The document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS). It defines key concepts such as data, information, and systems. It explains that an MIS is a system for collecting, processing, storing, and distributing data to managers within an organization. The main outputs of an MIS are scheduled reports, key indicator reports, demand reports, and exception reports. These help managers monitor performance and make decisions. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to MIS, covering essential elements like the relationship between data, information, and systems.
Management Information System (MIS) is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management. A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyzes, and processes an organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information based on which the management can take right decisions to ensure future growth of the organization.
introduction to management information systems (MIS)Sujan Oli
Management Information Systems
The document discusses management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a computer-based system used within an organization to provide information to various levels of management for decision-making. MIS has several key components, including hardware, software, people, data, and communication networks. It collects and processes organizational data and converts it into useful information for managers. The role of MIS is to supply managers with accurate, timely information needed for planning, controlling, and decision-making. An effective MIS is vital for organizational management, operations, and achieving strategic business goals.
The document discusses different types of information systems including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive support systems. It provides details on each type, including their characteristics, objectives, examples, and how they support different levels of management within an organization. The key types discussed are transaction processing systems which handle routine business transactions, management information systems which provide reports to middle management, decision support systems which support analysis for decision making, and executive support systems which are tailored for senior executive use.
This document discusses Management Information Systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that converts data from internal and external sources into meaningful information to help managers make timely decisions. The document outlines the importance of MIS in providing the right information to the right people at the right time. It also discusses the components, characteristics, establishment and performance evaluation of effective MIS.
Management Information System (MIS) is a computer-based system that processes data into information to support management, operations, and decision-making in an organization. An MIS provides managers with tools to organize, evaluate, and manage departments efficiently. It integrates hardware, software, data, people, and procedures to provide relevant information to support organizational functions like planning, staffing, directing, and controlling. An MIS helps management make quicker, more informed decisions and minimizes information overload. It also encourages decentralization and coordination across an organization.
A Management Information System (MIS) provides organizations with the information needed to manage efficiently and effectively. An MIS collects, processes, stores, and disseminates data to business managers to help them make decisions. It is characterized by being based on long-term planning, providing a holistic view of the organization, and creating linkages between organizational sub-systems. The development of MIS has evolved from mainframe computers to personal computers and modern cloud computing. MIS plays an important role in generating, communicating, and using information to support strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing.
This presentation is on the topic - Transaction Processing System. It is a topic in Information Technology for Managers. It includes the concept, characteristics, functions, advantages and disadvantages, types and application of TPS
Management Information System (MIS) collects, processes, stores, and analyzes data from internal and external sources to provide information to support decision making across all levels of management. It ensures the right information is delivered to the right people at the right time. MIS components include management, information, and systems. It provides standard reports and allows custom report development. Key types of MIS are transaction processing, decision support, executive support, and customer relationship management systems. The role of MIS is to supply accurate and timely information to support planning, control, problem identification, and decision making for all management functions.
Management Information System (MIS) is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management. A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyzes, and processes an organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information based on which the management can take right decisions to ensure future growth of the organization.
introduction to management information systems (MIS)Sujan Oli
Management Information Systems
The document discusses management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a computer-based system used within an organization to provide information to various levels of management for decision-making. MIS has several key components, including hardware, software, people, data, and communication networks. It collects and processes organizational data and converts it into useful information for managers. The role of MIS is to supply managers with accurate, timely information needed for planning, controlling, and decision-making. An effective MIS is vital for organizational management, operations, and achieving strategic business goals.
The document discusses different types of information systems including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive support systems. It provides details on each type, including their characteristics, objectives, examples, and how they support different levels of management within an organization. The key types discussed are transaction processing systems which handle routine business transactions, management information systems which provide reports to middle management, decision support systems which support analysis for decision making, and executive support systems which are tailored for senior executive use.
This document discusses Management Information Systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that converts data from internal and external sources into meaningful information to help managers make timely decisions. The document outlines the importance of MIS in providing the right information to the right people at the right time. It also discusses the components, characteristics, establishment and performance evaluation of effective MIS.
Management Information System (MIS) is a computer-based system that processes data into information to support management, operations, and decision-making in an organization. An MIS provides managers with tools to organize, evaluate, and manage departments efficiently. It integrates hardware, software, data, people, and procedures to provide relevant information to support organizational functions like planning, staffing, directing, and controlling. An MIS helps management make quicker, more informed decisions and minimizes information overload. It also encourages decentralization and coordination across an organization.
A Management Information System (MIS) provides organizations with the information needed to manage efficiently and effectively. An MIS collects, processes, stores, and disseminates data to business managers to help them make decisions. It is characterized by being based on long-term planning, providing a holistic view of the organization, and creating linkages between organizational sub-systems. The development of MIS has evolved from mainframe computers to personal computers and modern cloud computing. MIS plays an important role in generating, communicating, and using information to support strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing.
This presentation is on the topic - Transaction Processing System. It is a topic in Information Technology for Managers. It includes the concept, characteristics, functions, advantages and disadvantages, types and application of TPS
Management Information System (MIS) collects, processes, stores, and analyzes data from internal and external sources to provide information to support decision making across all levels of management. It ensures the right information is delivered to the right people at the right time. MIS components include management, information, and systems. It provides standard reports and allows custom report development. Key types of MIS are transaction processing, decision support, executive support, and customer relationship management systems. The role of MIS is to supply accurate and timely information to support planning, control, problem identification, and decision making for all management functions.
Concepts and components of information systemRohit Kumar
The document discusses concepts related to information systems. It defines a system as having inputs, processing, and outputs. It describes the key components of an information system including people, hardware, software, data, and networks. It also discusses different types of computer systems such as microcomputers, midrange systems, and mainframe systems. Peripherals and storage technologies like semiconductor memory, magnetic disks, tapes, and optical disks are also summarized.
Data is raw facts and events that are recorded, information is processed data that is meaningful and relevant, and intelligence emerges from information that has been analyzed and from which conclusions have been drawn. Management information systems process data into useful information reports and dashboards to help managers make effective decisions. There are three main categories of information technology - functional IT that supports tasks, network IT that enables collaboration, and enterprise IT that structures interactions across the organization.
Introduction to management information systemOnline
The document provides an overview of management information systems and discusses key concepts. It introduces the objectives of studying information systems which include distinguishing data from information and identifying the basic types of business information systems. The document also outlines the lecture which covers information concepts, a business perspective on information, characteristics of valuable information, systems performance standards, manual versus computerized systems, and the positive and negative impacts of information systems.
The document discusses management information systems and different types of information systems. It defines management information systems as integrated user-machine systems that provide information to support decision making, coordination, and control within an organization. It describes different levels of information systems, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, and expert systems. It also discusses the integration of different system types at strategic, management, and operational levels.
MIS provides critical information support to management in their decision making across all functions. It collects data from within and outside the organization, processes it into useful information, and provides reports, analysis and tools to aid strategic planning, operations management, and other management tasks. With accurate, timely information from MIS, management can make informed decisions around goals, resource allocation, issues resolution, and performance monitoring to efficiently run the organization.
This document discusses various types of information systems. It begins by defining data and information, with data being raw facts and information being organized data that provides additional value. It then covers transaction processing systems, management information systems, executive information systems, and the differences between TPS and MIS. The document also discusses information system infrastructure and architecture, including client/server, enterprise-wide, and internet-based architectures. It provides characteristics and examples of different information systems.
Management Information System (Full Notes)Harish Chand
This document provides a summary of key topics related to Management Information Systems (MIS). It discusses the importance of information systems for businesses and defines different types of systems, including Transaction Processing Systems, Knowledge Work Systems, Management Information Systems, and Decision Support Systems. It also outlines some of the challenges of implementing effective information systems, such as realizing digital transformation and addressing globalization.
The document discusses the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It describes how MIS have developed from early office automation systems used to support clerical workers, to modern systems that provide computer-based support for complex decision making. The key components of an information system are outlined as hardware, software, databases, networks, and human resources. Transaction processing systems record daily transactions, while management information systems guide tactical decisions and decision support systems aid strategic decision making by top managers.
This tutorial on Executive Information System gives you a brief introduction to one of the important ERP Technology.
This tutorial covers the following topics:
1. What is EIS?
2. History
3. Why EIS?
4. Features
5. Components
6. Hardware, Software, User Interface
7. Limitations
8. Future of EIS
Additional Notes:
Application Notes-
1. Manufacturing operational control focuses on day-to-day operations, and the central idea of this process is effectiveness and efficiency.
2. Marketing
In an organization, marketing executives’ duty is managing available marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on the company in short term and long term.
3. In an organization, marketing executives’ duty is managing available marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on the company in short term and long term.
This document summarizes six major information systems: Executive Support System (ESS), Management Information System (MIS), Decision Support System (DSS), Knowledge Management System (KMS), Transaction Processing System (TPS), and Office Automation System (OAS). ESS helps senior executives make strategic decisions. MIS provides reports to support middle management decisions. DSS provides tools to support semi-structured decision making. KMS manages organizational knowledge and experiences. TPS processes business transactions and generates reports. OAS automates office tasks like communication and scheduling.
Management Information System (MIS) provides flexible and speedy access to accurate data for personal, professional, organizational, national, and global use. MIS processes data into information that is communicated to various departments in an organization to aid in decision making. It has various subsystems and outputs like scheduled reports, key indicator reports, and demand reports that provide information to managers. MIS takes inputs from various sources and uses information technology to collect and process data for management.
A transaction processing system (TPS) collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data about business transactions. It must pass the ACID test, ensuring atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability of transactions. There are two types - batch processing, where data is collected and processed periodically, and real-time processing, where data is processed immediately. The transaction processing cycle involves data entry, processing transactions, maintaining databases, generating documents and reports, and allowing for inquiries. The overall purpose is to keep records of the organization, process transactions that affect those records, and produce reports.
The document discusses various aspects of information systems planning including:
1) It outlines the systems development life cycle and discusses existing systems maintenance, analysis, design, implementation, and improvements.
2) It describes different information systems planning methodologies like Business Systems Planning, Critical Success Factors, and Strategic Information Planning.
3) It discusses the challenges of information systems planning including foreseeing the future, communication challenges, ensuring business-IT alignment, and maintaining system performance.
This document provides an overview of information systems concepts. It discusses the basic components of an information system, including hardware, software, data, personnel and procedures. It also outlines different types of information systems like personal, workgroup, organizational, interorganizational and global systems. Transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems and executive support systems are described as the major types of systems used in organizations. The document also covers information systems users and how users connect to technology through networks, the internet and electronic commerce. Finally, it discusses benefits of information systems like better information, improved service and competitive advantage.
Accounting Information System. (AIS)
Data and information
What Is AIS
History Of AIS
Component
Model Of AIS
Steps In AIS
Objective Purpose and Use of AIS
Executive information systems (EIS) provide easy access to internal and external information relevant to meeting strategic organizational goals. EIS integrate data from various sources to summarize information executives find useful for decision-making. They allow drilling down from summaries to specific detail levels. EIS components include hardware, software, interfaces, and telecommunications to access distributed data. Advantages include timely delivery of summary information to support strategic decisions, while disadvantages include potential information overload and high implementation costs.
Management Information System (MIS) is a system that provides the right information to managers at the right time to help with decision making. It combines human and computer resources to collect, store, analyze and distribute important data and reports across an organization. The goal of MIS is to enhance communication, support strategic goals, improve efficiency and make management more effective with timely, accurate information.
The document discusses information system planning and management. It covers the following key points:
1) The overall responsibility of information system planning lies with the Chief Information Officer. The plan should be based on the organization's strategic plan.
2) The master plan consists of both long-range and short-range components. It includes an inventory of current capabilities, forecast of developments, and specific plans.
3) The master plan is reviewed by executives and integrated into the organizational plan after approval. It establishes information system policies and procedures.
Management Information Systems (MIS) are systems that focus on providing efficient and effective strategic decision making through the integration of hardware, software, data, processes, and people. Decision Support Systems (DSS) are interactive software systems intended to help managers access large data volumes from various systems to help decision making. Key differences are that MIS focuses on information processing and control while DSS focuses on planning, analysis and decision support. DSS also allows direct data access and is more dependent on management judgement.
A Management Information System (MIS) is defined as an integrated user-machine system that provides information to support operations, management, analysis, and decision-making. An MIS utilizes computer hardware, software, databases, and manuals to provide managers with reports, outputs from mathematical models, and access to information on demand. An effective MIS is management-oriented, business-driven, integrated, provides common data flows, and is flexible and easy to use.
The document discusses management information systems (MIS) and their components. An MIS provides managers with information to support decision-making and feedback on daily operations. It is an integrated collection of subsystems that are typically organized by functional areas. MIS investments benefit companies in various ways such as supporting core competencies and boosting production processes.
Concepts and components of information systemRohit Kumar
The document discusses concepts related to information systems. It defines a system as having inputs, processing, and outputs. It describes the key components of an information system including people, hardware, software, data, and networks. It also discusses different types of computer systems such as microcomputers, midrange systems, and mainframe systems. Peripherals and storage technologies like semiconductor memory, magnetic disks, tapes, and optical disks are also summarized.
Data is raw facts and events that are recorded, information is processed data that is meaningful and relevant, and intelligence emerges from information that has been analyzed and from which conclusions have been drawn. Management information systems process data into useful information reports and dashboards to help managers make effective decisions. There are three main categories of information technology - functional IT that supports tasks, network IT that enables collaboration, and enterprise IT that structures interactions across the organization.
Introduction to management information systemOnline
The document provides an overview of management information systems and discusses key concepts. It introduces the objectives of studying information systems which include distinguishing data from information and identifying the basic types of business information systems. The document also outlines the lecture which covers information concepts, a business perspective on information, characteristics of valuable information, systems performance standards, manual versus computerized systems, and the positive and negative impacts of information systems.
The document discusses management information systems and different types of information systems. It defines management information systems as integrated user-machine systems that provide information to support decision making, coordination, and control within an organization. It describes different levels of information systems, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, and expert systems. It also discusses the integration of different system types at strategic, management, and operational levels.
MIS provides critical information support to management in their decision making across all functions. It collects data from within and outside the organization, processes it into useful information, and provides reports, analysis and tools to aid strategic planning, operations management, and other management tasks. With accurate, timely information from MIS, management can make informed decisions around goals, resource allocation, issues resolution, and performance monitoring to efficiently run the organization.
This document discusses various types of information systems. It begins by defining data and information, with data being raw facts and information being organized data that provides additional value. It then covers transaction processing systems, management information systems, executive information systems, and the differences between TPS and MIS. The document also discusses information system infrastructure and architecture, including client/server, enterprise-wide, and internet-based architectures. It provides characteristics and examples of different information systems.
Management Information System (Full Notes)Harish Chand
This document provides a summary of key topics related to Management Information Systems (MIS). It discusses the importance of information systems for businesses and defines different types of systems, including Transaction Processing Systems, Knowledge Work Systems, Management Information Systems, and Decision Support Systems. It also outlines some of the challenges of implementing effective information systems, such as realizing digital transformation and addressing globalization.
The document discusses the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It describes how MIS have developed from early office automation systems used to support clerical workers, to modern systems that provide computer-based support for complex decision making. The key components of an information system are outlined as hardware, software, databases, networks, and human resources. Transaction processing systems record daily transactions, while management information systems guide tactical decisions and decision support systems aid strategic decision making by top managers.
This tutorial on Executive Information System gives you a brief introduction to one of the important ERP Technology.
This tutorial covers the following topics:
1. What is EIS?
2. History
3. Why EIS?
4. Features
5. Components
6. Hardware, Software, User Interface
7. Limitations
8. Future of EIS
Additional Notes:
Application Notes-
1. Manufacturing operational control focuses on day-to-day operations, and the central idea of this process is effectiveness and efficiency.
2. Marketing
In an organization, marketing executives’ duty is managing available marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on the company in short term and long term.
3. In an organization, marketing executives’ duty is managing available marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on the company in short term and long term.
This document summarizes six major information systems: Executive Support System (ESS), Management Information System (MIS), Decision Support System (DSS), Knowledge Management System (KMS), Transaction Processing System (TPS), and Office Automation System (OAS). ESS helps senior executives make strategic decisions. MIS provides reports to support middle management decisions. DSS provides tools to support semi-structured decision making. KMS manages organizational knowledge and experiences. TPS processes business transactions and generates reports. OAS automates office tasks like communication and scheduling.
Management Information System (MIS) provides flexible and speedy access to accurate data for personal, professional, organizational, national, and global use. MIS processes data into information that is communicated to various departments in an organization to aid in decision making. It has various subsystems and outputs like scheduled reports, key indicator reports, and demand reports that provide information to managers. MIS takes inputs from various sources and uses information technology to collect and process data for management.
A transaction processing system (TPS) collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data about business transactions. It must pass the ACID test, ensuring atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability of transactions. There are two types - batch processing, where data is collected and processed periodically, and real-time processing, where data is processed immediately. The transaction processing cycle involves data entry, processing transactions, maintaining databases, generating documents and reports, and allowing for inquiries. The overall purpose is to keep records of the organization, process transactions that affect those records, and produce reports.
The document discusses various aspects of information systems planning including:
1) It outlines the systems development life cycle and discusses existing systems maintenance, analysis, design, implementation, and improvements.
2) It describes different information systems planning methodologies like Business Systems Planning, Critical Success Factors, and Strategic Information Planning.
3) It discusses the challenges of information systems planning including foreseeing the future, communication challenges, ensuring business-IT alignment, and maintaining system performance.
This document provides an overview of information systems concepts. It discusses the basic components of an information system, including hardware, software, data, personnel and procedures. It also outlines different types of information systems like personal, workgroup, organizational, interorganizational and global systems. Transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems and executive support systems are described as the major types of systems used in organizations. The document also covers information systems users and how users connect to technology through networks, the internet and electronic commerce. Finally, it discusses benefits of information systems like better information, improved service and competitive advantage.
Accounting Information System. (AIS)
Data and information
What Is AIS
History Of AIS
Component
Model Of AIS
Steps In AIS
Objective Purpose and Use of AIS
Executive information systems (EIS) provide easy access to internal and external information relevant to meeting strategic organizational goals. EIS integrate data from various sources to summarize information executives find useful for decision-making. They allow drilling down from summaries to specific detail levels. EIS components include hardware, software, interfaces, and telecommunications to access distributed data. Advantages include timely delivery of summary information to support strategic decisions, while disadvantages include potential information overload and high implementation costs.
Management Information System (MIS) is a system that provides the right information to managers at the right time to help with decision making. It combines human and computer resources to collect, store, analyze and distribute important data and reports across an organization. The goal of MIS is to enhance communication, support strategic goals, improve efficiency and make management more effective with timely, accurate information.
The document discusses information system planning and management. It covers the following key points:
1) The overall responsibility of information system planning lies with the Chief Information Officer. The plan should be based on the organization's strategic plan.
2) The master plan consists of both long-range and short-range components. It includes an inventory of current capabilities, forecast of developments, and specific plans.
3) The master plan is reviewed by executives and integrated into the organizational plan after approval. It establishes information system policies and procedures.
Management Information Systems (MIS) are systems that focus on providing efficient and effective strategic decision making through the integration of hardware, software, data, processes, and people. Decision Support Systems (DSS) are interactive software systems intended to help managers access large data volumes from various systems to help decision making. Key differences are that MIS focuses on information processing and control while DSS focuses on planning, analysis and decision support. DSS also allows direct data access and is more dependent on management judgement.
A Management Information System (MIS) is defined as an integrated user-machine system that provides information to support operations, management, analysis, and decision-making. An MIS utilizes computer hardware, software, databases, and manuals to provide managers with reports, outputs from mathematical models, and access to information on demand. An effective MIS is management-oriented, business-driven, integrated, provides common data flows, and is flexible and easy to use.
The document discusses management information systems (MIS) and their components. An MIS provides managers with information to support decision-making and feedback on daily operations. It is an integrated collection of subsystems that are typically organized by functional areas. MIS investments benefit companies in various ways such as supporting core competencies and boosting production processes.
This document discusses management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. MIS are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities. The key components of information systems are discussed including software, hardware, telecommunications, people, procedures, and data. The four stages of processing data into information are also outlined. Some ethical and societal issues with information systems are raised. The types and uses of MIS in customer relationship management are briefly described. An overview of the history and evolution of business information systems from the 1970s to present is provided. The future of artificial intelligence in executive information systems is mentioned. Finally, the roles of information systems in different business functions like accounting, finance,
Information System Concepts & Types of Information SystemsVR Talsaniya
Best slides on the information system concepts and to understand the types of information systems.
Best for the CA Final Students for Information System Control & Audit (ISCA) subject.
The document discusses different types of information systems used in organizations, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive support systems, and knowledge work systems. It describes how these systems integrate functions and business processes across departments like finance, human resources, manufacturing, and sales.
This document discusses organizing data and information in databases. It covers database concepts like data entities, attributes, keys and the hierarchy of data. The advantages of the database approach are outlined, which include consistent data definitions, centralized data administration, data independence and data sharing. Popular database management systems allow users to define, construct and maintain database for storage, retrieval and use of data.
Building a Project Management Information System with SharePointASPE, Inc.
More and more successful project managers are utilizing SharePoint 2007 to drive their projects and operational initiatives. Out of the box, SharePoint Server offers many features that lends itself to effectively managing projects. Lists and libraries allow you to consolidate and manage project information in a central place, while business intelligence features allow you to report on that information in real-time. By utilizing SharePoint along with other business tools such as the Microsoft Office suite of applications, oraganization can create a customized Project Management Information System (PMIS) to assist with the daily management of enterprise projects.
With this webinar we would like to discuss the many benefits of using SharePoint Server as a Project Management Information system, including:
· Using SharePoint to manage project data
· Consolidating project data using SharePoint libraries
· Reporting on project data using SharePoint’s business intelligence
· Automating project tasks with SharePoint workflows
· Options to extending SharePoint’s project managemenet capabilities
A Project Management Information System (PMIS) is a computer-based tool that aids project managers in planning, tracking, and controlling projects. A PMIS can calculate schedules, costs, resource allocation, and expected outcomes. It provides automated organization and control of key project management processes. Typical features of a PMIS include work breakdown structure creation, scheduling, resource tracking, reporting, and configuration management.
This document discusses managerial decision making. It explains that decision making involves choosing between alternatives and identifies two main types: programmed decisions for recurring problems and non-programmed decisions for unique problems. Managers must make decisions involving risk, uncertainty, or ambiguity. The document describes three models of decision making - classical, administrative, and political - and outlines a six-step process. It also discusses factors like personal decision styles and levels of participation in decision making.
This document discusses how information systems support various business functions like accounting, finance, engineering, supply chain management, and human resources. It explains how systems increase effectiveness and efficiency, and how tools like ERP systems integrate across business functions and organizations to improve information sharing in supply chains.
The document discusses key concepts regarding systems and application software. It defines systems software as programs that coordinate hardware and other programs, with operating systems being the most important type. Application software helps users solve problems. There are three main approaches to developing application software: building proprietary software, buying off-the-shelf software, or combining the two. The document also outlines important trends in software such as bugs, licensing, open-source options, and global support challenges.
ERP for garments(Application of software in Textile)Sadia Textile
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate internal and external management of information across an entire organization—embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc
ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application. ERP facilitates information flow between all business functions inside the organization, and manages connections to outside stakeholders.
The document presents information on a project presentation about applying a management information system (MIS) in the textile industry of Bangladesh. It discusses the objectives of the project which are to understand the concept of MIS, its features and functions, implementation process, scope of application in textile industries, and advantages and limitations. It also provides details about various aspects of developing and implementing an MIS like the resources, activities, development approaches, implementation steps, available software, and applications in areas like business, sales, production, quality, materials, finance, and human resources management.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It states that system analysis describes what a system should do to meet user needs, while system design specifies how the system will accomplish this through design activities that produce specifications satisfying requirements developed in analysis. The document then provides details on various aspects of systems analysis, design, feasibility, lifecycles and more.
MIS (Management Information System) in Fashion & Textile IndustryAnuradha Sajwan
The presentation has been prepared by the students of MFM(Master Of Fashion Management), New Delhi as a part of the study of the Role of Information Systems in Fashion & Textile Industry
The document discusses multiple approaches to structuring a management information system (MIS). It describes structuring MIS based on its physical components like hardware, software, and databases. It also discusses structuring MIS around its information processing functions such as processing transactions and producing reports. Additionally, the document outlines structuring MIS according to decision support levels, management activity levels, and organizational functions.
Management information systems (MIS) provide managers with information and support for effective decision making. An MIS is an integrated collection of subsystems organized along functional lines within an organization. The report discusses the role of MIS in key functional areas like financial, manufacturing, marketing, and human resources. It provides examples of inputs, subsystems, and outputs for each functional MIS.
1. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate and automate core business processes related to operations, production, and distribution. Supply chain management (SCM) involves coordinating the flow of materials, work-in-progress inventory, and finished goods from suppliers to customers. Customer relationship management (CRM) software helps companies track customers and customer interactions to improve customer service and target marketing.
2. Supply chains face problems like demand uncertainties, quality issues, and delivery delays that require information sharing and collaboration between partners. IT solutions like e-commerce platforms, optimal inventory levels, and strategic supplier partnerships can help overcome these problems.
3. Integrating functional systems through ERP, SCM, and CRM provides tangible benefits like
System Analysis And Design Management Information Systemnayanav
The document discusses the systems development lifecycle (SDLC) and related methodologies and roles. The SDLC consists of four main stages: planning, analysis, design, and implementation. It describes six major development methodologies, including the waterfall method, parallel development, phased development, and various types of prototyping. It also outlines five major team roles in systems development and analysis projects.
This document discusses a course on management information systems (MIS) presented by graduate students at Mid-Western University in Nepal. It is comprised of six groups that cover various topics relating to the use of MIS in organizations:
1) Integral components of MIS
2) Building customer intimacy through MIS
3) Using MIS for market spacing and digitization
4) The role of MIS in knowledge management
5) Applying MIS to decision-making
6) Outcomes of studying MIS
The document provides an overview of the course and presentations by the student groups on key aspects of using information systems in organizations.
The document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system for collecting, processing, storing, and disseminating data to support the information needs of management for decision making. The document discusses the components and types of information systems, outputs of MIS including scheduled reports and exception reports, and the impact of MIS in streamlining operations and monitoring performance. It also outlines considerations for MIS planning, development, and design.
Management Information System (MIS) refers broadly to computer-based systems that provide managers with tools to efficiently run their departments. An MIS processes data into information to support decision making, coordination, and control at the management level of an organization. It primarily serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making for management.
The document discusses management information systems (MIS), including:
1. An MIS provides information to support management operations, decision making, and control through integrated hardware, software, data, and people.
2. An MIS has four main components - people, hardware, software, and networks to collect, transform and disseminate data.
3. MIS outputs include scheduled reports, key indicator reports, demand reports, and exception reports to support management functions.
The document discusses management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that provides information to support decision making and operations in an organization. MIS relies on collecting, processing, storing, and analyzing data from all parts of an organization and presenting it in a useful way to managers, executives, and other users. An effective MIS supports all business functions and management processes, including planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. It provides timely, accurate information to help managers monitor performance, identify issues, and make informed decisions.
Management Information System (MIS) provides information to support decision-making and management in an organization. The goals of an MIS include enhancing communication, delivering information efficiently, supporting data collection and analysis, and aiding strategic objectives. An MIS contains interconnected sub-systems that capture, store, process, and distribute data, information and knowledge across different levels and functions of a business. It integrates transaction processing systems, office automation systems, decision support systems and other applications to provide timely, relevant information to management.
Management Information Systems (MIS), referred to as Information Management and Systems, is the discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures collectively called information systems, to solving business problems.
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as using information technology, people, and processes to record, store, and process data into useful information for decision-making. The document then discusses the evolution of MIS from the 1950s to the present day, covering transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, knowledge management systems, and e-business. It also outlines the key components, objectives, and characteristics of an effective MIS.
This document provides an overview of information systems. It defines an information system as a combination of hardware, software, and personnel that facilitates planning, control, and decision making in an organization. The document then describes several types of information systems, including management information systems, transaction processing systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, expert systems, and office information systems. It explains the necessity of information systems for controlling records, reducing costs, improving efficiency, and supporting management decision making. Finally, the document outlines some key roles and importance of effective management information systems.
This document discusses different types of information systems used in business. It describes Office Automation Systems, Transaction Processing Systems, Management Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, and Executive Support Systems. It provides details on the purpose and components of each system type to support different levels of management in a business.
This document provides an overview of the management information system (MIS) at The City School, a private school network in Pakistan. It describes the school's facilities, sources of MIS data, objectives of the MIS, and key types of MIS implemented, including transaction processing systems, decision support systems, school information management systems, human resource management systems, and executive information systems. The MIS aims to organize operational data to support management decision making across the large school network.
The document describes different types of information systems including transaction processing systems, management information systems, and decision support systems. It provides examples of transaction processing systems like billing systems and defines their key characteristics and cycle. Management information systems are described as software tools that provide processed information to managers to help with decision making. The types, advantages, and outputs of management information systems are outlined. Decision support systems are defined as computer programs that compile information from various sources to support problem solving and decision making for managers.
B.com 2 nd sem e commerce (tps, mis, dss)Neetu Bhatia
This document discusses different types of information systems used at different organizational levels. It defines transaction processing systems (TPS), management information systems (MIS), and decision support systems (DSS). TPS are used at the operational level to record daily transactions. MIS are used at the tactical level and analyze TPS output to produce reports. DSS are used at the strategic level and use internal and external data to help make non-routine decisions. Examples of each type of system are provided.
The document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS). It defines key concepts like data, information, systems, and information systems. It also describes different types of information systems like transaction processing systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems. The document outlines the importance of MIS for organizations and discusses how information is processed and converted into useful outputs to support management functions like planning, operations, and control. It also discusses challenges in developing MIS and how web technologies can enhance MIS communication and delivery of information to users.
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as computer systems used to manage hardware, software, data, procedures, and people to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities. The history of MIS is discussed from mainframe computers in the first era to today's enterprise systems. Different types of MIS are described like decision support systems, executive information systems, and enterprise resource planning systems. Advantages of MIS include improved decision making, competitive advantages, and enhanced customer management. The document concludes with how workforce management systems and analytics can be used to enhance productivity.
Information system management mba4 sem unit 1Naveen Sharma
Overview of MIS, Definition of MIS, MIS as an evolving concept, MIS and other Academic discipline. Subsystem of MIS, Operating Elements of an Information System, MIS for decision making.
- Enterprise Management Systems (EMS) are large-scale software packages that support business processes, information flows, reporting, and data analytics across complex organizations. EMS integrates Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), and Customer Relationship Management (CRM).
- The key component of EMS is ERP, which controls supporting systems like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Attendance Management Systems (AMS), Document Management Systems (DMS), Communication Management Systems (CMS), and Security Management Systems (SMS). ERP plays a central role in decision making and execution across the enterprise.
- Management Information Systems (MIS) provide organizations with the information needed to manage efficiently and effectively through
The document provides information about management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as systems that provide information needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectively using people, technology, and information. The document discusses the history and evolution of MIS from manual internal reporting to complex computerized systems. It also describes different types of MIS like decision support systems, executive information systems, and enterprise resource planning systems. The document provides examples of how MIS can help organizations by highlighting strengths and weaknesses, providing overall business pictures, and enabling efficient management of supply chains and customer relationships.
A management information system (MIS) provides information to help organizations manage efficiently and effectively. An MIS involves people, technology, and information. It analyzes operational activities to support decision making. Early computers tracked basic data, but over time MIS applications became more complex and integrated. Today, MIS includes systems like ERP, SCM, and CRM. Knowledge-based systems are artificial intelligence tools that provide intelligent decisions in a specific domain using knowledge representation techniques. Decision support systems compile information from various sources to support problem solving and decision making. Online analytical processing enables analyzing multidimensional data interactively to help users make better decisions.
An MIS (management information system) collects, processes, and disseminates data and information to support management decision-making and operations in an organization. The purpose of an MIS is to provide relevant information to managers and departments in a timely manner through integrated systems of people, procedures, software, and data. An MIS must be able to handle large volumes of data, perform complex operations on the data, and facilitate quick search and retrieval of information from mass storage.
This document discusses management information systems (MIS) and their role in organizations. It begins by defining MIS as a system that provides managers with information to help with decision making, planning, and control. It then discusses different types of information systems at various levels, including operational, knowledge, management, and strategic levels. Transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems are described. The document also discusses digital firms and how they leverage various applications and technologies to digitally enable core business functions.
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Greetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
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MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
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MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
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Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
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2. Contents
Data, Information and System
Information System (IS)
Components of an IS
Types of IS
Interrelationship among systems
Management Information System (MIS)
Information – a critical resource
Data and Information
Types and Characteristics of useful Information
System
Broader Definitions and concepts
Output of MIS
Functional View
Impact of MIS
MIS Planning and Development
MIS Development outlook
Pointers for MIS Design
MIS Planning
Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Methodologies: Approaches
3. Information is critical
The information we have
is not what we want,
The information we want
is not the information we need,
The information we need
is not available.
4. Information is a Resource
It is scarce
It has a cost
It has alternative uses
There is an opportunity cost factor
involved if one does not process
information
5. Why need Information?
To ensure effective and
efficient decision - leading
to prosperity of the
Organization.
6. Data and Information
Data vs. Information
Data
A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or an image
Represents something (quantities, actions and objects) in the real
world
The raw materials in the production of information
Information
Data that have meaning within a context
Data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the
recipient and is of real or perceived value in the current or in the
prospective actions or decisions of the recipient.
Data Manipulation
Example: customer survey
Reading through data collected from a customer survey with questions
in various categories would be time-consuming and not very helpful.
When manipulated, the surveys may provide useful information.
7. Types and classification of Information
Information classification
Action
v/s no-action
v/s non recurring
Internal v/s external
Planning Information: standards, norms, specifications
Control information – reporting the status of an activity thru feedback mechanism
Knowledge information – library reports, research studies
Recurring
9. Information Presentation (An Art)
Data may be collected in the best possible way and processed
analytically, however, if not presented properly, it may
fail to communicate any value to recipient.
Communication of Information is affected by the methods
of transmission, the manner of information handling and
the limitations & constraints of recipients.
The methods used to improve communication are:
a)
Summarization: Too much information causes noise and
distortion i.e confusion, misunderstanding and missing of
purpose. Summarization suppresses the noise and
distortion.
b)
Message routing: The principal here is to distribute
information to all those who are accountable for the
subsequent actions in any manner. This is achieved by
sending the copies of the reports or documents to all the
concerned people or users.
10. System
System: A set of components that work together to
achieve a common goal. Computer-based Information
Systems take data as raw material, process it, and
produce information as output.
11. Contents
Data, Information and System
Information System (IS)
Components of an IS
Types of IS
Interrelationship among systems
Management Information System (MIS)
Information – a critical resource
Data and Information
Types and Characteristics of useful Information
System
Broader Definitions and concepts
Output of MIS
Functional View
Impact of MIS
MIS Planning and Development
MIS Development outlook
Pointers for MIS Design
MIS Planning
Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Methodologies: Approaches
13. A Networked Information System:
Three-Tier Architecture
Corporate
Databases
Corporate
Headquarters
Marketing
and Sales
Finance
Mainframe
Divisional
Minicomputers
with Divisional
Databases
Production
Divisional
Databases
Regional
Office
Workstations
Plant Minicomputers
Salesforce
Notebooks
Local Area Network:
PCs with Local Databases
Telecommunications
Link
15. Types of Information Systems
Operational-level systems support operational managers
by keeping track of the elementary activities and
transactions of the organization, such as sales, receipts,
cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions, and the flow of
materials in a factory.
Management-level systems serve the monitoring,
controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities
of middle managers. The principal question addressed by
such systems is this: Are things working well?
Strategic-level systems help senior management tackle
and address strategic issues and long-term trends, both in
the firm and in the external environment.
17. Transaction Processing System
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS):
Basic business systems that serve the operational level
A computerized system that performs and records the daily
routine transactions necessary to the conduct of the
business
18. Management Information System
Serve middle management
Structured and semi-structured decisions
Provide reports on firm’s current performance, based
on data from TPS
Past and Present Data
Internal Orientation
Provide answers to routine questions with predefined
procedure for answering them
Typically have little analytic capability
19. Decision Support System
Serve middle management
Support non-routine decision making
E.g. What is impact on production schedule if
December sales doubled?
Often use external information as well as
information from TPS and MIS
Processing is interactive in nature
Output in form of Decision analysis
Example: Contract Cost Analysis
20. Executive Support Systems
Support senior management – Strategic Level
Address non-routine decisions requiring judgment,
evaluation, and insight
Incorporate data about external events (e.g. new tax laws
or competitors) as well as summarized information from
internal MIS and DSS
User "seductive" interfaces; Users' time is a premium
What if capabilities abound
Input in form of Aggregate data
Processing is interactive and output in form of projections
Examples
ESS that provides minute-to-minute view of firm’s financial
performance as measured by working capital, accounts receivable,
accounts payable, cash flow, and inventory.
5-year operating plan
21. Interrelationship Among Systems
The various types of systems in the organization have interdependencies. TPS are major producers of information
that is required by many other systems in the firm, which, in turn, produce information for other systems. These
different types of systems are loosely coupled in most business firms, but increasingly firms are using new
technologies to integrate information that resides in many different systems.
22. Contents
Data, Information and System
Information System (IS)
Components of an IS
Types of IS
Interrelationship among systems
Management Information System (MIS)
Information – a critical resource
Data and Information
Types and Characteristics of useful Information
System
Broader Definitions and concepts
Output of MIS
Functional View
Impact of MIS
MIS Planning and Development
MIS Development outlook
Pointers for MIS Design
MIS Planning
Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Methodologies: Approaches
23. MIS - Definition and Concept
Right Information
To the right person
At the right place
At the right time
In the right form
At the right cost
The three sub-components
Management, Information and System
- together bring out the focus clearly & effectively.
System emphasizing a fair degree of integration and a holistic view;
Information stressing on processed data in the context in which it is
used by end users;
Management focusing on the ultimate use of such information
systems for managerial decision making.
24. MIS – Definition and Concept
A management information system (MIS) is system of
collecting, processing, storing, disseminating and utilizing
data in the form of information needed to carry out the
functions of management.
Today, the term is used broadly in a number of contexts and
includes (but is not limited to):
Decision support systems,
Resource and people management applications,
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP),
Supply Chain Management (SCM),
Customer Relationship Management (CRM),
project management and database retrieval applications.
25. Difference between management information
systems and information systems
The terms MIS and IS are often confused. IS may include systems
that are not intended for decision making. In effect, MIS must
not only indicate how things are going, but why they are not
going as well as planned where that is the case
Information system applied to management context is called MIS.
IS can be applied to any area of business while MIS is applicable
for managerial decision-making.
IS means use of hardware and software for any business. MIS can
be used in any form - even manual reports, which aid decisionmaking
MIS is used to analyze other information systems applied in
operational activities in the organization.
MIS summarize and report on the company’s basic operations.
The basic transaction data from TPS are compressed and reported
26. Outputs of MIS
Scheduled reports
Key Indicator Report
Summarizes the previous day’s critical
activities
Demand Report
Produced periodically, or on schedule (daily,
weekly, monthly)
Gives certain report at manager's request
Exception Report
Automatically produced when a situation is
unusual or requires management action
28. How MIS Obtain Data from TPS:
How MIS Obtain their Data from the Organization’s TPS:
In the system illustrated by this diagram, three TPS supply
summarized transaction data to the MIS reporting system at the
end of the time period. Managers gain access to the organizational
data through the MIS, which provides them with the appropriate
reports.
29. Sample MIS Report
This report, showing summarized annual sales data, was produced by the MIS in previous slide
30. Impact of MIS
Management of marketing, finance, production and personnel becomes
more efficient, the tracking and monitoring becomes easy
Helps in understanding of business itself, MIS begins with definition of data
and its attributes – uses data dictionary and brings common understanding
of terms and terminology in organization
MIS calls for systemization of business operations – leads to streamlining
of operations, brings discipline in its operations everyone is required to
follow
Since the goals of MIS are driven from organization goals, it helps
indirectly pulling everyone in organization towards corporate goals by
providing relevant information to the people in organization
MIS helps to monitor results and performances
MIS provides alerts, in some cases daily, to managers at each level of the
organization, on all deviations between results and pre-established
objectives and budgets.
IT enabled MIS is partly responsible for the PARADIGM shift (A change, a
new model,) from support to contributing to an organizations profitability
31. Contents
Data, Information and System
Information System (IS)
Components of an IS
Types of IS
Interrelationship among systems
Management Information System (MIS)
Information – a critical resource
Data and Information
Types and Characteristics of useful Information
System
Broader Definitions and concepts
Output of MIS
Functional View
Impact of MIS
MIS Planning and Development
MIS Development outlook
Pointers for MIS design
MIS Planning
Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Methodologies: Approaches
33. Pointers for MIS Design
To take care for data problems (bias and error) by high level validations,
checking and controlling the procedures.
Due regard to the communication theory of transmitting the information
from the source to the destination.
To provide specific attention to quality parameters – Utility, Satisfaction,
Error and Bias
Handling of noise and distortion by summarization and message routing
Ensuring that no information is suppressed or over emphasized
By controlling inputs to the MIS on the factors of impartiality, validity, reliability,
consistency and age
Should make a distinction between the different kinds of information for
the purpose of communication. Say an action, a decision oriented
information should be distinguished from a non action/knowledge-oriented
information.
To recognize some aspects of human capabilities as a decision maker.
Capabilities differ from manager to manager and the designer should
skillfully deal with them.
It should meet the needs of the total organization.
Recognizing that the information may be misused if it falls into wrong
hands, the MIS design should have the features of filtering, blocking,
suppressions, and delayed delivery.
34. MIS Planning
A very important fundamental concept of MIS planning is that the
organization's strategic plan (Business Plan) should be the basis
for MIS strategic plan.
Alignment of MIS strategy with organizational strategy is one of the
central problems of MIS planning.
The Information Master Plan establishes a framework for all detailed
information system planning.
Information Master Plan typically has one long-range plan for three to five
years (or more) and one a short-range plan for one year.
The long-range portion provides general guidelines for direction and shortrange portion provides a basis for specific accountability as to operational
and financial performance.
In general, plan contains four major sections:
Information system goals, objectives and architecture (assessment of
organizational context);
Inventory of current capabilities;
Forecast of development affecting the plan;
The specific plan.
35. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
Activities that go into production of an MIS to an organizational
problem or opportunity:
Project definition Determines whether or not the organization
has a problem and whether or not the problem can be solved by
launching a system project.
Systems study Analyzes the problems of existing systems,
defines the objectives to be attained by a solution and evaluates
various solution alternatives.
Design Logical and physical design specifications for the
systems solution are produced.
Programming Specifications from design stage translated into
program code.
Installation The final steps required to put a system into
operation or production: testing, training and conversion.
Post-implementation System is used and evaluated while in
production and is modified to make improvements or meet new
requirements.
37. Project definition & Systems study
Systems Analysis (study)
The analysis of a problem that the organization will try to solve with an
information system; describes what a system should do.
Feasibility study A way to determine whether the solution is achievable,
given the organization's resources and constraints.
Technical feasibility Determines whether a proposed solution can be
implemented with available hardware, software, and technical resources.
Economic feasibility Determines whether the benefits of a proposed
solution outweigh the costs.
Operational feasibility Determines whether a proposed solution is
desirable within the existing managerial and organizational framework.
Information requirements A detailed statement of the information
needs that a new system must satisfy; identifies who needs what
information, and when, where and how the information is needed
38. Systems Design
Phase of detailing how a system will meet the information requirements
determined by the systems analysis. This phase is broken into two sub
phases:
1.
Logical design 1st phase, lays out the components of the information
system and their relationship to each other as they would appear to
users.
2.
Physical design 2nd phase, the process of translating the abstract
logical model into the specific technical design for the new system
Tools and Techniques used for designing:
Flow Chart
Dataflow Diagrams (DFDs)
Data Dictionary
Structured English
Decision Table
Decision Tree
Design specifications include: Output, Input, User interface, Database
design, Manual procedures , Documentation etc..
39. Construction (Programming &
Testing)
Programming
The process of translating the system specifications prepared during the
design stage into code
Test plan
Prepared by the development team in conjunction with the users; it
includes all of the preparations for the series of tests to be performed on
the system.
Testing
The exhaustive and thorough process that determines whether the system
produces the desired results under known conditions.
Unit testing
The process of testing each program separately in the system. Sometimes called
program testing.
System testing
Tests the functioning of the information systems as a whole in order to
determine if discrete modules will function together as planned.
Acceptance testing
Provides the final certification that the system is ready to be used in a
production setting.
Documentation
Descriptions of how an information system works from both the technical
and the end-user standpoint.
40. Installation
Conversion
The process of changing from the old system to the new system.
Conversion plan
Provides a schedule of all activities required to install a new system.
Parallel strategy
A safe and conservative conversion approach where both the old system
and its potential replacement are run together for time until everyone is
assured that the new one functions correctly.
Direct cut-over
A risky conversion approach where the new system completely replaces
the old one on an appointed day.
Pilot study
A strategy to introduce the new system to a limited area of the
organization until it is proven to be fully functional; only then can the
conversion to the new system across the entire organization take place.
Phased approach
Introduces the new system in stages either by functions or by
organizational units.
41. Post-implementation
Production
The stage after the new system is installed and
the conversion is complete; during this time the
system is reviewed by users and technical
specialists to determine how well it has met its
original goals.
Maintenance
Changes in hardware, software, documentation,
or procedures to production system to correct
errors, meet new requirements, or improve
processing efficiency
42. Software Development
Methodology: Approaches
The software development methodology is
an approach used by organizations and
project teams to apply the software
development methodology framework.
43. Development Approach – Waterfall
Model
STAGES
END PRODUCTS
Planning/definition
Project proposal report
Study/analysis
System proposal report
Design
Design specifications
Program code
Programming
Installation
Maintenance
Milestone 2
Design
solution
decision
Milestone 1
Project initiation
Year 1
Testing and installation
Postimplementation audit
Milestone 4 Production
decision
OPERATIONS
Milestone 3 Design
specification sign-off
Year 2
3-8 year lifespan
44. Development Approach – Waterfall
Model
Sequential development approach, in which development is seen as flowing
steadily downwards (like a waterfall).
Advantages
Simple and easy to use.
Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model – each phase has specific
deliverables and a review process.
Phases are processed and completed one at a time.
Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well
understood.
Disadvantages
Adjusting scope during the life cycle can kill a project
No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.
High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
Poor model for complex and object-oriented projects.
Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
Poor model where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of
changing.
46. Development Approach – Incremental
Model
The incremental model is an intuitive approach to the waterfall model.
Multiple development cycles take place here, making the life cycle a
“multi-waterfall” cycle. Cycles are divided up into smaller, more easily
managed iterations. Each iteration passes through the requirements,
design, implementation and testing phases.
Advantages
Generates working software quickly and early during the software life
cycle.
More flexible – less costly to change scope and requirements.
Easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.
Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled
during its iteration.
Each iteration is an easily managed milestone.
Disadvantages
Each phase of an iteration is rigid and do not overlap each other.
Problems may arise pertaining to system architecture because not all
requirements are gathered up front for the entire software life cycle.
48. Development Approach – Spiral Model
The spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with more
emphasis placed on risk analysis. The spiral model has four
phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and Evaluation. A
software project repeatedly passes through these phases in
iterations (called Spirals in this model). The baseline spiral,
starting in the planning phase, requirements are gathered and risk
is assessed. Each subsequent spirals builds on the baseline spiral.
Advantages
High amount of risk analysis
Good for large and mission-critical projects.
Software is produced early in the software life cycle.
Disadvantages
Can be a costly model to use.
Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.
Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase.
Doesn’t work well for smaller projects.
49. Development Approach :
Prototyping
Prototype: Preliminary working version of information system for demonstration,
evaluation purposes
Prototyping: Process of building experimental system quickly for demonstration and
evaluation. Small-scale mock-ups of the system are developed following an iterative
modification process until the prototype evolves to meet the users’ requirements
Advantages:
Useful in designing system’s end user interface
Often faster
Attempts to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller
segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process
User is involved throughout the development process, which increases the
likelihood of user acceptance of the final implementation.
Problems:
Omission of basic requirements.
Lack of documentation, testing.
Prototyping tools may not be capable of developing complex systems.
50. Alternative Methodology: ObjectOriented Development:
Uses the object as the basic unit of systems
analysis and design
Objects combine data, and processes used on the
data
Use class and inheritance to group objects and
apply common embedded procedures
Development is iterative and incremental
Analysis identifies objects, classes of objects, and
behavior of objects.
51. Alternative Methodology:
End-User Development
Development by end users with little or no help
formal assistance from technical specialist
Allows users to specify their own business
needs
Doesn’t require IT staff so is more rapid
Appropriate mainly for smaller applications
Generally not well designed, easily maintained
or efficient software
Creates islands of software in firm, and
redundancies
52. Alternative Methodology:
Acquiring Software Packages
Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) Packages
Set of prewritten application software
programs that are commercially available
Modification of software package to meet
organization’s needs may be required
Customization:
“Tailor and off the rack suit”
Great if you are a close fit
Ends up more trouble than worth if you aren’t
close fit..
53. Alternative Methodology :
Outsourcing
The purchase of an externally produced good or
service that was previously produced internally
Advantages
Economy
Predictability
Frees up human resources
Disadvantages
Loss of control
Vulnerability of strategic information
Dependency
Other important attributes:
Appropriateness of Form: The level of details, tabular v/s graphical, and quantitative v/s qualitative form, are selected in accordance with the situation.
Operational Level: The principal purpose of systems at this level is to answer routine questions and to track the flow of transactions through the organization. How many parts are in inventory? Examples of operational-level systems include a system to record bank deposits from automatic teller machines or one that tracks the number of hours worked each day by employees on a factory floor.
Management Level systems provide periodic reports rather than instant information on operations. These systems often answer “what-if” questions: What would be the impact on production schedules if we were to double sales in the month of December .
Strategic Level Systems: Their principal concern is matching changes in the external environment with existing organizational capability. What will employment levels be in five years? What are the long-term industry cost trends, and where does our firm fit in? What products should we be making in five years?
Typically, MIS are oriented almost exclusively to internal, not environmental or external, events. Generally, they depend on underlying transaction processing systems for their data.
When to prototype: a) small scale systems, systems having unstructured problems, when it is diffiuclt to speicfy user requirements
When not to prototype: a) large scale systems b) complex systems c) systems having interface to other systems
Problems: Insufficient review/analysis, Lack of standards and controls