Learning Objectives
To understand the special concerns that must be considered by the international manager dealing with emerging market economies.
To survey the vast opportunities for trade offered by emerging market economies.
To understand why economic change is difficult and requires much adjustment.
To become aware that privatization offers new opportunities for international trade and investment.
Learning Objectives
To review types of economic integration among countries
To examine the costs and benefits of integrative arrangements
To understand the structure of the European Union and its implications for firms within and outside Europe
To explore the emergence of other integration agreements, especially in the Americas and Asia
To suggest corporate response to advancing economic integration
Strategic fit expresses the degree to which an organization is matching its resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the external environment.
In addition, strategic fit also examines the resource base of the organization and explores how they can be utilized to achieve maximum benefits.
International Business Management unit 1 introductionGanesha Pandian
This document provides an overview of international business management. It defines international business as transactions across national borders that satisfy objectives of individuals, companies, and organizations. It then discusses reasons for internationalization like increased opportunities, risks, and profits. Key factors driving globalization include developing markets, low-cost production, trade blocks, and declining barriers. The document also examines country attractiveness analysis, political and legal environments, risks in international business, and classifications of those risks. It provides examples of political systems and outlines strategies for managing political risks.
This document discusses emerging market economies. It defines an emerging market as a nation's economy that is progressing toward becoming advanced, as shown by some liquidity in local debt and equity markets and regulatory bodies. Emerging markets offer opportunities for trade and investment but also risks. Lower-income and developing countries represent vast emerging markets. Privatization of state-owned enterprises offers opportunities for international firms to invest and gain access to new markets. Risks of emerging market investments include political, economic and currency volatility.
The document discusses various legal, ethical, social and environmental issues companies may face when conducting international business. Specifically, it addresses legal issues around jurisdiction, intellectual property, taxes and securities, and internet regulations. It also discusses ethical concerns regarding employment practices, corruption, human rights, and pollution. Further, it outlines social issues such as dealing with corrupt governments, war between trading nations, negative attitudes towards foreign investment, lack of infrastructure, and government interference. Finally, it examines environmental challenges including global warming, relocation of polluting industries, bans on importing some goods, and the role of trade in environmental preferences.
This document discusses international strategic management. It begins by defining strategy and strategic management, which involves analyzing internal capabilities and external environments to meet organizational objectives. It then outlines the framework for international strategic management, including external/internal analysis, strategic choice, leveraging competitive advantages, and implementing strategic plans. Companies face strategic compulsions to go global to gain market share. Areas driving this include globalization, e-commerce, competition, and corporate social responsibility. The document also discusses standardization versus differentiation, strategic options, global portfolio management, global entry strategies, organizational issues, and controlling international business.
International Business Dynamics module 2 by Nagarjun ReddyPNagarjunReddyReddy
Complete detail of Second Module International Business Dynamics contents, Globalization – Supporting Institutions in International Conflict Resolution
The document provides an overview of facility location planning, including quantitative methods and models used to determine optimal locations. It discusses factors that influence facility location such as market proximity, transportation, labor, and government policies. Location models addressed include single facility problems that aim to minimize maximum distance, and multiple facility problems formulated as set covering problems to minimize the number of facilities needed. Quantitative techniques include break-even analysis, center of gravity models, and solving location problems on lines and planes using median and gravity center approaches.
Learning Objectives
To review types of economic integration among countries
To examine the costs and benefits of integrative arrangements
To understand the structure of the European Union and its implications for firms within and outside Europe
To explore the emergence of other integration agreements, especially in the Americas and Asia
To suggest corporate response to advancing economic integration
Strategic fit expresses the degree to which an organization is matching its resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the external environment.
In addition, strategic fit also examines the resource base of the organization and explores how they can be utilized to achieve maximum benefits.
International Business Management unit 1 introductionGanesha Pandian
This document provides an overview of international business management. It defines international business as transactions across national borders that satisfy objectives of individuals, companies, and organizations. It then discusses reasons for internationalization like increased opportunities, risks, and profits. Key factors driving globalization include developing markets, low-cost production, trade blocks, and declining barriers. The document also examines country attractiveness analysis, political and legal environments, risks in international business, and classifications of those risks. It provides examples of political systems and outlines strategies for managing political risks.
This document discusses emerging market economies. It defines an emerging market as a nation's economy that is progressing toward becoming advanced, as shown by some liquidity in local debt and equity markets and regulatory bodies. Emerging markets offer opportunities for trade and investment but also risks. Lower-income and developing countries represent vast emerging markets. Privatization of state-owned enterprises offers opportunities for international firms to invest and gain access to new markets. Risks of emerging market investments include political, economic and currency volatility.
The document discusses various legal, ethical, social and environmental issues companies may face when conducting international business. Specifically, it addresses legal issues around jurisdiction, intellectual property, taxes and securities, and internet regulations. It also discusses ethical concerns regarding employment practices, corruption, human rights, and pollution. Further, it outlines social issues such as dealing with corrupt governments, war between trading nations, negative attitudes towards foreign investment, lack of infrastructure, and government interference. Finally, it examines environmental challenges including global warming, relocation of polluting industries, bans on importing some goods, and the role of trade in environmental preferences.
This document discusses international strategic management. It begins by defining strategy and strategic management, which involves analyzing internal capabilities and external environments to meet organizational objectives. It then outlines the framework for international strategic management, including external/internal analysis, strategic choice, leveraging competitive advantages, and implementing strategic plans. Companies face strategic compulsions to go global to gain market share. Areas driving this include globalization, e-commerce, competition, and corporate social responsibility. The document also discusses standardization versus differentiation, strategic options, global portfolio management, global entry strategies, organizational issues, and controlling international business.
International Business Dynamics module 2 by Nagarjun ReddyPNagarjunReddyReddy
Complete detail of Second Module International Business Dynamics contents, Globalization – Supporting Institutions in International Conflict Resolution
The document provides an overview of facility location planning, including quantitative methods and models used to determine optimal locations. It discusses factors that influence facility location such as market proximity, transportation, labor, and government policies. Location models addressed include single facility problems that aim to minimize maximum distance, and multiple facility problems formulated as set covering problems to minimize the number of facilities needed. Quantitative techniques include break-even analysis, center of gravity models, and solving location problems on lines and planes using median and gravity center approaches.
International marketing refers to marketing activities that cross national borders. It involves identifying foreign markets, selecting market entry strategies, and developing marketing mixes tailored to compete abroad. The main approaches are exporting, joint ventures, and foreign direct investment like assembly or manufacturing plants. Effective international marketing requires understanding differences in cultures, laws, and economies between countries while maintaining a consistent global brand. It presents new opportunities but also challenges of adapting to varied international consumer behaviors and business environments.
Method of exporting affects international channel. Exporting can be done in two ways namely direct exporting and indirect exporting. Important foreign intermediaries in the export business include importers, retailers, distributors, wholesalers, government departments, joint ventures and licenses.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
Learning Objectives
To gain an understanding of the need for research.
To explore the differences between domestic and international research.
To learn where to find and how to use sources of secondary information.
To gain insight into the gathering of primary data.
To examine the need for international management information systems.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to global business management including production, marketing, finance, and human resources. It discusses factors in selecting global production locations, scales of operations, make-or-buy decisions, global supply chain management, international marketing strategies, product development challenges, pricing strategies, and international human resource management challenges. Key aspects of international financial management are also summarized such as country risk analysis, sources of funds, and managing foreign exchange rate risk.
This document discusses various concepts in international business, including definitions, approaches, drivers of globalization, and theories of international trade. It defines international business as extending business activities across national borders to target international customers. The main approaches discussed are ethnocentric, regiocentric, geocentric, and polycentric orientations. Key drivers of globalization include costs, technology, government policies, and competition. Important theories covered include absolute advantage, comparative advantage, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and product life cycle theory.
Ibm unit 2 international trade and investmentGanesha Pandian
This document provides an overview of international trade and investment topics. It discusses the role of organizations like the WTO and GATT in promoting global trade. It covers various trade theories like comparative advantage and the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The document also examines foreign direct investment, factors influencing FDI, and India's FDI policy. Additionally, it defines regional trade blocks and provides examples of major trade blocks like the EU, NAFTA, and ASEAN.
International Marketing - The Political Environment: A Critical ConcernDr. John V. Padua
The political environment is a critical concern for international marketing. Governments control business activities within their borders and political instability can negatively impact foreign investment. Political risks include confiscation of assets, nationalism increasing restrictions on foreign companies, and violence/terrorism threatening operations. Marketers must consider how different government types, political parties, and policy shifts can affect their long-term ability to do business in a country.
- International business involves commercial transactions between two or more countries, including trade in goods and services, investments, and transportation. It can involve private companies or governments.
- There are several approaches that companies take when entering international business - from an ethnocentric view focusing only on the home country market, to a geocentric view developing a standardized approach across all foreign markets.
- International business offers both advantages like access to new markets and resources, as well as disadvantages such as additional costs and risks of operating in foreign environments. Liberalization of trade and improvements in transportation and communication have contributed to recent growth in international business.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing. It defines international marketing as finding and satisfying global customer needs better than competitors. Companies engage in international marketing to expand sales, acquire resources, diversify sales sources, and minimize risk. Firms can carry out international operations through exports, imports, and foreign investments. Reasons for growth in international marketing include technology expansion, liberalized trade policies, and increased global competition. Challenges include differing political, cultural, and competitive environments across countries. The document also discusses international marketing orientation approaches and factors that influence product planning and decisions in international markets.
Businesses should have in depth knowledge about their target consumers in order to sustain. It has been found that in the modern era consumers buy certain products cheaper and is willing to pay premium price for certain services and products. This has become a paradox for the business that wishes to understand the target consumer base. Businesses need to understand how consumer is influenced by various stimuli. Consumer behavior is influenced by cultural, emerging social needs and personal expectations. According to the theory proposed by Kotler and Armstrong the modern day consumers are influenced by both micro and macro environmental factors (Kotler & Armstrong, 2008). Based on the stimuli they make judgments based on their individual characteristic self. It has been observed from analyzing consumer behavior there is an emergence of a new hybrid consumer. Hybrid consumers who are willing to pay high price for certain products and use digital tools for certain products. They also ensure that that they make choices by using conventional mediums in order to purchase certain services. There is a need to analyze consumer behavior patterns in order to deduce the ways by which services can be maneuvered in order to meet customer demands
The document discusses marketing research, including its definition as the systematic identification, collection, analysis, and dissemination of information to improve marketing decision-making. It outlines the marketing research process and different types of marketing research problems. Problem identification research helps identify unknown issues, while problem-solving research addresses specific problems. The role of marketing research in the process of marketing decision making is also described.
Effect of Online Advertisement In Online Shoppingalexkm123
a project study on effect of online advertisements in online shopping.
How online ads helps online business to make it more effective and reachable by customers.
Introduction to International MarketingVijyata Singh
While going international there are several factors which guides the orientation of the firm. Companies must understand the international orientation while planning to internationalize their firm.
This document discusses regionalism versus multilateralism in international trade. It defines multilateralism as a system of worldwide liberalization involving at least three governments working together on issues like trade and nuclear nonproliferation. Regionalism refers to preferential trade agreements between countries in a geographic region, such as the European Union, though they must meet GATT rules by eliminating trade barriers among members and not raising them against non-members. While regionalism favors regional trade partners, multilateralism promotes global free trade under principles like most favored nation status.
Learning Objectives
To understand the fundamental principles of how countries measure international business activity, the balance of payments
To examine the similarities of the current and capital accounts of the balance of payments
To understand the critical differences between trade in merchandise and services and why international investment activity has recently been controversial in the United States
To review the mechanical steps of how exchange rates are transmitted into altered trade prices and eventually trade volumes
To understand how countries with different government policies toward international trade and investments, or different levels of economic development, differ in their balance of payments
This document provides an overview of global marketing. It begins with definitions of global marketing and discusses reasons for internationalization such as accessing new markets and increasing competitiveness. It then covers factors that determine entry mode decisions and various entry mode strategies. The document also discusses deciding on the global marketing program and organization. Key topics covered include scanning the global marketing environment, reactive and proactive motives for internationalization, and conducting marketing research in global markets.
INTERNATIONAL ENTRY MODES
Criteria for Country selection :
Choosing Product to trade in International markets
Global Product Strategies
Strategy for new product launch
STANDARDIZATION VS ADAPTATION
FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY MODES
This document summarizes the evolution of international business from the late 19th century to present day. It describes how globalization first began in the 1870s driven by industrialization, but was set back by World Wars. After World War 2, organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT/WTO promoted global trade and reduced barriers. This led to a shift from simple exporting/importing to international marketing and production across borders by multinational companies. The scope and scale of international business has rapidly expanded in recent decades.
The document provides an overview of key marketing concepts including:
- Foreign market analysis which studies the attractiveness and dynamics of special markets. Market research gathers information about target markets.
- Marketing is a process that focuses organizational resources on environmental opportunities and customer needs. The marketing concept has evolved from a product focus to a customer orientation.
- The marketing mix (4Ps) includes product, price, place, and promotion. Additional Ps were later added.
- Global marketing internationalizes products/services to suit global consumer requirements through universal planning, production, placement, and promotion strategies.
Chapter 5 How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213Do.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213
Do some research on the items in the table below and see if you see a pattern with the various country’s economies:
1. What is the G7?
2. What is the E7?
G7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
NOTE: When you find the GDP (Gross National Product) note the year – you may not have 2018 statistics. That is okay –find the latest data available. You may need to search for the Ranking of Ease of Doing Business – and then find the countries that make up the G7 or the E7.
NEXT PAGE!
E7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A. Compare the 2 groups of countries – explain your findings.
Globalization Effects on Country Institutions, People and Business
Chapter 3
Key Points for the Chapter
Economic development comprises positive economic growth and entails changes in a country’s political, economic, and cultural institutions, as well as in individual values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Economic development requires resources from public and private sectors, both internal and external.
Technology transfers by international corporations comprise manufacturing technologies, management organizations, and marketing know-how.
Intro: The Economic Development Process
Economic development is the progress countries make in living standards as they experience positive economic growth and the changes occurring in societal and cultural institutions and values as nations move toward more advanced stages of industrialization.
Economic progress demonstrates human progress, and more pragmatically, it keeps politicians in power, companies busy, and consumers (and voters) optimistic about the future.
Technology Transfers
International trade, investments, and global media have opened world markets up to a variety of modernizing influences.
In general terms, technology transfers occur as corporations enter new markets with products, technologies, lifestyles, and business methods developed in their home and other international markets.
Technology transfers first affect urban segments of developing countries where there are developed infrastructures and pocket of economically significant customers.
As media become commercialization and distribution channels are built into rural areas, greater proportions of developing-country populations come into contact with modernization influences.
4
Positive Effects
Positive effects occur as societies are exposed to broad varieties of products that make lives easier.
Convenience products such as packaged foods, and consumer durables such as refrigerators, radios, televisions, and stoves have positive effects on consumer lifestyles.
New technologies in manufacturing and distribution make products cheaper and more widely available. They provide employment opportunities for lo.
This document discusses emerging markets and their economic development. It begins by defining emerging markets and listing some of the largest ones, including China and India. It then discusses how marketing must adapt to changing consumer needs during economic development. Several models of economic development are presented, followed by classifications of countries by level of development. Key factors in the growth of newly industrialized countries are outlined. The role of infrastructure and information technology in development is also examined. Characteristics and recent economic histories of some large emerging markets like Brazil, China, and India are provided. Finally, some of the challenges multinational companies face when marketing in emerging markets are summarized.
International marketing refers to marketing activities that cross national borders. It involves identifying foreign markets, selecting market entry strategies, and developing marketing mixes tailored to compete abroad. The main approaches are exporting, joint ventures, and foreign direct investment like assembly or manufacturing plants. Effective international marketing requires understanding differences in cultures, laws, and economies between countries while maintaining a consistent global brand. It presents new opportunities but also challenges of adapting to varied international consumer behaviors and business environments.
Method of exporting affects international channel. Exporting can be done in two ways namely direct exporting and indirect exporting. Important foreign intermediaries in the export business include importers, retailers, distributors, wholesalers, government departments, joint ventures and licenses.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
Learning Objectives
To gain an understanding of the need for research.
To explore the differences between domestic and international research.
To learn where to find and how to use sources of secondary information.
To gain insight into the gathering of primary data.
To examine the need for international management information systems.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to global business management including production, marketing, finance, and human resources. It discusses factors in selecting global production locations, scales of operations, make-or-buy decisions, global supply chain management, international marketing strategies, product development challenges, pricing strategies, and international human resource management challenges. Key aspects of international financial management are also summarized such as country risk analysis, sources of funds, and managing foreign exchange rate risk.
This document discusses various concepts in international business, including definitions, approaches, drivers of globalization, and theories of international trade. It defines international business as extending business activities across national borders to target international customers. The main approaches discussed are ethnocentric, regiocentric, geocentric, and polycentric orientations. Key drivers of globalization include costs, technology, government policies, and competition. Important theories covered include absolute advantage, comparative advantage, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and product life cycle theory.
Ibm unit 2 international trade and investmentGanesha Pandian
This document provides an overview of international trade and investment topics. It discusses the role of organizations like the WTO and GATT in promoting global trade. It covers various trade theories like comparative advantage and the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The document also examines foreign direct investment, factors influencing FDI, and India's FDI policy. Additionally, it defines regional trade blocks and provides examples of major trade blocks like the EU, NAFTA, and ASEAN.
International Marketing - The Political Environment: A Critical ConcernDr. John V. Padua
The political environment is a critical concern for international marketing. Governments control business activities within their borders and political instability can negatively impact foreign investment. Political risks include confiscation of assets, nationalism increasing restrictions on foreign companies, and violence/terrorism threatening operations. Marketers must consider how different government types, political parties, and policy shifts can affect their long-term ability to do business in a country.
- International business involves commercial transactions between two or more countries, including trade in goods and services, investments, and transportation. It can involve private companies or governments.
- There are several approaches that companies take when entering international business - from an ethnocentric view focusing only on the home country market, to a geocentric view developing a standardized approach across all foreign markets.
- International business offers both advantages like access to new markets and resources, as well as disadvantages such as additional costs and risks of operating in foreign environments. Liberalization of trade and improvements in transportation and communication have contributed to recent growth in international business.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing. It defines international marketing as finding and satisfying global customer needs better than competitors. Companies engage in international marketing to expand sales, acquire resources, diversify sales sources, and minimize risk. Firms can carry out international operations through exports, imports, and foreign investments. Reasons for growth in international marketing include technology expansion, liberalized trade policies, and increased global competition. Challenges include differing political, cultural, and competitive environments across countries. The document also discusses international marketing orientation approaches and factors that influence product planning and decisions in international markets.
Businesses should have in depth knowledge about their target consumers in order to sustain. It has been found that in the modern era consumers buy certain products cheaper and is willing to pay premium price for certain services and products. This has become a paradox for the business that wishes to understand the target consumer base. Businesses need to understand how consumer is influenced by various stimuli. Consumer behavior is influenced by cultural, emerging social needs and personal expectations. According to the theory proposed by Kotler and Armstrong the modern day consumers are influenced by both micro and macro environmental factors (Kotler & Armstrong, 2008). Based on the stimuli they make judgments based on their individual characteristic self. It has been observed from analyzing consumer behavior there is an emergence of a new hybrid consumer. Hybrid consumers who are willing to pay high price for certain products and use digital tools for certain products. They also ensure that that they make choices by using conventional mediums in order to purchase certain services. There is a need to analyze consumer behavior patterns in order to deduce the ways by which services can be maneuvered in order to meet customer demands
The document discusses marketing research, including its definition as the systematic identification, collection, analysis, and dissemination of information to improve marketing decision-making. It outlines the marketing research process and different types of marketing research problems. Problem identification research helps identify unknown issues, while problem-solving research addresses specific problems. The role of marketing research in the process of marketing decision making is also described.
Effect of Online Advertisement In Online Shoppingalexkm123
a project study on effect of online advertisements in online shopping.
How online ads helps online business to make it more effective and reachable by customers.
Introduction to International MarketingVijyata Singh
While going international there are several factors which guides the orientation of the firm. Companies must understand the international orientation while planning to internationalize their firm.
This document discusses regionalism versus multilateralism in international trade. It defines multilateralism as a system of worldwide liberalization involving at least three governments working together on issues like trade and nuclear nonproliferation. Regionalism refers to preferential trade agreements between countries in a geographic region, such as the European Union, though they must meet GATT rules by eliminating trade barriers among members and not raising them against non-members. While regionalism favors regional trade partners, multilateralism promotes global free trade under principles like most favored nation status.
Learning Objectives
To understand the fundamental principles of how countries measure international business activity, the balance of payments
To examine the similarities of the current and capital accounts of the balance of payments
To understand the critical differences between trade in merchandise and services and why international investment activity has recently been controversial in the United States
To review the mechanical steps of how exchange rates are transmitted into altered trade prices and eventually trade volumes
To understand how countries with different government policies toward international trade and investments, or different levels of economic development, differ in their balance of payments
This document provides an overview of global marketing. It begins with definitions of global marketing and discusses reasons for internationalization such as accessing new markets and increasing competitiveness. It then covers factors that determine entry mode decisions and various entry mode strategies. The document also discusses deciding on the global marketing program and organization. Key topics covered include scanning the global marketing environment, reactive and proactive motives for internationalization, and conducting marketing research in global markets.
INTERNATIONAL ENTRY MODES
Criteria for Country selection :
Choosing Product to trade in International markets
Global Product Strategies
Strategy for new product launch
STANDARDIZATION VS ADAPTATION
FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY MODES
This document summarizes the evolution of international business from the late 19th century to present day. It describes how globalization first began in the 1870s driven by industrialization, but was set back by World Wars. After World War 2, organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT/WTO promoted global trade and reduced barriers. This led to a shift from simple exporting/importing to international marketing and production across borders by multinational companies. The scope and scale of international business has rapidly expanded in recent decades.
The document provides an overview of key marketing concepts including:
- Foreign market analysis which studies the attractiveness and dynamics of special markets. Market research gathers information about target markets.
- Marketing is a process that focuses organizational resources on environmental opportunities and customer needs. The marketing concept has evolved from a product focus to a customer orientation.
- The marketing mix (4Ps) includes product, price, place, and promotion. Additional Ps were later added.
- Global marketing internationalizes products/services to suit global consumer requirements through universal planning, production, placement, and promotion strategies.
Chapter 5 How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213Do.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213
Do some research on the items in the table below and see if you see a pattern with the various country’s economies:
1. What is the G7?
2. What is the E7?
G7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
NOTE: When you find the GDP (Gross National Product) note the year – you may not have 2018 statistics. That is okay –find the latest data available. You may need to search for the Ranking of Ease of Doing Business – and then find the countries that make up the G7 or the E7.
NEXT PAGE!
E7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A. Compare the 2 groups of countries – explain your findings.
Globalization Effects on Country Institutions, People and Business
Chapter 3
Key Points for the Chapter
Economic development comprises positive economic growth and entails changes in a country’s political, economic, and cultural institutions, as well as in individual values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Economic development requires resources from public and private sectors, both internal and external.
Technology transfers by international corporations comprise manufacturing technologies, management organizations, and marketing know-how.
Intro: The Economic Development Process
Economic development is the progress countries make in living standards as they experience positive economic growth and the changes occurring in societal and cultural institutions and values as nations move toward more advanced stages of industrialization.
Economic progress demonstrates human progress, and more pragmatically, it keeps politicians in power, companies busy, and consumers (and voters) optimistic about the future.
Technology Transfers
International trade, investments, and global media have opened world markets up to a variety of modernizing influences.
In general terms, technology transfers occur as corporations enter new markets with products, technologies, lifestyles, and business methods developed in their home and other international markets.
Technology transfers first affect urban segments of developing countries where there are developed infrastructures and pocket of economically significant customers.
As media become commercialization and distribution channels are built into rural areas, greater proportions of developing-country populations come into contact with modernization influences.
4
Positive Effects
Positive effects occur as societies are exposed to broad varieties of products that make lives easier.
Convenience products such as packaged foods, and consumer durables such as refrigerators, radios, televisions, and stoves have positive effects on consumer lifestyles.
New technologies in manufacturing and distribution make products cheaper and more widely available. They provide employment opportunities for lo.
This document discusses emerging markets and their economic development. It begins by defining emerging markets and listing some of the largest ones, including China and India. It then discusses how marketing must adapt to changing consumer needs during economic development. Several models of economic development are presented, followed by classifications of countries by level of development. Key factors in the growth of newly industrialized countries are outlined. The role of infrastructure and information technology in development is also examined. Characteristics and recent economic histories of some large emerging markets like Brazil, China, and India are provided. Finally, some of the challenges multinational companies face when marketing in emerging markets are summarized.
This chapter discusses globalization and multinational enterprises. It defines a multinational enterprise as a company with subsidiaries or affiliates in foreign countries. It also discusses theories of comparative advantage and how countries and firms specialize in areas where they have a relative production advantage. Market imperfections provide opportunities for multinational firms to exploit economies of scale, expertise, and financial strength across borders. Strategic motives for foreign direct investment include seeking new markets, resources, production efficiencies, and political stability.
This document provides an overview of multinational corporations (MNCs). It defines MNCs as enterprises operating in several countries but managed from one home country. There are four main categories of MNCs described. The document also discusses the types of MNCs, including transnational, ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric corporations. Additionally, it outlines some of the key characteristics of MNCs and factors that have contributed to their growth on the global stage, such as deregulation, privatization, and the rise of China as a global competitor. Theories on why firms become multinational are presented, including the OLI paradigm and exploiting differences in factor costs across countries to gain competitive advantages.
This document provides an overview of international business. It defines globalization as the increasing integration of economies, technologies, and cultures across borders. The main drivers of globalization are advances in communication and transportation technologies, liberalization of trade, and growing consumer demand for foreign goods. International business involves cross-border transactions and can be pursued for market seeking, economic, and strategic motives like growth and risk spreading. While globalization increases competition, it also opens new market opportunities. The document outlines various forms of international business and considerations for operating internationally.
This document provides an overview of international business. It defines globalization as the increasing integration of economies, technologies, and cultures across borders. The main drivers of globalization are advances in communication and transportation technologies, liberalization of trade, and growing consumer demand for foreign goods. International business involves commercial transactions between countries and can be pursued for market seeking, economic, and strategic motives like growth and risk spreading. While globalization increases competition, it also opens new market opportunities. The document outlines various forms of international business and considerations for operating internationally.
This document provides an overview of international business. It defines globalization as the increasing integration of economies, technologies, and cultures across borders. The main drivers of globalization include advances in communication/transportation, liberalized trade policies, growing consumer demands, and increased competition. International business involves cross-border transactions between governments/companies and can be pursued for market seeking, economic, and strategic motives like growth and risk spreading. While globalization opens opportunities through expanded markets and investment, it also poses challenges from rising competition. The document outlines various forms of international business and questions companies should consider when operating globally.
The document discusses various theories of international trade including absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It also discusses different types of regional trading blocs such as the European Union, NAFTA, SAARC, ASEAN, and the advantages and disadvantages of trading blocs. Some key advantages are increased foreign direct investment, economies of scale from larger markets, and increased competition. Some disadvantages are the potential loss of sovereignty, concessions countries must make to join blocs, and increased interdependence between member countries.
The document discusses various theories of international trade including absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It also discusses different types of regional trading blocs such as the European Union, NAFTA, SAARC, ASEAN, and the advantages and disadvantages of trading blocs. Some key advantages are increased foreign direct investment, economies of scale from larger markets, and increased competition. Some disadvantages are the potential loss of sovereignty, concessions countries must make to join blocs, and increased interdependence between member countries.
MGMT 4710
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
CHAPTER 1. GLOBALIZATION
I. INTRODUCTION
As individuals and organizations have expanded their operations across wider geographical areas, global events and competition are affecting almost all firms—large or small. Currently, over 20 percent of world production is sold outside of its country of origin, restrictions on imports continue to decline, the foreign ownership of assets as a percent of world production continues to increase, and world trade continues to grow more rapidly than world production.
Globalization refers to the broadening set of interdependent relationships among people from different nations. International business involves all commercial transactions, including sales, investments, and transportation—private and governmental—between parties of two or more countries.
II. THE FORCES DRIVING GLOBALIZATION
Several factors contribute to the trend toward increased globalization:
1. Increase in and Expansion of Technology:
Vast improvements in transportation and communications technology—including the Internet—have significantly increased the effectiveness and efficiency of international business operations.
2. Liberalization of Cross-Border Trade and Resource Movement
Over time, most governments have been lowering restrictions on trade and foreign investments. It is believed that international competition makes domestic producers more efficient, and gives citizens greater consumer choices and lower prices.
3. Development of Services That Support International Business
Services provided by national and multinational institutions greatly facilitate the conduct and reduce the risks of doing business internationally.
4. Growing Consumer Pressures
Because of innovations in transportation and communications technology, consumers are well-informed about and often able to access foreign products. This has forced competitors to respond to the needs of consumers from all over the world
5.
Increased Global Competition
The pressures of increased foreign competition often persuade firms to expand internationally in order to gain access to foreign opportunities and to improve their overall operational flexibility and competitiveness.
6. Changing Political Situations
The transformation of the political and economic policies of Eastern Europe and East Asia (China and Vietnam in particular) has led to vast increases in trade between these countries and the rest of the world.
7. Expanded Cross-National Cooperation
Governments have increasingly entered into cross-national treaties and agreements in order to gain reciprocal advantages for their own firms, to jointly address problems that one country cannot solve alone, and to deal with areas of concern that lie outside the territory of all countries.
III.
PROBLEMS WITH GLOBALIZATION
Anti-globalization forces have protested both peacefully and violently as they press for legislation and other means to stop or slow the globalization process. The issu ...
The document discusses the dynamic environment of international trade. It notes that globalization has increased economic interdependence between countries and opportunities for international trade. However, as competition intensifies, countries also increase protectionist policies like tariffs to benefit domestic industries. After World War 2, countries established organizations like GATT and the WTO to reduce trade barriers and promote free trade, realizing the economic benefits it provides. The rapid growth of formerly underdeveloped countries has also created new global marketing opportunities. However, some protests have occurred against globalization due to concerns about issues like environmental impacts and cultural effects.
(40)industrial policies in a changing world ppt ah authorsHariharanAmutha1
The paper focuses on industrial policies in low-income countries. It examines cases where targeted policies have been used to address market failures, promote economic diversification, and increase productivity. Specific examples discussed include policies that supported the pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh, cut flowers in Ethiopia, and aluminum smelting in Mozambique. However, low-income countries face challenges in implementing industrial policy due to factors like weak infrastructure and institutions. Additionally, increasing trade agreements constrain policy space. Going forward, low-income countries will need adaptive strategies that focus on building firm capabilities and integrating into global value chains, rather than relying on import restrictions.
The document discusses various aspects of globalization and strategic perspectives on globalization. It defines globalization at different levels and discusses key drivers like technology, deregulation, and regional trade blocs. It also summarizes corporate and government responses to globalization like strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions, and trade liberalization policies. Strategic alliances allow firms to expand internationally more rapidly and achieve scale through partnerships.
The document discusses global management and multinational enterprises (MNEs). It defines MNEs as companies that engage in foreign direct investment and own value-adding activities in more than one country. MNEs are responsible for around 50% of world trade and finance. The document examines why MNEs expand internationally, including to seek resources, markets, efficiencies, and strategic assets. It introduces the Company-Country-Bargaining paradigm to explain the relationships between companies, countries, and their negotiations around issues like tariffs and investment incentives.
This document provides an outline for Chapter 7 of a textbook on international trade. The chapter discusses how governments influence trade through various policies and instruments. It begins with an opening case study on textile trade restrictions between the US, Europe and other countries. The chapter then outlines the economic and noneconomic rationales governments use to intervene in trade, including protecting domestic industries and managing balance of payments. Finally, it examines the major instruments governments use to restrict or regulate trade, such as tariffs, subsidies, quotas and other nontariff barriers that directly or indirectly influence prices and quantities traded.
The document discusses the international marketing environment and its key elements. It focuses on the economic and political environments. It describes how the economic environment varies between developed and developing countries in terms of factors like income levels, consumption patterns, and trade policies. It also explains how the political environment, including issues of sovereignty and international laws, can impact businesses operating in global markets. Differences in economic and political conditions must be considered in business strategies for international markets.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to globalization and international trade. It discusses:
1) How the world of business is undergoing changes due to increased competition, disruptive technologies, and knowledge sharing as a result of globalization.
2) Several theories of international trade, including mercantilism, absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and factor proportions theory.
3) Concepts like internationalization, globalization, deterritorialization, and how businesses can expand globally through methods like sourcing, importing/exporting, licensing, and direct investment.
4) The impact of factors like endowments, demand conditions, and independence/interdependence between countries.
This document discusses privatization and provides an introduction, definitions, and objectives. Privatization is defined as transferring an enterprise from the public to private sector. Governments pursue privatization to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Reasons for privatization include improving resource use, operating efficiency, and dynamic efficiency through investment. Methods for privatizing include creating an enabling environment, streamlining the process, and preparing enterprises. Potential benefits are discussed such as improved efficiency and lack of political interference, as well as potential disadvantages like natural monopolies and loss of dividends. The success of privatization depends on factors like industry, regulation, and competition.
International Business Shivaji University SyllabusIshwar Bulbule
1. The document discusses the concept of international business, which involves business transactions across national borders, ranging from small export/import firms to large multinational corporations.
2. It describes how international businesses have grown significantly with globalization and liberalization since the 1970s, dominating the global economy.
3. International businesses must balance global and local operations and considerations, such as complying with local laws while profiting in home countries. They must also manage employment responsibly across different cultures and regulations.
Learning Objectives
To understand the escalating importance of logistics and supply-chain management as crucial tools for competitiveness.
To learn about materials management and physical distribution.
To learn why international logistics is more complex than domestic logistics.
To see how the transportation infrastructure in host countries often dictates the options open to the manager.
To learn why international inventory management is crucial for success.
Learning Objectives
Describe alternative organizational structures for international operations.
Highlight factors affecting decisions about the structure of international organizations.
Indicate roles for country organizations in the development of strategy and implementation of programs.
Outline the need for and challenges of controls in international operations.
Learning Objectives
Outline the process of strategic planning in the context of the global marketplace.
Examine both the external and internal factors that determine the conditions for development of strategy and resource allocation.
Illustrate how best to utilize the environmental conditions within the competitive challenges and resources of the firm to develop effective programs.
Suggest how to achieve a balance between local and regional/global priorities and concerns in the implementation of strategy.
Learning Objectives
To learn how firms gradually progress through an internationalization process.
To understand the strategic effects of internationalization.
To study the various modes of entering international markets.
To understand the role and functions of international intermediaries.
To learn about the opportunities and challenges of cooperative market development.
Learning Objectives
To understand how currencies are traded and quoted on world financial markets
To examine the links between interest rates and exchange rates
To understand the similarities and differences between domestic sources of capital and international sources of capital
To examine how the needs of individual borrowers have changed the nature of the instruments traded on world financial markets in the past decade
To understand how the debt crises of the 1980s and 1990s are linked to the international financial markets and exchange rates
Learning Objectives
To learn how firms gradually progress through an internationalization process.
To understand the strategic effects of internationalization.
To study the various modes of entering international markets.
To understand the role and functions of international intermediaries.
To learn about the opportunities and challenges of cooperative market development.
Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Tests
Chapter Topic:
Hypothesis Testing Methodology
Z Test for the Mean ( Known)
p-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing
Connection to Confidence Interval Estimation
One-Tail Tests
t Test for the Mean ( Unknown)
Z Test for the Proportion
Potential Hypothesis-Testing Pitfalls and Ethical Issues
Chapter 8 Confidence Interval Estimation
Estimation Process
Point Estimates
Interval Estimates
Confidence Interval Estimation for the Mean ( Known )
Confidence Interval Estimation for the Mean ( Unknown )
Confidence Interval Estimation for the Proportion
This document provides an overview of the key topics in Chapter 6 on the normal distribution, including:
1) It introduces continuous probability distributions and defines the normal distribution as the most important continuous probability distribution.
2) It explains how the normal distribution can be standardized to have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1, known as the standardized normal distribution.
3) It outlines the types of problems that will be solved using the normal distribution, including finding probabilities and percentiles for both the normal and standardized normal distribution.
Basic Business Statistics Chapter 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures
Chapters Objectives:
Learn about Measures of Center.
How to calculate mean, median and midrange
Learn about Measures of Spread
Learn how to calculate Standard Deviation, IQR and Range
Learn about 5 number summaries
Coefficient of Correlation
This document summarizes the key topics and concepts covered in Chapter 2 of the 9th edition of the business statistics textbook "Presenting Data in Tables and Charts". The chapter discusses guidelines for analyzing data and organizing both numerical and categorical data. It then covers various methods for tabulating and graphing univariate and bivariate data, including tables, histograms, frequency distributions, scatter plots, bar charts, pie charts, and contingency tables.
The Course Aim, Purpose and Learning Outcomes
Course Aim and Purpose:
This course has aims provide a practical and approach to in the use of statistics in order for the students to gain an understanding about: -
Basic statistical theory
Management statistics used in different organizations; and
Statistical techniques used to undertake research.
Learning Outcomes:
It is intended for a student to gain an understanding: -
how to use computers to undertake statistical tasks
how to explore and understand data
How to display data.
how to investigate the relationship between variables.
about statistical confidence intervals
how to use and select basic statistical hypothesis tests
It takes all kinds of AI and Humans to make Good Business DecisionDenis Gagné
In today’s rapidly evolving markets, the integration of human insight with advanced AI technologies is crucial for making sophisticated, timely decisions. This presentation delves into how businesses in regulated industries such as finance, healthcare, and government can leverage AI to balance mission-critical risks with profitability, ensure compliance, and maintain necessary transparency. We'll explore strategic, tactical, and operational decisions across various scenarios, demonstrating the power of AI to augment human decision-making processes, thus optimizing outcomes. Whether you are looking to enhance your existing protocols or build new frameworks, this webinar will equip you with the insights and tools to advance your decision-making capabilities.
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Adani Group Requests For Additional Land For Its Dharavi Redevelopment Projec...Adani case
It will bring about growth and development not only in Maharashtra but also in our country as a whole, which will experience prosperity. The project will also give the Adani Group an opportunity to rise above the controversies that have been ongoing since the Adani CBI Investigation.
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Vision and Goals: The primary aim of the 1st Defence Tech Meetup is to create a Defence Tech cluster in Portugal, bringing together key technology and defence players, accelerating Defence Tech startups, and making Portugal an attractive hub for innovation in this sector.
Historical Context and Industry Evolution: The presentation provides an overview of the evolution of the Portuguese military industry from the 1970s to the present, highlighting significant shifts such as the privatisation of military capabilities and Portugal's integration into international defence and space programs.
Innovation and Defence Linkage: Emphasis on the historical linkage between innovation and defence, citing examples like the military genesis of Silicon Valley and the Cold War's technological dividends that fueled the digital economy, highlighting the potential for similar growth in Portugal.
Proposals for Growth: Recommendations include promoting dual-use technologies and open innovation, streamlining procurement processes, supporting and financing new ICT/BTID companies, and creating a Defence Startup Accelerator to spur innovation and economic growth.
Current and Future Technologies: Discussion on emerging defence technologies such as drone warfare, advancements in AI, and new military applications, along with the importance of integrating these innovations to enhance Portugal's defence capabilities and economic resilience.
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Progress Report - Qualcomm AI Workshop - AI available - everywhereAI summit 1...Holger Mueller
Qualcomm invited analysts and media for an AI workshop, held at Qualcomm HQ in San Diego, June 26th. My key takeaways across the different offerings is that Qualcomm us using AI across its whole portfolio. Remarkable to other analyst summits was 50% of time being dedicated to demos / hands on exeriences.
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2. 2
Learning Objectives
To understand the special concerns that
must be considered by the international
manager dealing with emerging market
economies.
To survey the vast opportunities for trade
offered by emerging market economies.
To understand why economic change is
difficult and requires much adjustment.
To become aware that privatization offers
new opportunities for international trade and
investment.
3. 3
Doing Business with
Transition Economies
The major market economies
emerging out of formerly
centrally planned economies
are:
Russia and the now independent
states of the former Soviet Union.
Eastern and central European nations
(Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech and
Slovak Republics, Hungary, Poland,
and Romania).
4. 4
The Trade History of
Socialist Countries
After 1918, Socialist states had a monopoly
on foreign trade, which was concentrated in
the hands of organizations specifically
authorized by the state.
This trade structure isolated the firms and consumers
from the West and unlinked demand from supply.
The result was misallocated resources, ineffective
channels of distribution, and inefficiency due to lack of
competition.
Managers of plants were more concerned with
producing the quantities stipulated by a rigid central
plan than with producing products and quality desired.
5. 5
Perestroika and Glasnost
In the mid 1980’s, the Soviet Union
developed two new political and economic
programs: perestroika and glasnost
Perestroika was used to fundamentally reform the
Soviet Union economy by improving the overall
technological and industrial base as well as the quality
of life for Soviet citizens through increased availability
of food, housing, and consumer goods.
Glasnost was used to complement those efforts by
encouraging the free exchange of ideas and discussion
of problems, pluralistic participation in decision-making,
and increased availability of information.
6. 6
Changes after 1989
With an unexpected suddenness, the
Iron Curtain disappeared, and within
three years, the Communist empire
ceased to exist
Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union
shifted their political and economic
orientations toward a market economy.
Trade flows were redirected.
Austerity programs were introduced, which led
to a decrease in the standard of living.
All of these changes ended the Cold War.
7. 7
The Realities of Economic
Change
Many transition economies face
infrastructure shortages.
Capital shortages are also a major
constraint.
It is difficult for corporations to respond to
demand because consumer knowledge is
vague.
Allocation mentality, or waiting for
instructions from above, represent a
management problem.
Employee and manager commitment can be
hard to find.
The changes complicate managerial decision
making.
8. 8
The Realities of Economic
Change (cont.)
Given the poor market orientation in the previous
business environment, managers must adapt their
behavior in these areas:
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Customer Orientation
DevelopmentTeam Building
9. 9
Adjusting to Global Change
Resistance to change should be
expected in countries that experience
rapid economic and political change.
The established market economies of
the West also must be prepared for
change due to:
The reorientation trade flows
Job shifts
Declines in employment
10. 10
International Business
Challenges
The frequent unavailability of convertible
currency makes many products out of reach
for citizens of emerging market economies.
Lack of protection of intellectual property
rights dissuade firms from investing in
emerging market economies.
Attempting to source products from emerging
market economies can be problematic.
The quality of products can be inferior in
emerging market economies.
11. 11
International Business
Opportunities
Some transition economies have
products that are unique in
performance and can be
successfully traded internationally.
Consumer products in transition
economies are gaining favor
because of competitive pricing.
There are substantial opportunities
for technology transfer.
12. 12
Reasons for State-owned
Enterprises
The reasons for the existence of state-owned
enterprises in emerging market economies
are:
Increased national security
Increased economic security
The investment is too large for the private sector
Governments rescue failing private enterprises by
placing them in government ownership
State-owned firms are more socially-oriented than
private firms which are more profit-oriented
13. 13
State-owned Enterprises and
International Business
The three types of activities where firms are
likely to encounter state-owned enterprises:
Market Entry
The Sourcing or
Marketing Process
International
Competition
14. 14
Drawbacks to State-owned
Enterprises
Competition is restrained, which results
in lower quality of goods and reduced
innovation.
The international competitiveness of
state-owned enterprises declines,
resulting in the need for government
subsidies.
Many government-controlled corporations
are losing money because the focus is on
job allocation rather than business.
15. 15
Reasons for Privatization
Through privatization, budgets can be
reduced and more efficient services can be
provided.
Goods and services can be more competitive
and innovative.
Experience indicates that private enterprises
outperform state-run companies.
Privatization attracts foreign investment
capital.
Governments can use proceeds from
privatization to help fund other pressing
domestic needs.
16. 16
Privatization Opportunities
for International Firms
Existing firms can be acquired at low cost,
often with governmental support through tax
exemptions, investment grants, special
depreciation allowances, and low-interest
credits.
Since wages are low in countries where
privatization takes place, there is more
opportunity to build low-cost manufacturing
and sourcing bases.
The international firm can act as a catalyst
by accelerating the pace of transferring
business skills and technology and by
boosting trade prospects.
17. 17
The Less-developed
Markets
The less developed markets in
the world include countries in:
Africa
Asia
Eastern Europe
Latin America
the Middle East
The emergence of these
markets presents a great
opportunity for citizens and
companies alike.
18. 18
The World Economic
Pyramid
Annual Per Capita Income Tiers World Population
More than $20,000
$1,500 to $20,000
Less than $1,500
75 to 100 million
1.5 to 1.75
billion
4 billion
1
2 and 3
4
19. 19
Multinational Firm’s Role
Multinational firms have experienced a
high rate of success when entering
transition economies for several reasons:
They tend to enter sectors that allow high profit
potential with minimal capital investments.
They increase in size only after they gain
experience and knowledge of the local markets.
The governments in transition economies award
special privileges to multinational firms.
As multinational firms mature in these economies,
the domestic market itself becomes a market
opportunity.
20. 20
World-class Competition
Many economies now recognize that they
must be world class competitors in order to
develop businesses.
Domestic firms enter into joint ventures with
global firms to tap into their knowledge base
and success.
This can be difficult, given that domestic
firms rarely have significant capital to
contribute.
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