The document discusses low power design techniques in VLSI. It begins by explaining why low power has become important, especially with the rise of mobile devices. It then discusses the different sources of power consumption, including dynamic and static power. Several low power design techniques are covered, such as clock gating, multi-Vt libraries, multi-voltage design, and power gating. The document emphasizes analyzing power at the system level and using EDA tools to implement low power techniques throughout the design flow. Overall, it provides an overview of analyzing power consumption and the goals and methods of low power VLSI design.
wireless charging of an electrical vechicle 2hari prasad
This document presents a project on wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging using resonance technique. It discusses the methodology, block diagram, simulation circuit, hardware progress, inverter circuit, transmitter and receiver coil specifications, and future prospects. The project aims to wirelessly charge electric vehicles using resonant inductive coupling between a transmitter coil connected to a high frequency inverter and a receiver coil connected to a rectifier and load. Simulation and hardware results showing voltage and current waveforms are presented.
The document provides an overview of mechanical and electrical systems in building and land development projects. It discusses the roles of M&E engineers in the initial design process and obtaining necessary approvals from authorities. The document then covers several topics in more depth including: [1] the design of power distribution systems in buildings; [2] principles and goals of electrical system design; [3] low voltage distribution schemes; [4] statutory regulations; and [5] TNB supply schemes and maximum demand levels. It also provides introductions to mechanical systems including air conditioning, cold water, and building transportation systems.
This document provides an overview of HVDC (high voltage direct current) fundamentals. It discusses how HVDC transmission works, the technical advantages it provides over AC transmission such as higher power capacity per conductor and smaller tower size. It also discusses some economic considerations, noting that HVDC has lower line costs but more expensive converter stations, with a typical break-even distance of 500-800 km for overhead lines. Different HVDC system configurations like monopolar and bipolar links are also introduced.
Lecture No 0_installation_electrical.pdfbeshoyabdou2
This document provides an overview of an electrical installation engineering course taught at Zagazig University's Faculty of Engineering. The course is divided into two levels, with Level 1 covering basic concepts of electrical distribution systems, electrical installation systems, lighting design, sockets design, power loads design, low voltage distribution boards, electrical protection devices, electrical wires and cables, cable installation, cable design and selection, short circuit calculation, risers and main feeders design. Level 2 covers shop drawing design, distribution transformers, standby generators, medium voltage distribution boards, power factor correction, earthing systems, lightning protection, and light current systems. The document outlines the topics, contents, and time allocated for each lecture.
Extra high voltage long ac transmission linesShivagee Raj
From economical point of view designing of transmission line system is very important in the electricity supply system. Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines are best suited for transmission of bulk power.
Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
sensors are what we experience the most in our life. they are even working in our body in different aspects. they may be as eyes, ears, skin, tongue etc. when we combine them they make a network. it may be a human sensor network. but i have shared something interesting about wireless sensor networks.
The document discusses low power design techniques in VLSI. It begins by explaining why low power has become important, especially with the rise of mobile devices. It then discusses the different sources of power consumption, including dynamic and static power. Several low power design techniques are covered, such as clock gating, multi-Vt libraries, multi-voltage design, and power gating. The document emphasizes analyzing power at the system level and using EDA tools to implement low power techniques throughout the design flow. Overall, it provides an overview of analyzing power consumption and the goals and methods of low power VLSI design.
wireless charging of an electrical vechicle 2hari prasad
This document presents a project on wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging using resonance technique. It discusses the methodology, block diagram, simulation circuit, hardware progress, inverter circuit, transmitter and receiver coil specifications, and future prospects. The project aims to wirelessly charge electric vehicles using resonant inductive coupling between a transmitter coil connected to a high frequency inverter and a receiver coil connected to a rectifier and load. Simulation and hardware results showing voltage and current waveforms are presented.
The document provides an overview of mechanical and electrical systems in building and land development projects. It discusses the roles of M&E engineers in the initial design process and obtaining necessary approvals from authorities. The document then covers several topics in more depth including: [1] the design of power distribution systems in buildings; [2] principles and goals of electrical system design; [3] low voltage distribution schemes; [4] statutory regulations; and [5] TNB supply schemes and maximum demand levels. It also provides introductions to mechanical systems including air conditioning, cold water, and building transportation systems.
This document provides an overview of HVDC (high voltage direct current) fundamentals. It discusses how HVDC transmission works, the technical advantages it provides over AC transmission such as higher power capacity per conductor and smaller tower size. It also discusses some economic considerations, noting that HVDC has lower line costs but more expensive converter stations, with a typical break-even distance of 500-800 km for overhead lines. Different HVDC system configurations like monopolar and bipolar links are also introduced.
Lecture No 0_installation_electrical.pdfbeshoyabdou2
This document provides an overview of an electrical installation engineering course taught at Zagazig University's Faculty of Engineering. The course is divided into two levels, with Level 1 covering basic concepts of electrical distribution systems, electrical installation systems, lighting design, sockets design, power loads design, low voltage distribution boards, electrical protection devices, electrical wires and cables, cable installation, cable design and selection, short circuit calculation, risers and main feeders design. Level 2 covers shop drawing design, distribution transformers, standby generators, medium voltage distribution boards, power factor correction, earthing systems, lightning protection, and light current systems. The document outlines the topics, contents, and time allocated for each lecture.
Extra high voltage long ac transmission linesShivagee Raj
From economical point of view designing of transmission line system is very important in the electricity supply system. Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines are best suited for transmission of bulk power.
Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
sensors are what we experience the most in our life. they are even working in our body in different aspects. they may be as eyes, ears, skin, tongue etc. when we combine them they make a network. it may be a human sensor network. but i have shared something interesting about wireless sensor networks.
The document discusses a final year project presentation on applying series capacitor compensation to distribution networks. The presentation covers the project background on series compensation and its benefits. It then discusses the problem statement of unfamiliarity with applying this method to distribution systems. The objectives are to compare series compensation to new line construction for increasing power transfer capability and reducing reactive power losses. The methodology section outlines the 4 project activities - proving the concept, determining optimal location, applying it to a distribution network, and economically evaluating alternatives. Key results found the best compensation level is 75% and optimal location is 2/3 to 3/4 of the line length. Series compensation significantly improved voltage profile and power transfer capability over the alternatives.
This document provides an overview of the EE895KR Advanced VLSI Design course taught by Professor Kaushik Roy at Purdue University. The course is targeted towards graduate students with prior VLSI design experience. It will cover real-world challenges in designing high-performance and low-power circuits. Students will complete a term-long individual project involving circuit design and simulation using CAD tools. The course topics include scaling issues, high-performance logic design, low power techniques, and process variation.
The document discusses the goals and principles of designing electrical installation and power distribution systems. It aims to 1) ensure safety, 2) minimize initial investment, and 3) maximize service continuity, flexibility, efficiency and power quality. The design considers factors like load locations and characteristics, sources of power, utility requirements and voltage levels. Low voltage distribution systems typically use star or bus topologies in a three-level scheme. Regulations in Malaysia govern aspects like supply voltage ranges and schemes based on maximum demand levels.
Distance calculation for underground cable faultVivek Bhakta
This document describes a project to determine the distance of an underground cable fault from the base station in kilometers. The project uses Ohm's law - applying a low DC voltage through a series of resistors representing cable length and measuring changes in voltage to determine the location of a short circuit. A microcontroller displays the fault distance on an LCD screen. The project could be enhanced to locate open circuits using capacitors and AC current to measure impedance.
This document provides information on the technical works flow for the Ethiopian Electric Utility's Universal Electric Access Program in the Benishangul Gumuz Region. It discusses feasibility studies, site handovers, distribution line route surveys, electro-mechanical design documents, MV and LV line constructions, transformers, pole supports, foundations, site supervision, payment certificates, and job completion. Details are given on technical specifications for different components of the electrical distribution system.
Conventional and emerging converter technologies in hvdc power transmission s...Naveed Shahzad
The efficiency of HVDC system is primarily associated with power electronic converters which are playing the key role in transforming AC to DC and vice versa. There have been several converter topologies known and implemented in HVDC system throughout the world, however the major converter topologies are line commutated-current source converters (CSC) and self-commutated voltage source converters (VSC). This presentation provides an overview and comparison of CSC and VSC converters including their applications, advantages, limitations and new technological advancement related to CSC, and VSC including 2 level VSC and 3 level VSC and newer modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies.
This document provides an introduction to a course on CMOS analog circuit design. It discusses the objectives of the course which is to teach analog integrated circuit design using CMOS technology. It outlines the lecture topics which include an introduction to analog design, the skillset required, trends in analog design, notation and symbols. It also discusses the prerequisites for the course and how the course will be organized based on a reference text.
wireless charging of an electrical vechiclehari prasad
This document presents a project on wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging using resonance technique. It discusses the methodology, which involves resonant inductive coupling between a transmitter and receiver coil. The block diagram, simulation circuit, and hardware progress are described. The hardware includes an H-bridge inverter to convert DC to high frequency AC, which is transmitted through a coil and received through another coil. Pulses are generated using a 555 timer and Arduino. Expected outcomes include more efficient battery charging and increased safety. The future prospects and conclusions are also summarized.
The document discusses low voltage switchgear and cable sizing. It provides information on governing standards, system parameters, construction details of LV switchgear including busbars and components. It discusses fixed and drawout construction types. It also covers IP ratings, cable sizing criteria and applications of LV switchgear and cables in industrial, domestic and commercial load distribution systems.
Electrical & MEP Design - Study material.pdfsureshrajan38
The document provides information on mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems for buildings. It discusses the roles of mechanical, electrical, and public health engineering in building design and construction. It also outlines some common challenges in MEP coordination and design, including limited building space, construction schedules, and lack of skilled workers. Additionally, it provides cost breakdowns for typical MEP systems, lists various electrical components and their specifications, and discusses standards and best practices for electrical design, installation, and testing.
This project involves building a model of an auto-sectionalizing transmission line to demonstrate fault isolation techniques to students. It uses an Arduino, current sensors, and 12 relays to simulate a 208V 3-phase transmission line with 3 buses arranged in a T-shape. When the current sensors detect a ground fault on a bus, the Arduino will open and close the relays to isolate the fault and protect the load. The goals are to create a functioning model that can simulate real-world faults and be interfaced safely in the classroom. It is hoped that exposing students to this technology will benefit their engineering education and skills.
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
This document discusses the key considerations for designing large-scale solar PV systems. It covers selecting appropriate module, inverter and mounting technologies based on factors like efficiency, temperature coefficient, and warranty. Layout is important to minimize shading effects using optimal tilt angle, orientation and inter-row spacing. The electrical design section explains sizing PV arrays and strings, inverters, cables, switchgear, transformers and setting up the substation for metering and monitoring. The document emphasizes optimizing the overall system design to reduce losses and balance annual energy yield with economic returns.
Next105 Ases Power Point Presentation Internal FinalNextronex Inc
Nextronex has developed a new distributed solar inverter and wiring system that improves on traditional centralized designs. Their system uses low profile inverters placed throughout the solar array, connected by an integrated DC bus and zone boxes, to minimize voltage drops and copper use. This distributed architecture provides improved efficiency, fault tolerance, monitoring and maintenance capabilities compared to conventional large central inverters. Nextronex has also developed smart switching and control algorithms to optimize inverter-level efficiencies and response to changing conditions.
This document discusses cable sizing calculations and techniques. It explains that proper cable sizing is important to ensure efficient, safe and economic transmission of electrical energy without interruptions or exceeding the cable's limits. The document outlines the common steps for cable sizing: 1) gathering data on the cable, load and installation conditions, 2) determining the minimum size based on current capacity, voltage drop, temperature rise and fault impedance, and 3) selecting the optimally sized cable. Several examples are provided to illustrate implementing the cable selection process. Risks of improper sizing like voltage drops, overheating and shorter lifespan are also summarized.
This document discusses methods for calculating short-circuit currents (Isc) in electrical installations. It begins by describing the different types of short-circuits and how Isc develops over time. It then presents two methods for calculating Isc: 1) the impedance method, which calculates Isc based on the impedance of network elements, and 2) a method using symmetrical components as defined by standard IEC 60909, which calculates Isc for different fault types. The document provides equations for various Isc values and examples of short-circuit current calculations. It aims to give engineers a deeper understanding of Isc calculation methods.
Unit V - Instruments Design and Manufacturing1.pptxssuserb3e5bb
The document discusses various topics related to instrument design and manufacturing techniques:
- It covers grounding, shielding, elements of design, product life cycles, circuit design, layout, assembly, testing, power distribution, enclosures, and documentation.
- Key aspects of instrument design discussed include defining requirements, prototyping, manufacturing process design, and addressing reliability, fault tolerance, speed, power consumption and noise.
- Basic concepts around grounding include using earth as a reference, avoiding ground loops, and establishing common ground buses. Shielding aims to block electromagnetic interference and noise.
The document discusses planning for HVDC transmission and modern trends in HVDC technology. When planning HVDC transmission, the key factors to consider are cost, technical performance, and reliability. Modern trends aim to reduce converter station costs while improving reliability and performance. This includes advances in power semiconductors, converter control technology, development of DC breakers, conversion of existing AC lines, and operation with weak AC systems. Emerging technologies discussed are active DC filters, capacitor commutated converters, and ultra-high voltage DC transmission.
This document describes the development of an islanding arrangement system for a power grid. The system will automatically disconnect a feeder unit from the grid if abnormalities in voltage or frequency are detected. This is done to prevent large-scale blackouts. The system uses a microcontroller, relays, LEDs, an LCD display, and other hardware. It also includes a power supply circuit. If deviations from the grid's acceptable voltage or frequency limits are detected, the feeder unit will disconnect to avoid complete grid failure. The document provides background on power grids and islanding, and describes the hardware, software, working, and advantages of the developed system.
Abstract- This paper presents a major revision of the Universal Four Leg ‘DC Grid Laboratory Experimental Setup’. This revision includes the reduction of current loops, the increase of efficiency in the power stage, the expansion of measurement possibilities and the re-specification of the input/output range.
To deal with an ever present complication in the world of measurements, simple fuse holders are converted into dedicated probe measurement connectors. These connectors reduce large ground loops to a minimum.
Key features include a clear board layout and silkscreen, a tremendous reduction of semiconductor losses resulting in a heatsink-less power stage and easy, reliable probe and power connections. Provisions are made for a Single Board Computer (SBC) to read and control the Universal Four Leg V4. The SBC can also be used to communicate with external devices to allow for remote control of the Universal Four Leg and the presentation of measurements performed.
The Universal Four Leg is a power management device with a wide range of applications in both higher educational laboratory courses, as well as a dedicated grid manager in low voltage DC-grids.
The document discusses a final year project presentation on applying series capacitor compensation to distribution networks. The presentation covers the project background on series compensation and its benefits. It then discusses the problem statement of unfamiliarity with applying this method to distribution systems. The objectives are to compare series compensation to new line construction for increasing power transfer capability and reducing reactive power losses. The methodology section outlines the 4 project activities - proving the concept, determining optimal location, applying it to a distribution network, and economically evaluating alternatives. Key results found the best compensation level is 75% and optimal location is 2/3 to 3/4 of the line length. Series compensation significantly improved voltage profile and power transfer capability over the alternatives.
This document provides an overview of the EE895KR Advanced VLSI Design course taught by Professor Kaushik Roy at Purdue University. The course is targeted towards graduate students with prior VLSI design experience. It will cover real-world challenges in designing high-performance and low-power circuits. Students will complete a term-long individual project involving circuit design and simulation using CAD tools. The course topics include scaling issues, high-performance logic design, low power techniques, and process variation.
The document discusses the goals and principles of designing electrical installation and power distribution systems. It aims to 1) ensure safety, 2) minimize initial investment, and 3) maximize service continuity, flexibility, efficiency and power quality. The design considers factors like load locations and characteristics, sources of power, utility requirements and voltage levels. Low voltage distribution systems typically use star or bus topologies in a three-level scheme. Regulations in Malaysia govern aspects like supply voltage ranges and schemes based on maximum demand levels.
Distance calculation for underground cable faultVivek Bhakta
This document describes a project to determine the distance of an underground cable fault from the base station in kilometers. The project uses Ohm's law - applying a low DC voltage through a series of resistors representing cable length and measuring changes in voltage to determine the location of a short circuit. A microcontroller displays the fault distance on an LCD screen. The project could be enhanced to locate open circuits using capacitors and AC current to measure impedance.
This document provides information on the technical works flow for the Ethiopian Electric Utility's Universal Electric Access Program in the Benishangul Gumuz Region. It discusses feasibility studies, site handovers, distribution line route surveys, electro-mechanical design documents, MV and LV line constructions, transformers, pole supports, foundations, site supervision, payment certificates, and job completion. Details are given on technical specifications for different components of the electrical distribution system.
Conventional and emerging converter technologies in hvdc power transmission s...Naveed Shahzad
The efficiency of HVDC system is primarily associated with power electronic converters which are playing the key role in transforming AC to DC and vice versa. There have been several converter topologies known and implemented in HVDC system throughout the world, however the major converter topologies are line commutated-current source converters (CSC) and self-commutated voltage source converters (VSC). This presentation provides an overview and comparison of CSC and VSC converters including their applications, advantages, limitations and new technological advancement related to CSC, and VSC including 2 level VSC and 3 level VSC and newer modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies.
This document provides an introduction to a course on CMOS analog circuit design. It discusses the objectives of the course which is to teach analog integrated circuit design using CMOS technology. It outlines the lecture topics which include an introduction to analog design, the skillset required, trends in analog design, notation and symbols. It also discusses the prerequisites for the course and how the course will be organized based on a reference text.
wireless charging of an electrical vechiclehari prasad
This document presents a project on wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging using resonance technique. It discusses the methodology, which involves resonant inductive coupling between a transmitter and receiver coil. The block diagram, simulation circuit, and hardware progress are described. The hardware includes an H-bridge inverter to convert DC to high frequency AC, which is transmitted through a coil and received through another coil. Pulses are generated using a 555 timer and Arduino. Expected outcomes include more efficient battery charging and increased safety. The future prospects and conclusions are also summarized.
The document discusses low voltage switchgear and cable sizing. It provides information on governing standards, system parameters, construction details of LV switchgear including busbars and components. It discusses fixed and drawout construction types. It also covers IP ratings, cable sizing criteria and applications of LV switchgear and cables in industrial, domestic and commercial load distribution systems.
Electrical & MEP Design - Study material.pdfsureshrajan38
The document provides information on mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems for buildings. It discusses the roles of mechanical, electrical, and public health engineering in building design and construction. It also outlines some common challenges in MEP coordination and design, including limited building space, construction schedules, and lack of skilled workers. Additionally, it provides cost breakdowns for typical MEP systems, lists various electrical components and their specifications, and discusses standards and best practices for electrical design, installation, and testing.
This project involves building a model of an auto-sectionalizing transmission line to demonstrate fault isolation techniques to students. It uses an Arduino, current sensors, and 12 relays to simulate a 208V 3-phase transmission line with 3 buses arranged in a T-shape. When the current sensors detect a ground fault on a bus, the Arduino will open and close the relays to isolate the fault and protect the load. The goals are to create a functioning model that can simulate real-world faults and be interfaced safely in the classroom. It is hoped that exposing students to this technology will benefit their engineering education and skills.
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
This document discusses the key considerations for designing large-scale solar PV systems. It covers selecting appropriate module, inverter and mounting technologies based on factors like efficiency, temperature coefficient, and warranty. Layout is important to minimize shading effects using optimal tilt angle, orientation and inter-row spacing. The electrical design section explains sizing PV arrays and strings, inverters, cables, switchgear, transformers and setting up the substation for metering and monitoring. The document emphasizes optimizing the overall system design to reduce losses and balance annual energy yield with economic returns.
Next105 Ases Power Point Presentation Internal FinalNextronex Inc
Nextronex has developed a new distributed solar inverter and wiring system that improves on traditional centralized designs. Their system uses low profile inverters placed throughout the solar array, connected by an integrated DC bus and zone boxes, to minimize voltage drops and copper use. This distributed architecture provides improved efficiency, fault tolerance, monitoring and maintenance capabilities compared to conventional large central inverters. Nextronex has also developed smart switching and control algorithms to optimize inverter-level efficiencies and response to changing conditions.
This document discusses cable sizing calculations and techniques. It explains that proper cable sizing is important to ensure efficient, safe and economic transmission of electrical energy without interruptions or exceeding the cable's limits. The document outlines the common steps for cable sizing: 1) gathering data on the cable, load and installation conditions, 2) determining the minimum size based on current capacity, voltage drop, temperature rise and fault impedance, and 3) selecting the optimally sized cable. Several examples are provided to illustrate implementing the cable selection process. Risks of improper sizing like voltage drops, overheating and shorter lifespan are also summarized.
This document discusses methods for calculating short-circuit currents (Isc) in electrical installations. It begins by describing the different types of short-circuits and how Isc develops over time. It then presents two methods for calculating Isc: 1) the impedance method, which calculates Isc based on the impedance of network elements, and 2) a method using symmetrical components as defined by standard IEC 60909, which calculates Isc for different fault types. The document provides equations for various Isc values and examples of short-circuit current calculations. It aims to give engineers a deeper understanding of Isc calculation methods.
Unit V - Instruments Design and Manufacturing1.pptxssuserb3e5bb
The document discusses various topics related to instrument design and manufacturing techniques:
- It covers grounding, shielding, elements of design, product life cycles, circuit design, layout, assembly, testing, power distribution, enclosures, and documentation.
- Key aspects of instrument design discussed include defining requirements, prototyping, manufacturing process design, and addressing reliability, fault tolerance, speed, power consumption and noise.
- Basic concepts around grounding include using earth as a reference, avoiding ground loops, and establishing common ground buses. Shielding aims to block electromagnetic interference and noise.
The document discusses planning for HVDC transmission and modern trends in HVDC technology. When planning HVDC transmission, the key factors to consider are cost, technical performance, and reliability. Modern trends aim to reduce converter station costs while improving reliability and performance. This includes advances in power semiconductors, converter control technology, development of DC breakers, conversion of existing AC lines, and operation with weak AC systems. Emerging technologies discussed are active DC filters, capacitor commutated converters, and ultra-high voltage DC transmission.
This document describes the development of an islanding arrangement system for a power grid. The system will automatically disconnect a feeder unit from the grid if abnormalities in voltage or frequency are detected. This is done to prevent large-scale blackouts. The system uses a microcontroller, relays, LEDs, an LCD display, and other hardware. It also includes a power supply circuit. If deviations from the grid's acceptable voltage or frequency limits are detected, the feeder unit will disconnect to avoid complete grid failure. The document provides background on power grids and islanding, and describes the hardware, software, working, and advantages of the developed system.
Abstract- This paper presents a major revision of the Universal Four Leg ‘DC Grid Laboratory Experimental Setup’. This revision includes the reduction of current loops, the increase of efficiency in the power stage, the expansion of measurement possibilities and the re-specification of the input/output range.
To deal with an ever present complication in the world of measurements, simple fuse holders are converted into dedicated probe measurement connectors. These connectors reduce large ground loops to a minimum.
Key features include a clear board layout and silkscreen, a tremendous reduction of semiconductor losses resulting in a heatsink-less power stage and easy, reliable probe and power connections. Provisions are made for a Single Board Computer (SBC) to read and control the Universal Four Leg V4. The SBC can also be used to communicate with external devices to allow for remote control of the Universal Four Leg and the presentation of measurements performed.
The Universal Four Leg is a power management device with a wide range of applications in both higher educational laboratory courses, as well as a dedicated grid manager in low voltage DC-grids.
Similar to Infrastructure Presentation 000000000000 (20)
Classification of Clove sizes as planting material to the bulb yield of Garli...Open Access Research Paper
Garlic is one of the highly valued crops in the Philippines. However, low production yield is the main constraint, specifically in the native varieties that could not satisfy the demand. Among the limiting factors are the use of unsuitable clove size as planting materials. The results revealed that clove sizes significantly influenced the growth of garlic. Large clove size and extra-large clove size obtained average plant vigor with ratings of 5.83 and 6.33, respectively. Significant differences were also found in both fresh and dry bulb weights, with the largest clove size yielding the heaviest weights at 19.36g and 16.67g, respectively. Moreover, large and extra-large clove sizes produced the highest number of cloves per bulb with an average of 19.87 and 19.33 respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in yield per plant and yield per hectare. Consequently, large clove sizes employed as planting material increased the vigor, bulb weights, and the number of cloves with no significant effect on the yield. The study showed that planting large clove sizes (2.0-2.50g) is more promising as planting materials of native varieties like Ilocos white.
2. Session
Content
Introduction
What’s Infrastructure
Definitions
Disciplines Scope of
Work (SOW)
Aims of Electrical Grid
Steps of design
Principles of Design (Design Criteria)
Low Voltage Design
Medium Voltage Design
Types of Connection
Design Submittal
Data Collection
3. Session
Content
Installation of electrical network
Flow chart of electrical network
Cable laying
Typical distribution substation
16-Cell MV Switchgear
TR –ROOM
Package substation (Compacted kiosk)
LV Distribution pillars
5. Introduction
What’s Infrastructure ?!
» Infrastructure is outdoor service, analysis, or application aims to safety, reliability and
service continuity .
» Infrastructure is a huge project on a big area consists of different types of buildings.
» Infrastructure Package include:
o Outdoor networks (Water, Sewage, Storm, Irrigation, MV, LV, Street lighting, ELV,
Chilled water, Gas, Electric substations Bridges, Service Tunnels).
7. Introduction
Definitions
» Customer :
It is any entity that purchases electrical power from a power utility. It is the owner of the
building/facility supplied by SEC's power system. It is the owner of the supply request
submitted to SEC to get electrical power.
» Customer Interface Point:
It is the point at which a customer's load is connected to the SEC's power system. This
shall normally be taken as the load side of the customer metering installation.
» Unit:
It is intended for the building's unit. Each unit should be used by one consumer. Each
building can contain a single unit or multiple units. Each unit should be supplied by one
KWH Meter.
8. Introduction
Definitions
» Low Voltage (LV):
It is a class of nominal system voltages of 1000 Volts or less.
» Medium Voltage (MV):
- IEC 60038 lists nominal voltages above 1 kV and not exceeding 35 kV.
- Acc. to EGY CODE up to 66 KV
» Voltage Drop (VD) :
It is the difference in voltage between one point in a power system and another, typically
between the supply substation bus and the extremities of a network. This is generally
expressed as a percentage of the nominal voltage.
» Firm Capacity “Loading Factor”
Firm Capacity of any elements in LV Distribution Network is 80% of that element's rating.
9. Introduction
Definitions
» Nominal Voltage:
It is the voltage value, by which a system is designated and to which certain operating
characteristics of the system are related.
» Service Voltage:
It is the voltage value at the Customer's interface. This is generally expressed as nominal
voltage with plus and minus percentage variations.
Nominal Voltage VS Service Voltage
10. » Types Of Connections:
o Radial Connection
o Ring Connection
» Loop system is better than radial system for three reasons:
o Technical wise: loop system has higher Reliability
o Financial: Loop system has less overall no. of cables but more cables than
radial system for one unit
o Financial: loop system has higher cable cross section area but less derating
factors (grouping and depth factors) and less installation costs. In radial
systems the no. of cables is higher so the grouping factor will reduce the
ampacity (Ampere Capacity) causing rise in the cables' cross section area
which leads to more depth in the ground and more installation cost).
Introduction
Types of Connection
11. Data Collection for Design Process
» The first step for electrical department to start an infrastructure project is collect the
required data necessary for design process. Some of important data are:
o Standards and Regulations (Project Location)
Location of the project determines the standards and criteria to be followed for electrical
design and planning of underground network
o Land Use
It defines the types of buildings, covered area …etc.
o Who’s the Client ?!
Owner of any infrastructure project either Governmental Entity (political and social
purpose) or investors (profit purpose).
Introduction
12. Data Collection for Design Process
o Electrical Distribution Company (EDC), (Purpose !?)
Approval must be obtained from Municipality (EDC) for the Plot Plans.
The approved drawings must have the information regarding the type (Residential,
commercial, industrial etc;) of plots, the maximum allowable construction on the plot
(Covered Area) and the number of floors for each building.
The Design Office (Consulting Engineer) shall follow approved drawings.
o Loading Factors
These data mainly affects the ratings and no. of equipment (Substations, pillars …etc) such
as firm rating, VA/m2, demand factor, coincident factor, …etc.
Introduction
13. Design Principles
» A complete design Report shall be submitted by the Consulting Engineers which shall
constitute the following:
o The Electrical Network Design shall be submitted for review and subsequent
approval, giving brief description of the plan such as:
• Total Area of the plot plan .
• Classification of the Plots (Residential, commercial etc)
Introduction
Non Electrical Deliverables
Difference Between Plot Area and Built Up Area !?
14. Design Submittal
o Design Calculations shall be submitted with the following Information for each plot:
• Area of plot.
• Equivalent Load in kVA.
• Maximum demand in kVA.
• Source of feeding (Cabinet no. or Substation Number).
• Distance from the source.
• Cable size of the feeder.
• Voltage Drop in %.
• Drawings reflecting the proposed M.V network i.e single line diagram, route of
feeders of respective loops, location of line switches, RMUs, with prominent colors.
Introduction
Electrical Deliverables
15. Design Submittal
• A copy of Plot Plan drawing approved by concerned Municipality (EDC)
• Drawings showing proposed location of distribution substations, distribution cabinets
and LV electrical distribution network of the plot plan indicating the feeding to each
plot. Also drawings showing proposed location of all outdoor lighting facilities (Street,
Landscape, tunnel etc) and its network.
• Bill of Quantities (BOQ ) for the medium voltage and low voltage network.
Introduction
Electrical Deliverables
17. Steps of Design
Principles of Design (Design Criteria)
Objectives
Secret of 80%
» The following objectives should be achieved in the design of low
voltage networks taking into account all prevailing safety and
reliability standards :
o Satisfaction of Customer Demand Load.
o Equipment ratings are not exceeded.
• The LV cable(s) shall not be loaded more than 80% of its rated
capacity.
• The Distribution Pillars shall not be loaded more than 80% of its
rated capacity.
• The loading of the Distribution Transformers shall not exceed
80% of full load rated capacity (KVA).
18. Steps of Design
Principles of Design (Design Criteria)
Objectives
o Voltage Drops are within allowable limits:
• Voltage Drop at customer supply interface point shall not exceed 5% of
nominal voltage.
o The design is the most economical (Low Cost) for the projected load and
layout.
19. Steps of Design
Principles of Design (Design Criteria)
Equipment Characteristics (Rated & Firm Capacity) - LV Cables
» Select the shortest geographic route for the LV cable as possible.
» Always try to avoid crossing the streets when you design the route of any LV cable as
possible as you can.
» Maximum allowable length from the substation to the customer is 400 m.
20. Steps of Design
Principles of Design (Design Criteria)
Equipment Characteristics (Rated & Firm Capacity) - Substation
» In Egypt, Substations used in major projects are 1 & 1.5 MVA to maintain the
system stability.
» The substation with 300 KVA rating can be used in light load density area and
also for remote dedicated customers with light loads.
21. Steps of Design
Principles of Design (Design Criteria)
Voltage Drop
» The simplified formula for voltage drop calculation is:
Voltage Drop =
𝒎𝑽 𝒙 𝑰𝒃 𝒙 𝑳
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where:
» mV: is the tabulated value of voltage drop divided by 1000 to convert to volts.
» Ib: the design current
» L: the length of cable in meters
22. Steps of Design
Principles of Design (Design Criteria)
Factors affecting Voltage Drop
» Factors affecting voltage drop:
o Neutral current produces a voltage drop which has to be added to the phase
conductor voltage drop (unbalance loading).
o The resistance value of cable core varies with temperature. In a distributor
supplying a number of customers the current is not a constant value
throughout the conductor and the temperature of the cable core will change
along the length of the conductor.
23. MV Network Design
Introduction
» Notes:
» After completing the L.V supply scheme, prepare the design for the M.V network
which includes:
o 1- Proposed Location for the Primary (Grid) Station.
o 2- Designing of feeders with respect to configuration , physical route, length etc.
o 3- Estimation of load of feeder(s).
Steps of Design
24. Steps of Design
» The location of grid station will be selected by keeping in view:
o Load Center
o Accessibility ( It is along the main road. Preferably a plot with three sides’ major roads.
Right of way for the construction of transmission lines is obtainable from the
concerned authorities.)
o Extendibility
» Note: The location of grid station is not required (normally) for those plot plans which
can be supplied from existing network .
Proposed Location For The Primary(Grid) Station:
MV Network Design
25. MV Network Design
» Designing of feeders with respect to:
o 1- Configuration of Feeders (Radial Or Loop).
o 2- MVA System
o 3- Feeder / Physical Route
o 4- Length of Feeder
Steps of Design
Design of Feeder
26. MV Network Design
» Configuration of Feeders:
» Distribution of electric power is done by distribution networks. There are two network
configurations:
o Radial System.
o Loop System or Ring System.
Feeders configuration according to SEC’s standards are Single Loop, Tee Loop, and
Multiple Feeder Loop.
The most- preferred configuration is loop system.
» The load of loop (MVA) doesn’t exceed 8:10 MVA for 22 KVA
» The load of loop (MVA) doesn’t exceed 5:6 MVA for 11 KVA
Steps of Design
Design of Feeder – Configuration & MVA
27. MV Network Design
» Feeder / Physical Route:
Distribution substations to be linked to form a feeder shall be selected in such a way that
they intend to supply a group of lots in the same vicinity .
Try to minimize road crossings and avoid to lay the cable(s) in back and forth way.
Dedicated feeder shall be used for hospitals and other important loads.
» Length of Feeder:
The actual length of feeder(s) depends up on the load , cable size and consideration of the
voltage drop.
In case of underground system the length of the feeder should not exceed 7.5 Km for 22
kV up to normal open point and total load of loop shall not exceed the normal rating of
the cable.
Steps of Design
Design of Feeder – Length & Route
29. Installation of Electrical Equipment
EXTENSION
DISTRIBUTER
MV SWGRS
(Distributer)
TR-ROOMS &
COMPACTED
KIOSK
DISTRIBUTION
PILLER
COFFREEH
Flow Chart of Distribution Network
30. Power Cable Laying
Installation of Electrical Equipment
» Steps for direct buried cable laying:
How to lay power cable, single core direct buried method.
After taking trench keep clean the trench for the following steps:
o Make a sand bed or fine riddled soil bed as per the measurements given in the
drawing.
o Lay the cable in the middle of the trench.
o Provide sand bed on top of the cable.
o Provide bricks for top of the cable(8 or 11 bricks for each 1m of cable along the route
of cable).
o Backfill the excavated soil leaving 300 mm from the ground level.
o Lay the Cable warning tape and again back-fill the remaining portion of the trench up
to the ground level.
Direct Buried ( Discussion)
40. » Separate Transformers and Low Voltage Distribution Boards also are available as well
as Ring Main Unit. These are to be used in indoor substations. As indoor substations
usually cover large spot loads, the combinations of transformers and Low Voltage
Distribution Board may differ from those of package unit substations, but the ratings
are similar.
Installation of Electrical Equipment
Indoor Substations
Transformer Room
43. Installation of Electrical Equipment
Package Substation - KIOSK
» The package substation is used
because of its features such as,
It occupies less space.
» It consists of Ring Main Unit,
Distribution Transformer and
Low Voltage Distribution Panel
combined in a single unit.
45. » Substations can be installed at a number of locations such as followings :
o Insets of Customers lots.
o Municipality land, e.g. open spaces, Schools, mosques, Car Parking, Gardens,
Public Places etc. this is the preferred choice.
» The preferred substation will be Transformer Room (TR-ROOM) according to
EDC Specs because of kiosk body affected by weather.
» The substation should be located on asphalted or leveled roads so that the
medium voltage cables can be laid without any hindrance or difficulty.
» The substation shall be installed at the load center as far as geographically
possible to minimize LV cables length.
Installation of Electrical Equipment
Substation
Installation Location
46. » Size of Inset for Distribution Substation (Package & Unit Substation) depends on
the different rating of this Distribution Substation.
Installation of Electrical Equipment
Package Substation - KIOSK
Geometry
47. Low Voltage Equipment
» Towards the load, After transformer receiver may be (MDB, SMDBs, DBs,…etc) or
(Feeder Pillars, Coffree).
» It’s Depend on the load type:
o Residential (Infra Works) Pillar and coffreeh
o Commercial, Hospital, Mall, …… (MDB, SMDBs, DBs,…etc)
Installation of Electrical Equipment
48. Installation of Electrical Equipment
Low Voltage Equipment
LV Distribution Panel (LV Switchgear)
» Low voltage distribution panels to be used in the distribution substations. The panel
contains 2000 Amp Air circuit breaker (ACB) for incoming circuits (For 1 MVA Transformer)
» Switch fuses outgoing terminals shall be suitable for direct connection outgoing cable.
49. Installation of Electrical Equipment
Low Voltage Equipment
Distribution Pillar - Installation Location
» The following points shall be considered for installation
of distribution pillars :
o Shall be installed at the load center as far as
geographically possible to minimize service cable length.
o Shall be installed between two plots to avoid future
relocation.
o May be placed at the inside of a sidewalk close to
customer premises.
o Should be easily accessible from the front of consumer’s
boundary without any obstruction.
o Shall not be located on the top of sewerage system.
50. Low Voltage Equipment
» Distribution Pillars provide above-ground access for service connections from LV
main feeder. Its Bus bars has a rated normal continuous current of 400 Amps.
» The Distribution Pillar (200 KVA ) consists of:
» - 2 incoming feeders
» - 4 Outgoing feeders Or acc. to client needs
» - 1 inter-connection feeder to another pillar.
» The Distribution Pillar (100 KVA ) consists of:
» - 1 incoming feeders
» - 4 Outgoing feeders Or acc. to client needs
» - 1 inter-connection feeder to another pillar.
Distribution Pillar
Installation of Electrical Equipment
51. Distribution Pillar - Single Line Diagram
Low Voltage Equipment
Installation of Electrical Equipment
53. Installation of Electrical Equipment
Low Voltage Equipment
» Coffreeh is used to feed only one point of load such as villa,
unit building,… etc, containing Copper Bus-Bar, fuse, fuse base.
» Fuse Ratings 160A, 250, 400A
» Fuse Base Ratings 250A, 400A, 630A
» Feeder pillar (Pillar) is used to feed group of coffreehs
in a loop system.
Coffreeh
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