network reliability.
The document discusses emerging facts about STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) controllers. It describes that a STATCOM is a voltage source converter that produces synchronized AC output voltages using a DC voltage input to compensate for reactive power. It can improve dynamic voltage control, power oscillation damping, transient stability, voltage flicker control, and control of both reactive and active power. The STATCOM structure uses encapsulated electronic converters in a small footprint to minimize environmental impact. It can independently generate or absorb reactive power depending on the magnitude of its output voltage compared to the line voltage.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
Unit 2.Converter and Chopper fed Dc drivesraviarmugam
This document discusses different types of DC drives fed by converters or choppers. It describes phase controlled rectifier fed DC drives which can be single or three phase. It also discusses various types of chopper fed DC drives including one, two and four quadrant drives. Specific circuits are presented for single phase half wave and fully controlled rectifiers used in DC drives. Operation of two and four quadrant choppers for motoring, regenerative braking and reverse braking modes are also covered.
The document discusses the operation of a thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC). It describes the basic components of a TCSC including its controller, capacitor, and thyristor-controlled reactor. It explains the three main modes of TCSC operation - bypassed thyristor mode, blocked thyristor mode, and partially conducting thyristor or vernier mode. The bypassed and blocked modes allow the TCSC to behave as a fixed capacitor or inductor. The vernier mode provides continuously variable capacitive or inductive reactance through phase-controlled thyristor firing.
Reactive power is necessary to maintain adequate voltage levels to transmit active power across transmission systems. It is required for system reliability and to prevent voltage collapse. Voltage is controlled by managing the production and absorption of reactive power on the system. Both insufficient reactive power and excessive reactive power can cause voltage issues and equipment problems if voltage is not properly regulated. Reactive power reserves are also required to maintain voltage stability under contingency events like generator or transmission line outages.
There are two broad classes of power system stability:
1) Steady state stability - The ability of a system to maintain equilibrium after a small disturbance.
2) Transient stability - The ability to maintain synchronism during large disturbances like faults.
Factors influencing transient stability include generator loading, fault conditions, clearing time, reactances, and inertia. Methods to improve it include high-speed excitation, series capacitors, fault clearing and independent pole operation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on HVDC and FACTS technologies for improving power transmission through long lines. It introduces HVDC and its applications for long distance transmission. FACTS devices are discussed as providing advantages over HVDC, including flexible control of voltage, current and power flow. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is examined as a combined series-shunt FACTS device. The Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) is introduced for modeling and simulating HVDC and FACTS devices on transmission lines, allowing analysis of faults and power flow control.
Simulation Of Interline Power Flow Controller in Power Transmission Systemijsrd.com
The interline power flow controller (IPFC) is one of the latest generation flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controller used to control power flows of multiple transmission lines. The IPFC is the multifunction device, such as power flow control, voltage control, oscillation damping. This paper presents an overview and study and mathematical model of Interline Power Flow Control. The simulations of a simple power system of 500kV/230kV in MATLAB and simulation results are carried out on it. The results without and with IPFC are compared in terms of voltages, active and reactive power flows to demonstrate the performance of the IPFC model.
its a presentation describing all the major features and aspects of microgrids and their contribution in solving grotesque power crises situations.
hope one would find it helpful.
email your feedback at sumitraturi001@gmail.com.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The project investigates the optimal location of Interline Power Flow Controllers (IPFC) in power transmission systems. The objectives are to maintain voltage profiles and real and reactive power flows. The scope involves improving voltage profiles and power transfer capabilities using IPFCs. Recently, FACTS devices like IPFCs have attracted interest for applications like congestion management and cost reduction. The problem is that few publications have investigated IPFC locations in power systems and their effects. The report is organized into chapters covering theory, location determination methods, IPFC performance simulation and results.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
This presentation provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. It defines FACTS as power electronics-based static equipment used to improve power transfer capability and enhance controllability of AC transmission systems. The presentation categorizes FACTS devices based on their connection type to the transmission network and technology. It describes common first and second generation FACTS devices such as SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC, and UPFC; and their technical benefits regarding load flow control, voltage control, and stability. Potential applications and future enhancements of FACTS are also discussed, along with benefits, operation, and maintenance.
power quality improvement of power system network using UPFCBikash Gyawali
This document presents a project on improving power quality in a power system network using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). It defines power quality and discusses causes of poor power quality such as non-linear loads and switching operations. It then introduces Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices as a way to improve power quality and lists benefits such as increasing power transfer capability and improving transient stability. Specifically, it describes a UPFC, which combines a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to independently control real and reactive power flow. The UPFC configuration and components are shown, and it is explained how the UPFC can improve power quality by regulating voltage, impedance
The document discusses unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) and their benefits for power systems. It provides the following key points:
1) A UPFC consists of two voltage-source converters connected by a DC link, allowing one converter to operate as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to provide reactive power support and the other to function as a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to control real power flow.
2) UPFCs offer benefits like regulating power flows, reducing the need for new transmission infrastructure, improving transient stability, and independently controlling real and reactive power flows.
3) The document describes the basic configuration and circuit of a UPFC installed between a sending and receiving end
The document discusses reactive power compensation using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). It begins with an introduction to Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and defines a UPFC. It then discusses literature on FACTS controllers, the basic types of FACTS controllers including series and shunt configurations, and the merits and demerits of FACTS devices. The document focuses on the UPFC, describing its introduction, configuration, working, and its ability to control active and reactive power flow. It analyzes and compares the performance and applications of the UPFC to other FACTS controllers.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and Power System Stabilizer (PSS) to mitigate oscillations in a power system. The paper presents a control scheme for the UPFC damping controller and analyzes the results of using the controller to damp oscillations compared to using an advanced PSS alone. The document provides background on the UPFC, which uses voltage-sourced converters to control active and reactive power flows and can improve power transmission stability. It describes the basic operating principle of the UPFC and presents the configuration used in practical implementations with two back-to-back voltage sourced converters connected by a common DC link.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Transformer-Less UPFC for Wind Turbine ApplicationsIJMTST Journal
In this paper, an innovative technique with a new concept of transformer-less unified power flow controller
(UPFC) is implemented. The construction of the conventional UPFC that consists of two back-to-back inverters
which results in complexity and bulkiness which involves the transformers which are complication for
isolation & attaining high power rating with required output waveforms. To reduce a above problem to a
certain extent, a innovative transformer-less UPFC based on less complex configuration with two cascade
multilevel inverters (CMIs) has been proposed. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) has been the most
versatile Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device due to its ability to control real and reactive power
80w on transmission lines while controlling the voltage of the bus to which it is connected. UPFC being a
multi-variable power system controller it is necessary to analyze its effect on power system operation. The
new UPFC offers several merits over the traditional technology, such as Transformer-less, Light weight, High
efficiency, Low cost & Fast dynamic response. This paper mainly highlights the modulation and control for
this innovative transformer-less UPFC, involving desired fundamental frequency modulation (FFM) for low
total harmonic distortion (THD), independent active and reactive power control over the transmission line,
dc-link voltage balance control, etc. The unique capabilities of the UPFC in multiple line compensation are
integrated into a generalized power flow controller that is able to maintain prescribed, and independently
controllable, real power & reactive power flow in the line. UPFC simply controls the magnitude and angular
position of the injected voltage in real time so as to maintain or vary the real and reactive power flow in the
line to satisfy load demand & system operating conditions. UPFC can control various power system
parameters, such as bus voltages and line flows. The impact of UPFC control modes and settings on the
power system reliability has not been addressed sufficiently yet. Cascade multilevel inverters has been
proposed to have an overview of producing the light weight STATCOM’s which enhances the power quality at
the output levels.When the multilevel converter is applied to STATCOM, each of the cascaded H-bridge
converters should be equipped with a galvanically isolated and floating dc capacitor without any power
source or circuit. This enables to eliminate a bulky, heavy, and costly line-frequency transformer from the
cascade STATCOM. When no UPFC is installed, interruption of either three-phase line due to a fault reduces
an active power flow to half, because the line impedance becomes double before the interruption. Installing
the UPFC makes it possible to control an amount of active power flowing through the transmission system.
Results has been shown through MATLAB Simulink
UPFC in order to Enhance the Power System ReliabilityIJMER
This document discusses unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) and their ability to enhance power system reliability. It provides an overview of FACTS devices and describes how UPFCs can control parameters like impedance, voltage, and phase angle to regulate power flow. The document summarizes the components, control modes, and benefits of UPFCs, and discusses modeling a single-phase UPFC in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate power flow control and voltage injection capabilities.
Performance and Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation by Unified Power Flow...ijeei-iaes
The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most versatile of the FACTS controllers envisaged so far. The main function of the UPFC is to control the flow of real and reactive power by injection of a voltage in series with the transmission line. Both the magnitude and the phase angle of the voltage can be varied independently. Real and Reactive power flow control can allow for power flow in prescribed routes, loading of transmission lines close to their thermal limits and can be utilized for improving transient and small signal stability of the power system. In this paper UPFC is incorporated in a SMIB (Single Machine Infinite Bus) system and the response of SMIB system has been recorded with and without UPFC, thereafter the comparison of both the output has been done. When no UPFC is installed, real and reactive power through the transmission line cannot be controlled. This paper presents control and performance of UPFC intended for installation on that transmission line to control power flow. Installing the UPFC makes it possible to control amount of active power flowing through the line. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB software to validate the performance of the UPFC.
The document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It defines FACTS as power electronic devices used to improve controllability and increase power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. It describes several types of FACTS devices including static var compensators (SVCs), static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), and unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). The document compares the characteristics of SVCs and STATCOMs, noting STATCOMs provide faster response time, require less space, and allow for real power exchange capabilities.
The document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It defines FACTS as power electronic devices used to improve controllability and increase power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. It describes several types of FACTS devices including static var compensators (SVCs), static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), and unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). The document compares the characteristics of SVCs and STATCOMs, noting STATCOMs provide faster response time, require less space, and can exchange real power, while SVCs have lower losses.
The document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It defines FACTS as power electronic devices used to improve controllability and increase power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. It describes several types of FACTS devices including static var compensators (SVCs), static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), and unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). The document compares the characteristics of SVCs and STATCOMs, noting STATCOMs provide faster response time, require less space, and allow for real power exchange, while SVCs utilize thyristor-based components.
The document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It defines FACTS as power electronic devices used to improve controllability and increase power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. It describes several types of FACTS devices including static var compensators (SVCs), static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), and unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). The document compares the characteristics of SVCs and STATCOMs, noting STATCOMs provide faster response time, require less space, and can exchange real power, while SVCs have lower losses.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY SSSC AND STATCOM USING PI CONTROLLERJournal For Research
This document summarizes research on using SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator) and STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to improve power quality and voltage stability in a two machine, four bus power system model. It describes the basic operational principles of SSSC and STATCOM, which are FACTS devices that can be connected in series and parallel, respectively, with transmission lines. The document presents simulation results showing that connecting an SSSC to Bus 2 and a STATCOM to Bus 2 both increase the voltage levels and regulate active and reactive power flows at the different buses, demonstrating the effectiveness of these devices for maintaining voltage stability.
The UPFC uses vector control to independently control the real and reactive power flow in transmission lines. It consists of two voltage-sourced converters connected back-to-back through a DC link. The shunt converter can generate or absorb reactive power while the series converter injects an AC voltage in series with the transmission line. This allows various control modes including reactive power compensation, voltage regulation, phase shifting, and automatic real and reactive power flow control to manage power transmission.
The document discusses the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), a FACTS device that employs a voltage source converter connected in series to a transmission line through a transformer. The SSSC operates like a controllable series capacitor and inductor. It has three main components: a voltage source converter, transformer, and energy source. The SSSC can provide either capacitive or inductive compensation by controlling the phase of its injected voltage relative to the line current. It regulates power flow in the transmission line by effectively varying the total line reactance. The SSSC offers advantages like improving system performance, reactive power support without an external source, and control of electric power flow in transmission lines.
This document summarizes a thesis on modeling metal oxide surge arresters using ATP-EMTP. It discusses two common models for metal oxide surge arresters: the IEEE model and the Pinceti model. It presents the modeling results for two arresters using each model and compares the percentage errors between the modeled and actual arrester performance data. The conclusion is that both models can predict arrester behavior with less than 10-14% error depending on the impulse current waveform. The IEEE model has higher errors than the Pinceti model for standard waves, while the Pinceti model has higher errors for steep waves.
Performances of distribution transformer installed in metallic enclosuresnehakardam
This document discusses the performance of distribution transformers installed in metallic enclosures in Australia. It notes that compact substations with transformers experience harsh service conditions. Distribution transformers in Australia rated 750-2000 KVA are highlighted for their unique design, loading capability, reliability, and safety features. The document also examines factors affecting transformer life like ambient temperatures, loading levels, and the impact of enclosures on temperature rises. It presents methods to assess temperature increases in transformer compartments due to kiosk enclosures and confirms calculated temperature rises through heat-run tests.
This document discusses the performance of distribution transformers installed in metallic enclosures based on Australian experience. It addresses factors that affect the life of distribution transformers such as loading and ambient temperature. The development of compact substations known as kiosk or pad-mounted substations is described. The document also examines the design features of kiosk transformers and their cooling systems, as well as methods to assess the impact of enclosures on transformer temperature rises. Testing confirmed that an optimized design approach can provide distribution transformers with reliable performance when installed in kiosk substations.
Dead time elimination for voltage source inverternehakardam
This document proposes a method to eliminate dead-time in voltage source inverters. It decomposes the phase leg into two switching cells with a controllable switch in series with an uncontrollable diode. This allows dead-time to be eliminated. It uses a diode conduction detector circuit to detect the load current direction without needing dead-time. Experimental results show the method reduces output distortion, regains output RMS value, and minimizes switching losses, with a simple control logic and flexible implementation.
A surge diverter protects electrical equipment from voltage surges by diverting excess voltages caused by spikes in the electrical supply to earth. There are different types of surge diverters, including rod gap, protector tube, and valve type diverters. Rod gap diverters consist of two rods with a gap that sparks over during a surge to discharge current to ground. Protector tube diverters improve on rod gaps by enclosing the gaps to extinguish follow-on arcs. Valve type diverters incorporate non-linear resistors to provide a low resistance path for surges while blocking normal voltages and currents.
1. Unified Power Flow
Controller
BY
Neha Kardam
M.Tech (Power System)
School Of Engineering
Gautam Buddha University,
Gr. Noida.
2. Contents
FACTS devices
Benefits of FACTS devices
Types of FACTS Devices
Introduction to UPFC
Circuit Description
Control schemes
Conclusion
3. FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is
a new integrated concept based on power
electronic switching converters and dynamic
controllers to enhance the system utilization
and power transfer capacity as well as the
stability, security, reliability and power
quality of AC system interconnections .
4. BENEFITS OF FACTS
Regulation of power flows in prescribed
transmission routes.
Reduces the need for construction of new
transmission lines, capacitors and reactors.
Provides greater ability to transfer power between
controlled areas.
These devices help to damp the power oscillations
that could damage the equipment.
5. Improves the transient stability of the
system.
Controls real and reactive power flow in the
line independently.
Damping of oscillations which can threaten
security or limit the usable line capacity.
6. FACTS Devices
Name Type Main function Controller
SVC shunt voltage control Thyristor
TCSC series power flow control Thyristor
TCPAR series & power flow control Thyristor
shunt
STATCOM shunt Voltage control GTO
SSSC series power flow control GTO
UPFC shunt & voltage and power GTO
series flow control
7. INTRODUCTION TO UPFC
The UPFC is a device which can control simultaneously all
three parameters of line power flow
Such "new" FACTS device combines together the
features of two "old" FACTS devices:
1. STATCOM
2. SSSC
These two devices are two Voltage Source Inverters (VSI’s)
connected respectively in shunt with the transmission line
through a shunt transformer and in series with the
transmission line through a series transformer, connected to
each other by a common dc link including a storage
capacitor.
8. The shunt inverter is used for voltage regulation
at the point of connection injecting an opportune
reactive power flow into the line and to balance
the real power flow exchanged between the
series inverter and the transmission line.
The series inverter can be used to control the
real and reactive line power flow inserting an
opportune voltage with controllable magnitude
and phase in series with the transmission line.
9. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
The basic configuration of a UPFC, which is installed between the
sending-end Vs and the receiving-end VR. The UPFC consists of a
combination of a series device and a shunt device, the dc terminals of
which are connected to a common dc link capacitor .
Fig1: Basic configuration of UPFC
10. FUNCTIONAL CONTROL OF SHUNT INVERTER
The shunt inverter is operating in such a way to inject a controllable
current Ic into the transmission line.
This current consist of two components with respect to the line voltage:
1. the real or direct component id
2. reactive or quadrature component iq
The direct component is automatically determined by the requirement to
balance the real power of the series inverter. The quadrature component,
instead, can be independently set to any desired reference level (inductive
or capacitive) within the capability of the inverter, to absorb or generate
respectively reactive power from the line. So, two control modes are
possible:
VAR control mode : the reference input is an inductive or capacitive var
request;
Automatic Voltage Control mode: the goal is to maintain the
transmission line voltage at the connection point to a reference value.
11. FUNCTIONAL CONTROL OF SERIES INVERTER
The series inverter injects a voltage, Vse which is controllable in
amplitude and phase angle in series with the transmission line.
This series voltage can be determined in different ways:
Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs are directly the
magnitude and phase angle of the series voltage.
Phase Angle Shifter Emulation Mode: The reference input is phase
displacement between the sending end voltage and the receiving end
voltage.
Line Impedance Emulation Mode: The reference input is an
impedance value to insert in series with the line impedance.
Automatic Power flow Control Mode: The reference inputs are values
of P and Q to maintain on the transmission line despite system changes.
13. (a) Active power control (b) Reactive power control
Fig 3: Phasor diagrams in case of
active and reactive power
14. Control schemes
PHASE-ANGLE CONTROL
Adjusting the amplitude of the 90" leading or
lagging output voltage makes it possible to
control active power .
The d-q frame coordinates based on space
vectors, the d-axis current id corresponds to
active power, and so it can be controlled by the
q-axis voltage Vcq. Therefore, the reference
voltage vector for the series device is given by
………..
15. CROSS-COUPLING CONTROL
The "cross-coupling control" has not only an
active power feedback loop but also a reactive
power feedback loop.
This control scheme is characterized by
controlling both the magnitude and the phase
angle
16. GENERALIZED CONTROL SCHEME
This "generalized control scheme." The reference
voltage vector for the series device, is
generalized, as follows
A voltage vector produced by the two terms is in
phase with the current error vector i*-i. This means
that the UPFC acts as a damping resistor against
power swings.
18. CONCLUSION
Conventional power feedback control schemes make the
UPFC induce power fluctuations in transient states.
The time constant of damping is independent of the active
and reactive power feedback gains Kp and Kq.
The feedback gain Kr with a physical meaning of resistor is
effective in damping of power swings.
The proposed control scheme achieves quick response of
active and reactive power without causing power swings
and producing steady state errors.
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