Ip addressing

IP Addressing

• IP Addressing is Logical Addressing
• It works on Network Layer (Layer 3)
• Two Versions of Addressing Scheme
• IP version 4 – 32 bit addressing
• IP version 6 – 128 bit addressing

2

IP version 4

Bit is a value that will represent 0’s or 1’s (i.e. Binary)

01010101000001011011111100000001
• 32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as Dotted
Decimal Notation
First Octet

Second Octet

Third Octet

Forth Octet

01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001
3

IP version 6

• 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries,
and each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit
hexadecimal number and separated by colons
(Colon-Hex Notation)

FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210

4

Binary to Decimal Conversion

Taking Example for First Octet :
Total 8 bits, Value will be 0’s and 1’s
i.e. 28 = 256 combination
2 7 2 6 25 24 2 3 2 2 21 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
Total IP Address Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2
Total IP Address Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3
0 .. 0 .. 0 .. 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4
to

to
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

= 255

5

IP Address Classes

• Total IP Addressing Scheme is divided
into 5 Classes
• CLASS A
• CLASS B

LAN & WAN

• CLASS C
• CLASS D

Multicasting

• CLASS E

Research & Development

6

Priority Bit Concept
• To identify the range of each class
a bit called priority bit is used.
• Priority Bit is the left most bits in the First Octet
• CLASS A priority bit is

0

• CLASS B priority bit is

10

• CLASS C priority bit is

110

• CLASS D priority bit is

1110

• CLASS E priority bit is

1111

7

CLASS A Range

For Class A range : First bit of the first octet
should be reserved for the priority bit.

0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
0
0
0
0
0

26
0
0
0
0
0

25
0
0
0
0
0

24
0
0
0
0
0

23
0
0
0
0
0

22
0
0
0
0
1

21
0
0
1
1
0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

= 127

0
1
2
3
4

Class A Range
Class A Range

0 0 0 0 to
0 .. 0 .. 0 .. 0 to
127.255.255.255
127.255.255.255

Exception
Exception
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
network are reserved
network are reserved

8

CLASS B Range

For Class B range : First two bits of the first
octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
1
1
1
1
1

26
0
0
0
0
0

25
0
0
0
0
0

24
0
0
0
0
0

23
0
0
0
0
0

22
0
0
0
0
1

21
0
0
1
1
0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

= 191

128
129
130
131
132

Class B Range
Class B Range

128. 0 0 0
128. 0 .. 0 .. 0
to
to
191.255.255.255
191.255.255.255

9

CLASS C Range

For Class C range : First Three bits of the first

110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
1
1
1
1
1

26
1
1
1
1
1

25
0
0
0
0
0

24
0
0
0
0
0

23
0
0
0
0
0

22
0
0
0
0
1

21
0
0
1
1
0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

= 223

192
193
194
195
196

Class C Range
Class C Range

192. 0 0 0
192. 0 .. 0 .. 0
to
to
223.255.255.255
223.255.255.255

10

CLASS D Range

For Class D range : First four bits of the first

1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
1
1
1
1
1

26
1
1
1
1
1

25
1
1
1
1
1

24
0
0
0
0
0

23
0
0
0
0
0

22
0
0
0
0
1

21
0
0
1
1
0

20
0
1
0
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

= 239

224
225
226
227
228

Class D Range
Class D Range

224. 0 0 0
224. 0 .. 0 .. 0
to
to
239.255.255.255
239.255.255.255

11

CLASS E Range

For Class E range : First four bits of the first

1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
1
1
1
1
1

26
1
1
1
1
1

25
1
1
1
1
1

24
1
1
1
1
1

23
0
0
0
0
0

22
0
0
0
0
1

1

1

1

1

1 1

21
0
0
1
1
0

1

20
0
1
0
1
0

1

=
=
=
=
=

240
241
242
243
244

Class E Range
Class E Range

240. 0 0 0
240. 0 .. 0 .. 0
to
to
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255

= 255

12

Octet Format

• IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion
• CLASS A is written as

N.H.H.H

• CLASS B is written as

N.N.H.H

• CLASS C is written as

N.N.N.H

13

CLASS A – No. Networks & Host
• Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H
• Network bits : 8
• No.
=
=
=
=
• No.
=
=
=

Host bits : 24

of Networks
28-1
(-1 is Priority Bit for Class A)
27
CLASS A
128 – 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network) CLASS A
126 Networks
126 Networks
126 Networks
&
&

16777214 Hosts/Nw
of Host
16777214 Hosts/Nw
224 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
16777216 - 2
16777214 Hosts/Network
14

CLASS B – No. Networks & Host
• Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H

Host bits : 16

• No.
=
=
=

of Networks
216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B)
214
CLASS B
CLASS B
16384 Networks

• No.
=
=
=

&
&
of Host
65534 Hosts/Nw
216 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & 65534 Hosts/Nw
Broadcast ID)
65536 - 2
65534 Hosts/Network

16384 Networks
16384 Networks

15

CLASS C – No. Networks & Host
• Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H

Host bits : 8

• No.
=
=
=

of Networks
224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C)
221
CLASS C
CLASS C
2097152 Networks

• No.
=
=
=

&
&
of Host
254 Hosts/Nw
28 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
254 Hosts/Nw
256 - 2
254 Hosts/Network

2097152 Networks
2097152 Networks

16

Network & Broadcast Address

• The network address is represented with all bits as
ZERO in the host portion of the address
• The broadcast address is represented with all bits as
ONES in the host portion of the address
• Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address
and the Broadcast Address.
• Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients

17

Example - Class A
Class A : N.H.H.H
Network Address :
0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111

Class A
Class A
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
10.0.0.3

10.255.255.254
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255
10.255.255.255

Network Address

Valid IP Addresses

Broadcast Address

18

Example - Class B
Class B : N.N.H.H
Network Address :

10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111

Class B
Class B

172.16.0.0
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
172.16.0.3

172.16.255.254
172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255
172.16.255.255

Network Address

Valid IP Addresses

Broadcast Address

19

Example - Class C
Class C : N.N.N.H
Network Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000
Broadcast Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111

Class C
Class C

192.168.1.0
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.3

192.168.1.254
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255
192.168.1.255

Network Address

Valid IP Addresses

Broadcast Address

20

Private IP Address

• There are certain addresses in each class of IP
address that are reserved for LAN. These addresses
are called private addresses.
• They can be used for: home & office networks,
networks not connected to Internet.
Class A
Class A

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B
Class B

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C
Class C

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
21

Subnet Mask

• Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host
Portion
• Subnet Mask is been given for host Identification of
Network ID
• Represented with all 1’s in the network portion
and with all 0’s in the host portion.

22

Subnet Mask - Examples

Class A : N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0
Class B : N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0
Class C : N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0

23

How Subnet Mask Works ?
IP Address :
Subnet Mask :

192.168.1.1
255.255.255.0

ANDING PROCESS :
192.168.1.1
= 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
AND TABLE
AND TABLE
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
A
B
C
=======================================
A
B
C
192.168.1.0
= 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
0
0
0
0
0
0
=======================================
0
1
0

0
1
0
1
0
1
0are 1.0
0
The output of an AND table is 1 if both its inputs
1
1
1
1
1
For all other possible inputs the output is1
0.
24

Subnetting

• Dividing a Single Network into Multiple Networks.
• Converting Host bits to Network Bits
i.e. Converting 0’s into 1’s
• Subnetting is also called as FLSM (Fixed Length
Subnet Mask)
• Subnetting can be done in three ways.
– Requirement of Networks
– Requirement of Hosts
– Cisco / Notation

25

Scenario
ZOOM Technologies is having 100 PC
• Which Class is preffered for the network ?
Answer : Class C.
• In ZOOM Technologies we have Five Departments
with 20 Pcs each
ZOOM Technologies – 192.168.1.0/24
–
–
–
–
–

MCSE
CISCO
FIREWALL
SOLARIS
TRAINING

192.168.1.1
192.168.1.21
192.168.1.41
192.168.1.61
192.168.1.81

to
to
to
to
to

192.168.1.20
192.168.1.40
192.168.1.60
192.168.1.80
192.168.1.100

26

Scenario (…continued)
• Administrator’s Requirement :
Inter-department communication should not be
possible ?
Solution.
Allocate a different Network to each Department
i.e.
– MCSE
192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20
– CISCO
192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.20
– FIREWALL
192.168.3.1 to 192.168.3.20
– SOLARIS
192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.20
– TRAINING
192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.20
• In the above Scenario inter-department
communication is not possible.

27

Main Aim of Subnetting

Problem with the previous Scenario is :• Loss of bandwidth as the broadcasting is done for
254 machines rather than for 20 machines.
• Wastage of IP addresses (Approximately 1000)
• No Security

28

Power table

POWER TABLE
POWER TABLE
21 = 2

29 = 512

217 = 131072

225 = 33554432

22 = 4

210 = 1024

218 = 262144

226 = 67108864

23 = 8

211 = 2048

219 = 524288

227 = 134217728

24 = 16

212 = 4096

220 = 1048576

228 = 268435456

25 = 32

213 = 8192

221 = 2097152

229 = 536870912

26 = 64

214 = 16384 222 = 4194304

230 = 1073741824

27 = 128 215 = 32768 223 = 8388608

231 = 2147483648

28 = 256 216 = 65536 224 = 16777216 232 = 4294967296

29

Some Important Values

VALUES IN SUBNET MASK
VALUES IN SUBNET MASK
Bit
Bit

Value
Value

Mask
Mask

1
1

128
128

10000000
10000000

2
2

192
192

11000000
11000000

3
3

224
224

11100000
11100000

4
4

240
240

11110000
11110000

5
5

248
248

11111000
11111000

6
6

252
252

11111100
11111100

7
7

254
254

11111110
11111110

8
8

255
255

11111111
11111111

30

Requirement of Networks is 5 ?
Example – 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No.
=
=
=
=
• No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n – 2 ≥ Req. of Subnet
23 – 2 ≥ 5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
8–2
6 Subnet
of Host
2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
25 – 2
32 – 2
30 Hosts/Subnet

31

HELP

Example – 1 (Continued…)
• Customize Subnet Mask = Bits to Network Bits
If you convert 3 Host
If you convert 3 Host Bits to Network Bits
255.
255.
224
6 Subnet & 30 Hosts/Subnet
Subnet & 255.
30 Hosts/Subnet
6
1
2
8
6
4
3
2

11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
Customize Subnet Mask
.
.
.
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.224
• Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
Subnet Range
192.168.1.31 x
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63  MCSE
to 192.168.1.63  MCSE
192.168.1.32
..
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95  CISCO
to 192.168.1.95  CISCO
192.168.1.64
..
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127  FIREWALL
to 192.168.1.127  FIREWALL
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159  SOLARIS
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159  SOLARIS
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191  TRAINING
to 192.168.1.191  TRAINING
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223  Future Use
to 192.168.1.223  Future Use
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.223
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.255 x

32

Requirement of Networks is 14 ?
Example – 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n – 2 ≥ Req. of Subnet
24 – 2 ≥ 14 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
16 – 2
14 Subnet

• No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
24 – 2
16 - 2
14 Hosts/Subnet

33

HELP

Example – 2 (Continued…)
• Customize Subnet Mask = Bits to Network Bits
If you convert 4 Host
If you convert 4 Host Bits to Network Bits
255.
255.
240
14 Subnet & 255.Hosts/Subnet
Subnet & 14 Hosts/Subnet
14
14
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6

11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
.
.
.
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.240
• Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
Subnet Range
–
192.168.1.15 x
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16
–
192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32
–
192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48
–
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80Valid Subnets
192.168.1.224 –
192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 –
192.168.1.255 x

34

Ip addressing

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