This document discusses different types of solids found in environmental samples and their measurement. It defines total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, volatile solids, and fixed solids. Key points include: total solids are all solids in a sample, total suspended solids are filterable, total dissolved solids pass through a filter, and volatile solids are lost during ignition while fixed solids remain. The document provides methods for measuring total suspended solids, including filtration, drying, ignition, and calculations. It also discusses the environmental significance of different solids measurements.
This experiment determined various solids concentrations in water samples to assess water quality. Three water samples - tap water, surface water, and mixed water - were tested. Parameters like total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), total fixed solids (TFS), total suspended solids (TSS), fixed suspended solids (FSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total volatile dissolved solids (TVDS) were measured using techniques like weighing, filtration, evaporation at 105°C, and combustion at 550°C. The results showed that surface water had the highest solids concentrations, while tap water had the lowest as it was
This document describes an experiment to determine total dissolved and suspended solids in a water sample. The procedure involves filtering a water sample and evaporating the filtrate to determine total dissolved solids based on residue weight. Total suspended solids are determined by filtering a sample through a weighed filter and calculating residue weight. The results are used to classify water quality and evaluate treatment effectiveness.
Deals with primary sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of sewage. settling column test, settling profile graph construction and use of the settling profile graph for the design of primary sedimentation tank. both circular and rectangular settling tanks are described here.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Hardy cross method of pipe network analysissidrarashiddar
Hardy Cross Method of pipe network analysis has revolutionized the municipal water supply design. i.e., EPANET, a public domain software of water supply, uses the Hardy cross method for pipe network analysis. It is an iterative approach to estimate the flows within the pipe network where inflows (supply) and outflows (demand) with pipe characteristics are known.
Total solids in water include total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and volatile suspended solids. Dissolved solids consist of particles like calcium and chloride that pass through a small pore filter, while suspended solids include particles like silt, clay, and organic debris. Sources of solids in water include sewage, industrial discharge, road runoff, and soil erosion. Measuring total solids is important for controlling wastewater treatment and assessing regulatory compliance. The concentration of total solids is calculated by weighing solids in a water sample before and after drying.
Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
This experiment determined various solids concentrations in water samples to assess water quality. Three water samples - tap water, surface water, and mixed water - were tested. Parameters like total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), total fixed solids (TFS), total suspended solids (TSS), fixed suspended solids (FSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total volatile dissolved solids (TVDS) were measured using techniques like weighing, filtration, evaporation at 105°C, and combustion at 550°C. The results showed that surface water had the highest solids concentrations, while tap water had the lowest as it was
This document describes an experiment to determine total dissolved and suspended solids in a water sample. The procedure involves filtering a water sample and evaporating the filtrate to determine total dissolved solids based on residue weight. Total suspended solids are determined by filtering a sample through a weighed filter and calculating residue weight. The results are used to classify water quality and evaluate treatment effectiveness.
Deals with primary sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of sewage. settling column test, settling profile graph construction and use of the settling profile graph for the design of primary sedimentation tank. both circular and rectangular settling tanks are described here.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Hardy cross method of pipe network analysissidrarashiddar
Hardy Cross Method of pipe network analysis has revolutionized the municipal water supply design. i.e., EPANET, a public domain software of water supply, uses the Hardy cross method for pipe network analysis. It is an iterative approach to estimate the flows within the pipe network where inflows (supply) and outflows (demand) with pipe characteristics are known.
Total solids in water include total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and volatile suspended solids. Dissolved solids consist of particles like calcium and chloride that pass through a small pore filter, while suspended solids include particles like silt, clay, and organic debris. Sources of solids in water include sewage, industrial discharge, road runoff, and soil erosion. Measuring total solids is important for controlling wastewater treatment and assessing regulatory compliance. The concentration of total solids is calculated by weighing solids in a water sample before and after drying.
Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
The document discusses sedimentation in water treatment. It defines sedimentation as the gravitational accumulation of solids at the bottom of water. It then discusses factors that affect sedimentation rates such as particle size and shape, water viscosity, and temperature. Stokes' formula and other equations for calculating particle settling velocity are provided. The main types of sedimentation tanks - quiescent/fill and draw, horizontal flow rectangular and circular, and vertical flow - are described. Key design considerations like surface overflow rate and detention period are also summarized. Finally, the need for periodic sludge removal from sedimentation tanks is mentioned.
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
This document describes a test to determine the total dissolved solids (TDS) in a water sample. The student measured an electrical conductivity of 440 μS/cm and calculated a TDS level of 264 mg/L. This result is within the WHO excellent range of less than 300 mg/L for drinking water. High TDS can cause water to taste bitter or salty and can harm aquatic animals. Reverse osmosis can be used to remove dissolved solids from water with elevated TDS levels.
This document summarizes a student's lab experiment measuring turbidity in water samples. Turbidity is an indicator of water quality, measuring the cloudiness caused by suspended particles. The student tested tap water and bottled water from a lava company, finding turbidity levels of 2.4 NTU and 0.11 NTU respectively. Both results are within World Health Organization and EPA drinking water guidelines. Potential sources of error in turbidity measurement are discussed. The conclusion is that the water samples are suitable for drinking based on their turbidity levels.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Total soluble solids and Total suspended solidsAnuj Jha
This document defines total soluble solids and total suspended solids and discusses their significance. Total soluble solids refers to materials that are completely dissolved in water and filterable, as well as the residue left after evaporating a filtered sample. They are useful for determining water quality for drinking, agriculture, and industry. High soluble solid levels can negatively impact taste, odor, dissolved oxygen levels, and corrosion. Total suspended solids refers to materials that are not dissolved in water and non-filterable, as well as the residue of a non-filtered evaporated sample. Suspended solids are aesthetically displeasing and can harbor chemical and biological agents while depleting dissolved oxygen levels.
Laboratory manual of water supply and sewerage engineeringTaufique Hasan
This document provides the procedure for determining the total alkalinity of water through titration. It defines alkalinity as the capacity of water to neutralize acids and discusses the significance of alkalinity measurements in water and wastewater treatment. The procedure involves titrating a water sample with sulfuric acid to two end points using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The ml of acid used is then used to calculate the total, hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations in the sample.
The document discusses industrial waste neutralization. It defines neutralization as treating industrial waste so it is neither too acidic nor too alkaline for safe discharge. Some reasons for neutralizing waste include making it compatible with municipal sewage systems and preventing corrosion. Common neutralization methods include mixing acidic and alkaline wastes, passing acid waste through limestone beds, and adding alkaline substances like lime, caustic soda, or sulfuric acid to acidic or alkaline waste depending on the pH. Proper sizing of neutralization tanks and retention times are also discussed.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Chemical Characteristics of WastewaterParth Desani
This document describes various categories and characteristics used to assess water quality. It discusses 4 categories of water quality: physical, chemical, biological, and radiological. It then provides more details on specific chemical characteristics (pH, chlorides, nitrogen, toxic inorganic/organic substances), biological characteristics (disease-producing organisms), and radiological characteristics. The key water quality parameters described include pH, BOD, COD, TOC, and the presence of pathogens. The document emphasizes the importance of various characteristics for determining water quality and its suitability for uses like drinking water.
The document outlines various methods for determining types of solids in wastewater samples, including total solids, total suspended solids, volatile solids, fixed solids, total dissolved solids, and their significance for classifying wastewater and designing wastewater treatment processes. Gravimetric analysis methods are described for evaporating and igniting samples to separate organic and inorganic fractions. Standards for discharge of treated wastewater are also provided.
This document provides information about the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test for measuring organic matter in wastewater. It discusses that COD measures the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic material using potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid. COD and BOD both measure how much oxygen water will consume, but COD can oxidize more material so values are higher than BOD. The document outlines the COD test procedure and calculations for determining COD levels in wastewater samples. It also discusses standards, sources of BOD and COD, and limitations of the COD test.
This document describes an experiment to determine the alkalinity of a water sample through titration with sulfuric acid. Alkalinity is measured by titrating a water sample with acid until the pH reaches 4.5, neutralizing hydroxyl, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. The titration is performed twice - first with phenolphthalein to measure phenolphthalein alkalinity from hydroxyl ions, then with a mixed indicator to measure total alkalinity from additional carbonate and bicarbonate ions. The alkalinity of the tested sample was found to be 83 mg/L, within acceptable limits for drinking water.
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in waterAnas Maghayreh
Environmental lab
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in water
experiment at JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
by: ANAS MAGHAYREH
This document discusses coagulation, which is the process of using chemical agents to remove suspended solids from water. It classifies coagulants as primary coagulants or coagulant aids. Primary coagulants neutralize particle charges to cause clumping, while coagulant aids add density and toughness to flocs. Common primary coagulants include alum, ferrous sulfate, and ferric sulfate. Coagulant aids improve coagulation by producing denser, faster-settling flocs. The document then provides details on alum and ferrous sulfate as primary coagulants, lists common coagulant aids, and reviews the coagulation/flocculation process.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
Dry weather flow refers to the waste water flow in sewer systems during dry periods and consists mainly of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The key factors that affect dry weather flow are the rate of water supply, population growth, type of area served (residential, industrial, commercial), and infiltration of groundwater. The sewers must be designed to carry a minimum of 150 litres of water per capita per day to account for these factors.
1. The document provides procedures for analyzing total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total solids, and volatile solids in sludge samples.
2. The procedures involve filtering samples to separate solids, drying and weighing the solids, and igniting samples to calculate the volatile portion.
3. Calculations are provided to determine the concentrations of suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, percent total solids, and percent volatile solids based on the experimental measurements.
1. The document provides procedures for analyzing total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total solids, and volatile solids in sludge samples.
2. The procedures involve filtering samples to separate solids, drying and weighing the solids, and igniting samples to calculate the volatile portion.
3. Calculations are provided to determine the concentrations of suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, percent total solids, and percent volatile solids based on the experimental measurements.
The document discusses sedimentation in water treatment. It defines sedimentation as the gravitational accumulation of solids at the bottom of water. It then discusses factors that affect sedimentation rates such as particle size and shape, water viscosity, and temperature. Stokes' formula and other equations for calculating particle settling velocity are provided. The main types of sedimentation tanks - quiescent/fill and draw, horizontal flow rectangular and circular, and vertical flow - are described. Key design considerations like surface overflow rate and detention period are also summarized. Finally, the need for periodic sludge removal from sedimentation tanks is mentioned.
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
This document describes a test to determine the total dissolved solids (TDS) in a water sample. The student measured an electrical conductivity of 440 μS/cm and calculated a TDS level of 264 mg/L. This result is within the WHO excellent range of less than 300 mg/L for drinking water. High TDS can cause water to taste bitter or salty and can harm aquatic animals. Reverse osmosis can be used to remove dissolved solids from water with elevated TDS levels.
This document summarizes a student's lab experiment measuring turbidity in water samples. Turbidity is an indicator of water quality, measuring the cloudiness caused by suspended particles. The student tested tap water and bottled water from a lava company, finding turbidity levels of 2.4 NTU and 0.11 NTU respectively. Both results are within World Health Organization and EPA drinking water guidelines. Potential sources of error in turbidity measurement are discussed. The conclusion is that the water samples are suitable for drinking based on their turbidity levels.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Total soluble solids and Total suspended solidsAnuj Jha
This document defines total soluble solids and total suspended solids and discusses their significance. Total soluble solids refers to materials that are completely dissolved in water and filterable, as well as the residue left after evaporating a filtered sample. They are useful for determining water quality for drinking, agriculture, and industry. High soluble solid levels can negatively impact taste, odor, dissolved oxygen levels, and corrosion. Total suspended solids refers to materials that are not dissolved in water and non-filterable, as well as the residue of a non-filtered evaporated sample. Suspended solids are aesthetically displeasing and can harbor chemical and biological agents while depleting dissolved oxygen levels.
Laboratory manual of water supply and sewerage engineeringTaufique Hasan
This document provides the procedure for determining the total alkalinity of water through titration. It defines alkalinity as the capacity of water to neutralize acids and discusses the significance of alkalinity measurements in water and wastewater treatment. The procedure involves titrating a water sample with sulfuric acid to two end points using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The ml of acid used is then used to calculate the total, hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations in the sample.
The document discusses industrial waste neutralization. It defines neutralization as treating industrial waste so it is neither too acidic nor too alkaline for safe discharge. Some reasons for neutralizing waste include making it compatible with municipal sewage systems and preventing corrosion. Common neutralization methods include mixing acidic and alkaline wastes, passing acid waste through limestone beds, and adding alkaline substances like lime, caustic soda, or sulfuric acid to acidic or alkaline waste depending on the pH. Proper sizing of neutralization tanks and retention times are also discussed.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Chemical Characteristics of WastewaterParth Desani
This document describes various categories and characteristics used to assess water quality. It discusses 4 categories of water quality: physical, chemical, biological, and radiological. It then provides more details on specific chemical characteristics (pH, chlorides, nitrogen, toxic inorganic/organic substances), biological characteristics (disease-producing organisms), and radiological characteristics. The key water quality parameters described include pH, BOD, COD, TOC, and the presence of pathogens. The document emphasizes the importance of various characteristics for determining water quality and its suitability for uses like drinking water.
The document outlines various methods for determining types of solids in wastewater samples, including total solids, total suspended solids, volatile solids, fixed solids, total dissolved solids, and their significance for classifying wastewater and designing wastewater treatment processes. Gravimetric analysis methods are described for evaporating and igniting samples to separate organic and inorganic fractions. Standards for discharge of treated wastewater are also provided.
This document provides information about the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test for measuring organic matter in wastewater. It discusses that COD measures the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic material using potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid. COD and BOD both measure how much oxygen water will consume, but COD can oxidize more material so values are higher than BOD. The document outlines the COD test procedure and calculations for determining COD levels in wastewater samples. It also discusses standards, sources of BOD and COD, and limitations of the COD test.
This document describes an experiment to determine the alkalinity of a water sample through titration with sulfuric acid. Alkalinity is measured by titrating a water sample with acid until the pH reaches 4.5, neutralizing hydroxyl, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. The titration is performed twice - first with phenolphthalein to measure phenolphthalein alkalinity from hydroxyl ions, then with a mixed indicator to measure total alkalinity from additional carbonate and bicarbonate ions. The alkalinity of the tested sample was found to be 83 mg/L, within acceptable limits for drinking water.
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in waterAnas Maghayreh
Environmental lab
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in water
experiment at JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
by: ANAS MAGHAYREH
This document discusses coagulation, which is the process of using chemical agents to remove suspended solids from water. It classifies coagulants as primary coagulants or coagulant aids. Primary coagulants neutralize particle charges to cause clumping, while coagulant aids add density and toughness to flocs. Common primary coagulants include alum, ferrous sulfate, and ferric sulfate. Coagulant aids improve coagulation by producing denser, faster-settling flocs. The document then provides details on alum and ferrous sulfate as primary coagulants, lists common coagulant aids, and reviews the coagulation/flocculation process.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
Dry weather flow refers to the waste water flow in sewer systems during dry periods and consists mainly of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The key factors that affect dry weather flow are the rate of water supply, population growth, type of area served (residential, industrial, commercial), and infiltration of groundwater. The sewers must be designed to carry a minimum of 150 litres of water per capita per day to account for these factors.
1. The document provides procedures for analyzing total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total solids, and volatile solids in sludge samples.
2. The procedures involve filtering samples to separate solids, drying and weighing the solids, and igniting samples to calculate the volatile portion.
3. Calculations are provided to determine the concentrations of suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, percent total solids, and percent volatile solids based on the experimental measurements.
1. The document provides procedures for analyzing total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total solids, and volatile solids in sludge samples.
2. The procedures involve filtering samples to separate solids, drying and weighing the solids, and igniting samples to calculate the volatile portion.
3. Calculations are provided to determine the concentrations of suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, percent total solids, and percent volatile solids based on the experimental measurements.
The document provides instructions for performing several water quality tests to determine various characteristics including total solids, turbidity, coagulant dosage, pH, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, iron, manganese, biochemical oxygen demand, and coliforms. The jar test procedure is described to determine the optimal coagulant dose (alum) for clarifying a water sample by measuring turbidity at different coagulant dosages and identifying the lowest turbidity dose.
This document discusses the principles and steps of gravimetric analysis in analytical chemistry. Gravimetric analysis involves determining the amount of an analyte based on mass measurements. Key steps include: 1) Preparing a solution of the sample analyte, 2) Separating the desired ion/element through precipitation or volatilization, 3) Filtering and drying the precipitate, 4) Weighing the pure precipitate, and 5) Calculating the mass percent of the analyte in the original sample based on the precipitate's mass and stoichiometry. Precipitation gravimetry specifically involves adding a precipitating agent to form an insoluble precipitate, then isolating and weighing the precipitate.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The component present in excess is the solvent, while the other components are solutes. Solutions can be solid, liquid, or gas depending on the state of the solvent. Concentration refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a solution and can be expressed through various terms like mass percentage, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and parts per million. Mass percentage is the mass of solute per 100 grams of solution. Mole fraction is the ratio of moles of one component to total moles of all components. Molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution. Molality is moles of solute per 1000 grams of solvent
The document describes various tests conducted on pharmaceutical samples, including:
- Weight/ml and density tests to determine the weight of a liquid per milliliter.
- Total solids tests to determine the residue left after drying a sample.
- Ash testing to determine acid soluble, acid insoluble, water soluble and sulphated ash contents.
- Toxicity tests conducted on finished drug products and packaging to assess safety.
- Loss on drying tests to determine volatile content lost after drying under specified conditions.
- Moisture content tests using thermogravimetric analysis or Karl Fischer titration.
Solids Measurement by Gravimetry: Presentationrokojeg956
Objective
to understand the difference between the various Solids fractions that occur in Water, Effluent and Sludge.
To know their method of measurement and their importance and applications in Environmental Engineering.
In this slide contains Study of Quality of Raw Materials and General methods of analysis of Raw materials used in cosmetic manufacture as per BSI
Presented by: P.PAVAN KALYAN (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
This document provides an introduction to matter and its basic properties of mass and occupying space. It then outlines the table of contents for the rest of the document, which includes topics like units of measurement, mixtures, and separation techniques. The document discusses the SI system of units and provides examples of unit conversions. It also addresses concepts like uncertainty in measurement, types of mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous), and common separation methods like distillation and filtration.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of activated carbon produced from the biowaste of the Manihot esculenta plant. Key points:
- Activated carbon was produced from Manihot esculenta biowaste via carbonization followed by chemical activation using nitric acid.
- The activated carbon was characterized through various tests to determine properties like surface functionality, pore structure, elemental composition, thermal stability, pH, porosity, and iodine number.
- Analysis methods included Boehm titration, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, TGA, PXRD, and physical characterization tests. Oxygen-containing functional groups, microporous structure, and thermal stability above 1000
Total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) are key parameters used to analyze wastewater and biosolids. TSS is determined by filtering a sample and weighing the solid residue, while VSS is the weight loss when ignited at 550°C. The sludge volume index (SVI) measures sludge settling characteristics important for activated sludge process design and operation. Colloidal solids cause turbidity which is removed through bioflocculation in biological treatment.
This document defines and describes various types of suspended solids and organic matter that are measured in wastewater treatment. It discusses total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), biodegradable VSS, settleable solids, fixed suspended solids, and colloidal solids. It also covers measurements of organic matter including total organic carbon (TOC), theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and BOD kinetics. The document provides details on procedures for measuring these parameters, including the use of filters, ignition, centrifugation, Imhoff cones, and demand tests.
To study the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of r...AakashChauhan736006
Akshit Kumar completed a chemistry project on studying the presence of oxalate ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripening. He extracted oxalate ions from guava pulp using dilute sulfuric acid and estimated the amount of oxalate ions through titration with potassium permanganate. His results showed that the normality and strength of oxalate ions increased as the guava fruit ripened, with raw guava having the lowest amount and ripened guava having the highest. The project demonstrated that the content of oxalate ion in guava increases during the ripening process.
This document provides an overview of stoichiometry concepts including:
- The anatomy of chemical equations including reactants, products, states, and coefficients.
- Types of chemical reactions such as combination, decomposition, combustion.
- Formula weights, molecular weights, and molar masses which allow conversion between moles and mass.
- Empirical formulas which can be calculated from elemental analysis data.
- Stoichiometric calculations to determine amounts of reactants and products from balanced chemical equations.
- The concept of limiting reactants and how to determine theoretical and percent yields.
Estimation of total solids, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids...anju bala
The term solid refers to the matter either filtrable or non-filtrable that remains as residue upon evaporation and subsequent drying at a defined temperature.
In effluent, the total solids, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids are mainly composed of carbonates bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, organic matter, silts and other particles.
This document discusses solutions and their properties. It begins by listing learning objectives related to describing different types of solutions, expressing concentration using various units, and explaining properties like vapor pressure and colligative properties. It then defines solutions as homogeneous mixtures and describes various types of solutions depending on the state of the solute and solvent. The document goes on to discuss different ways of expressing the concentration of a solution, including mass and volume percentages, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality. It provides examples of calculating concentration using these various units. Finally, it discusses solubility and how temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent affect solubility.
The document discusses the determination and analysis of various types of solids in water and wastewater. It defines terms like total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, fixed solids, and volatile solids. Procedures are provided for determining these different types of solids which involve filtering, drying, and igniting samples. The document also discusses settleable solids and defines conductivity, explaining how it is measured and its importance in assessing water purity and pollution sources.
Spot speed studies involve measuring the speeds of individual vehicles passing a specific location on a roadway. This provides speed distribution data that can be used for traffic planning and safety purposes. There are both manual and automatic methods for collecting spot speed data. Manual methods involve using a stopwatch to time vehicles over a short known distance. Automatic methods include using road detectors, radar guns, or cameras to directly measure vehicle speeds. The collected speed data is typically presented through tables and graphs showing the frequency distribution and cumulative frequency of observed speeds. This allows calculations of speed percentiles and other metrics.
This document discusses the design of two-way floor slab systems. It compares the behavior of one-way and two-way slabs, describing how two-way slabs carry load in two directions versus one direction for one-way slabs. Different two-way slab systems like flat plates, waffle slabs, and ribbed slabs are described. Methods for analyzing two-way slabs include direct design, equivalent frame, elastic, plastic, and nonlinear analysis. Design considerations like minimum slab thickness are discussed along with examples calculating thickness.
The document summarizes key concepts in fluid mechanics including:
1) Types of fluid flow such as steady, unsteady, uniform, and non-uniform flow. It also discusses the continuity, Bernoulli, and momentum equations used to solve fluid problems.
2) Applications of Bernoulli's equation such as flow over weirs, through orifices and pipes, and venturi meters. It also discusses concepts like total energy, hydraulic grade line, and more.
3) Examples are provided calculating velocity, pressure, flow rates, and more at different points in pipe systems using the governing equations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides instructions on creating simple formulas in Excel 2003. It discusses using formulas to perform calculations with cell references and mathematical operators. Common functions like SUM, AVERAGE, MAX and MIN are explained. It also covers using the AutoSum button to easily insert formulas, and editing existing formulas by dragging range borders to modify the cell references. The document is intended to teach basic formula creation and functions to new Excel users.
This document provides instructions for using Excel to calculate cash flow projections using a data list. It explains how to create a data list, add and delete rows, and use the OFFSET function to calculate a running balance that does not break when rows are deleted. The OFFSET function references cells indirectly, allowing the formula to still work correctly when the worksheet structure changes from deleted rows.
This document contains 10 examples of calculating seepage and pore water pressure using flow nets. It provides the key steps and calculations for:
1) Determining flow rate, factor of safety against piping, and effective stress at a point.
2) Calculating uplift pressures at multiple points, seepage loss under a dam, and factor of safety against boiling.
3) Estimating how high water would rise in piezometers and seepage loss for a dam.
1. The document provides examples of calculating consolidation parameters such as void ratio, coefficient of consolidation, and primary consolidation settlement from given soil testing data.
2. Parameters like initial void ratio, applied pressure, and thickness of soil layers are used to determine the change in stress and void ratio to then calculate settlement.
3. Several methods are presented to calculate the average effective stress and stress change at different points to then determine the consolidation settlement under different boundary conditions, stress histories, and soil properties.
Three point loads and a uniform contact pressure on a circular foundation are used to calculate the vertical stress increase at various points below the foundations. The solutions involve determining shape factors from charts and formulas to calculate the stress contribution from each loading area. The stress increases are then summed to find the total vertical stress increase at the point of interest, which ranges from 0-186 kN/m^2 depending on the example.
The document provides 8 examples of calculating total stress, effective stress, and pore water pressure at different depths for various soil profiles. The examples solve for the stresses and pressures at specific points or depths by considering the layer thicknesses, soil unit weights, depth of water table, and degree of saturation. The effective stress is calculated by subtracting the pore water pressure from the total stress at each point.
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2. Total Solids
Total Dissolved SolidsTDS
TS
Total Suspended SolidsTSS
FSS
VSS
Fixed S.S.
Volatile S.S.
Filtration
filtrate retained matter
ignition
METHODS SOLIDSTREATMENT
3. WHAT ARETHE SOLIDS ARE?
In environmental engineering, solids are measured in:
Drinking water
Polluted water
Domestic and industrial wastewater
Sludge's produced in treatment processes
4. SOLIDS CLASSIFICATION
Total Solids (TS) :All solids in water sample
Total Suspended Solids (TSS): The amount of filterable solids in a water
sample, filters are dried and weighed.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): nonfilter able solids that pass through a filter
with a pore size of 2.0 micron after filtration the liquid is dried and residue
weighed
Volatile Solids (VS): those solids lost in heating to 500 o
C.
Fixed Solids (FS): The remaining solids after ignited volatile solids are the
Fixed (inorganic) solids
Several of these fractions have significance in environmental engineering
applications:
5. SOLIDS CLASSIFICATION
Several of these fractions have
significance in environmental
engineering applications:
TDS (saltiness) is important with
respect to drinking water and
irrigation;
TSS (as turbidity) is used as a standard
for safe drinking water consumption;
VSS (organic matter) provides a
measure of a water to consume
oxygen, its rough approximation of
the amount of organic matter
9. 1. Insert glass
fiber filter
2. Seat filter 3. Dry briefly
103 deg.
C
4. Ignite in muffle furnace
550 deg. C for 15 minutes
5. Cool in drying oven
briefly 6. Cool in desiccator
to room temperature
7. Weigh crucible
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE OF THE TOTAL
SUSPENDED and THE VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS
10. 8. Pour measured
volume of sample in
crucible.
9. Filter
with
vacuum.
10. Wash graduate,
crucible, and
filter with
distilled water.
11. Dry crucibles plus solids
for one hour at 103 º C.
12. Cool in desiccator
to room temperature
13. Weigh crucible plus
suspended solids.
14. Ignite in muffle furnace at
550 deg. C for 15 minutes
15. Cool in drying oven
briefly
16. Cool in desiccator
to room temperature
17. Weigh crucible
plus ash.
MEASUREMENTPROCEDUREOFTHE
TOTALSUSPENDEDandTHEVOLATILE
SUSPENDEDSOLIDS
11. OTHER FILTER APPARATUSOTHER FILTER APPARATUS
Filter Apparatus Used is
Optional As Long As
Specified Filters Are Used
15. Where:
A = weight of the filter paper, g
B = weight of the filter paper + residue dried at 105 o
C
C = weight of the filter paper + residue upon ignition at 550 o
C
CALCULATIONS:
16. Weight of solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and solids - Wt. of Crucible (dish)
Weight of volatiles, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and solids - Wt. of Crucible
(dish) and ash
CALCULATIONS:
17. Q1) SUSPENDED SOLIDS EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following
data:
Sample Volume = 25 mL
Weight of Crucible = 18.1450 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 18.1482 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 18.1456 grams
1) Suspended Solids, mg/L =Wt. Dry Solids, grams
Sample Volume, mL
X 1,000,000
= 18.1482 g
25 mL
X 1,000,000
=
0.0032 g
25 mL
X 1,000,000
= 128 mg/L
- 18.1450 g
18. SUSPENDED SOLIDS EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following data:
Sample Volume = 25 mL
Weight of Crucible = 18.1450 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 18.1482 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 18.1456 grams
2) Volatile Sus. Solids, mg/L =Wt. Volatile Solids, grams
Sample Volume, mL
X 1,000,000
= 18.1482 g
25 mL
X 1,000,000
=
0.0026 g
25 mL
X 1,000,000
= 104 mg/L
- 18.1456 g
19. Q2) SUSPENDED SOLIDS PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following data:
Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL
20. Q2) Solution
Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L
given the following data:
Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL
Suspended Solids, mg/L = Wt. Dry Solids, grams
Sample Volume, mL
X 1,000,000
= 21.0301 g - 21.0256 g
50 mL
X 1,000,000
=
0.0045 g
50 mL
X 1,000,000
= 90 mg/L
21. Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L
given the following data:
Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL
Volatile Sus. Solids, mg/L = Wt. Volatile Solids, grams
Sample Volume, mL
X 1,000,000
= 21.0301 g - 21.0263 g
50 mL
X 1,000,000
=
0.0038 g
50 mL
X 1,000,000
= 76 mg/L
Q2) Solution
22. Q3) PRACTICE PROBLEM
Given the following data:
Weight of dish = 48.6212 g
100 ml of sample is placed in the dish and evaporated. New weight of
dish and dry solids = 48.6432 g
The dish is placed in 550 o
C furnace, then cooled. New weight =
48.6300 g.
Find the total, volatile and fixed solids?
24. Q4) A 25 ml water sample is placed in in a dish that wt. 50g, after evaporation
and drying at 103o
C, and cooling in desiccator, the dish wt. 50.02g. Then the dish
is fired at 550o
C for one hour, after which it weighs 50.005g. Estimate total solids
(TS), volatile solids (VS) and fixed solids (FS) of the water sample.
25. 3. Determine the concentration of the volatile solids (VS)
VS = Wt. of solids after evaporation - Wt. of solids after ignition
= 50.02 – 50.005
= 0.015 g = 0.015 g x 1000 mg/g = 15 mg
Conc. = 15 mg / 25 ml x 1000000
= 600 mg/L
4. Determine the concentration of the fixed solids:
FS = TS – VS
= 800 – 600 = 200 mg/l
27. VOLATILE SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER
Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry solids - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)
Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry solids - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)
Percentage Of Total Solids
28. Percentage Of Volatile Solids
Weight of dry solids – weight of ash, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry
solids - Wt. of Crucible (dish) and ash
29. Q5) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a sludge
sample given the following data:
Wt. of Dish = 104.55 grams
Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 199.95 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 108.34 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 106.37 grams
% Total Solids =
Wt. of Dry Solids, g
Wt. of Wet Sludge, g
X 100%
=
108.34 g - 104.55 g
199.95 g - 104.55 g
X 100%
=
3.79 g
95.40 g
X 100%
= 0.040 X 100%
= 4.0 %
30. % Volatile Solids =
Wt. of Volatile Solids, g
Wt. of Dry Solids, g
X 100%
=
108.34 g - 106.37 g
108.34 g - 104.55 g
X 100%
=
1.97 g
3.79 g
X 100%
= 0.520 X 100%
= 52.0 %
31. Work Calculations on Separate Paper
Answers Given on Next Slides
Total Solids Practice Problem
Q6) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a
sludge sample given the following data:
Wt. of Dish = 106.52 grams
Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 187.16 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 109.46 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 107.96 grams
32. Q6) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a
sludge sample given the following data:
Wt. of Dish = 106.52 grams
Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 187.16 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 109.46 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 107.96 grams
% Total Solids =
Wt. of Dry Solids, g
Wt. of Wet Sludge, g
X 100%
=
109.46 g - 106.52 g
187.16 g - 106.52 g
X 100%
=
2.94 g
80.64 g
X 100%
= 0.036 X 100% = 3.6 %
33. % Volatile Solids =
Wt. of Volatile Sludge, g
Wt. of Dry Solids, g
X 100%
=
109.46 g - 107.96 g
109.46 g - 106.52 g
X 100%
=
1.50 g
2.94 g
X 100%
= 0.510 X 100% = 51.0 %
38. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; TDS
Summary of Method
Prepare Filter Apparatus and Evaporating Dish
Filter Measured Volume of Sample
Rinse Filter Apparatus
Transfer ALL Filtrate to Evaporating Dish
Evaporate to Dryness
Dry Residue at 180° C
Cool and Weigh
Calculate TDS, mg/L
39. Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dried residue - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; TDS
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