The best strategy for management of obese, outside pharmacological interventions, is physical exercise associated to diet. Recent research has discovered that the problem of obesity is largely due to a biological clock and that lipid oxidation is higher in the evening compared to the morning and at night compared to day. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity in obese following a low calorie diet. 20 sedentary pre-obese and obese with a mean BMI of 34.3 kg/m2 aged 20 to 47 years subjects participated in a concurrent strength and specific endurance training for obese. Subjects were divided into two training groups: a Morning training Group (MG: n = 10) and an Evening training Group (EG: n=10). The specific training associated to lower caloric diet has increased physical capacity (17,7% for EG and 15,6% for MG), decreased body weight (7,3% for EG and 6% for MG) fat percentage (19,5% for EG and 11,3% for MG) and waist circumference (10,2% for EG and 8,2% for MG) in both groups. Afternoon training was more effective than morning training on fat loss (24.9% for EG versus 15.9% for MG) and on lean mass variation (+2.9% for EG versus -0.5% for MG).
This document summarizes a study that compared lipid oxidation and perceived exertion levels during different types of exercise in obese individuals. Ten obese men performed three 45-minute exercises: continuous exercise at the fat max intensity, and two intermittent exercises that alternated between intensities above and below the fat max. While total energy expenditure was highest with continuous exercise, the amount of fat oxidized was equivalent across all exercises. Perceived exertion as measured by the Borg scale was lower for the intermittent exercises compared to continuous exercise. The study concludes that intermittent exercise is less strenuous but similarly effective for fat oxidation in obese individuals compared to continuous exercise.
Effect of brisk walking on body fat percentage of sedentary collegeAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of a 6-week brisk walking program on body fat percentage in 30 sedentary college students aged 18-25. Body fat percentage was measured before, during, and after the training using skinfold calipers. Results showed a significant reduction in body fat percentage from the beginning to the end of the 6-week training program. While there was no significant difference between the first two measurements, body fat percentage significantly decreased between the second and third, third and fourth, and fourth and fifth measurements, indicating the effectiveness of brisk walking at reducing body fat in this population.
Assess The Effect of Resistance Training Compared To a Weight Loss Diet Progr...IOSR Journals
To evaluate the effect of a Resistance training program (BT) versus weight loss diet (DR) on body composition, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Methods: Thirty obese adolescents with a BMI above the 97th percentile participated in a training program and diet for 12 weeks. They were randomized into two groups: a diet group (DR, n = 16) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal / day and Strength training group (BT, n = 14) for all major muscle groups, three sessions / week with an intensity of 50-80% (1.RM) for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed for all of our subjects before and after the intervention program of 12 weeks. Results: Significant variations of body composition parameters were observed in both groups. The decrease of BMI, body weight, fat mass and (WC) for the group (DR) was more important than the group (BT) (p <0.01><0.05><0.05)),><0.05).><0.05) respectively). Conclusion: Strength training improves much more the sensitivity to insulin and cardiovascular risk factors than weight loss diet program. The latter is more effective for weight loss, BMI and body fat in obese adolescent boys.
This pilot study examined the effects of a 6-week aquajogging program, consisting of biweekly 1-hour sessions, on 15 obese adults. The study found that the program was associated with:
1) Reduced total fat mass and waist circumference.
2) Increased distance on a 6-minute walking test, indicating improved aerobic fitness.
3) Improved scores on scales measuring physical function, self-esteem, and distress from the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life questionnaire.
4) Increased perceived exercise benefits and decreased embarrassment about exercise.
The results suggest aquajogging may be a useful intervention for reducing body fat and improving quality of life and exercise beliefs in obese individuals, and
Impact of Yogic Exercise on Body Fat Percentage on Middle Aged Obese PeopleSports Journal
Purpose: The Purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic exercises on body fat percentage of middle aged obese people.
Selection of Subjects: For the present study 20 male obese people from locality of Bilaspur were selected randomly as the subjects for the study. The age of the subjects ranged between 40-50 years.
Selection of Variables: The variables selected for the present study were yogic training (independent variable), body fat percentage (dependent variable).
Methodology: For the study pretest – post-test randomized group design, which consists of control group (10 subjects) and experimental group (10 subjects) were used. The data were collected through the pretest, before training and post-test, after six weeks of yogic exercises training.
Statistical Technique: For comparing pre and post-test means of experimental and control groups, descriptive analysis and Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) were used and the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence.
Result: The result of the study showed that there was insignificant difference between pre and post-test (experimental group) of body fat percentage.
Long-term effect of physical activity on energy balance and body compositionjuan pedro gracia mendez
This document describes a study that examined the long-term effects of physical activity on energy balance and body composition without interfering with energy intake. Sixteen women and sixteen men who were previously sedentary undertook a 44-week training program to run a half marathon. Measurements of body composition, energy intake, and energy expenditure were taken before and 8, 20, and 40 weeks after training began. While average daily metabolic rate increased 30% for both sexes with training, sleeping metabolic rate tended to decrease. Energy intake showed differing trends between men and women over time. By 40 weeks, men lost on average 1 kg of body mass and 3.8 kg of fat mass, while gaining 1.6 kg of protein mass.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The effect of high-fat versus high-carb diet on body composition in strength-...RefoRefaat
Low-fat, high-carb (LFHC) and low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diets change body composition as a consequence of the reduction of body fat of overweight persons. The
aim of this study is the assessment of the impact of LFHC and LCHF diets on body
composition of men of a healthy body mass who do strength sports while maintaining the appropriate calorific value in a diet and protein intake. The research involved
55 men aged 19–35, with an average BMI of 24.01 ± 1.17 (min. 20.1, max. 26.1). The
participants were divided into two groups following two interventional diets: highfat diet or high-carb diet, for 12 weeks. The body composition of the participants
This document summarizes a study that compared lipid oxidation and perceived exertion levels during different types of exercise in obese individuals. Ten obese men performed three 45-minute exercises: continuous exercise at the fat max intensity, and two intermittent exercises that alternated between intensities above and below the fat max. While total energy expenditure was highest with continuous exercise, the amount of fat oxidized was equivalent across all exercises. Perceived exertion as measured by the Borg scale was lower for the intermittent exercises compared to continuous exercise. The study concludes that intermittent exercise is less strenuous but similarly effective for fat oxidation in obese individuals compared to continuous exercise.
Effect of brisk walking on body fat percentage of sedentary collegeAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of a 6-week brisk walking program on body fat percentage in 30 sedentary college students aged 18-25. Body fat percentage was measured before, during, and after the training using skinfold calipers. Results showed a significant reduction in body fat percentage from the beginning to the end of the 6-week training program. While there was no significant difference between the first two measurements, body fat percentage significantly decreased between the second and third, third and fourth, and fourth and fifth measurements, indicating the effectiveness of brisk walking at reducing body fat in this population.
Assess The Effect of Resistance Training Compared To a Weight Loss Diet Progr...IOSR Journals
To evaluate the effect of a Resistance training program (BT) versus weight loss diet (DR) on body composition, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Methods: Thirty obese adolescents with a BMI above the 97th percentile participated in a training program and diet for 12 weeks. They were randomized into two groups: a diet group (DR, n = 16) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal / day and Strength training group (BT, n = 14) for all major muscle groups, three sessions / week with an intensity of 50-80% (1.RM) for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed for all of our subjects before and after the intervention program of 12 weeks. Results: Significant variations of body composition parameters were observed in both groups. The decrease of BMI, body weight, fat mass and (WC) for the group (DR) was more important than the group (BT) (p <0.01><0.05><0.05)),><0.05).><0.05) respectively). Conclusion: Strength training improves much more the sensitivity to insulin and cardiovascular risk factors than weight loss diet program. The latter is more effective for weight loss, BMI and body fat in obese adolescent boys.
This pilot study examined the effects of a 6-week aquajogging program, consisting of biweekly 1-hour sessions, on 15 obese adults. The study found that the program was associated with:
1) Reduced total fat mass and waist circumference.
2) Increased distance on a 6-minute walking test, indicating improved aerobic fitness.
3) Improved scores on scales measuring physical function, self-esteem, and distress from the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life questionnaire.
4) Increased perceived exercise benefits and decreased embarrassment about exercise.
The results suggest aquajogging may be a useful intervention for reducing body fat and improving quality of life and exercise beliefs in obese individuals, and
Impact of Yogic Exercise on Body Fat Percentage on Middle Aged Obese PeopleSports Journal
Purpose: The Purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic exercises on body fat percentage of middle aged obese people.
Selection of Subjects: For the present study 20 male obese people from locality of Bilaspur were selected randomly as the subjects for the study. The age of the subjects ranged between 40-50 years.
Selection of Variables: The variables selected for the present study were yogic training (independent variable), body fat percentage (dependent variable).
Methodology: For the study pretest – post-test randomized group design, which consists of control group (10 subjects) and experimental group (10 subjects) were used. The data were collected through the pretest, before training and post-test, after six weeks of yogic exercises training.
Statistical Technique: For comparing pre and post-test means of experimental and control groups, descriptive analysis and Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) were used and the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence.
Result: The result of the study showed that there was insignificant difference between pre and post-test (experimental group) of body fat percentage.
Long-term effect of physical activity on energy balance and body compositionjuan pedro gracia mendez
This document describes a study that examined the long-term effects of physical activity on energy balance and body composition without interfering with energy intake. Sixteen women and sixteen men who were previously sedentary undertook a 44-week training program to run a half marathon. Measurements of body composition, energy intake, and energy expenditure were taken before and 8, 20, and 40 weeks after training began. While average daily metabolic rate increased 30% for both sexes with training, sleeping metabolic rate tended to decrease. Energy intake showed differing trends between men and women over time. By 40 weeks, men lost on average 1 kg of body mass and 3.8 kg of fat mass, while gaining 1.6 kg of protein mass.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The effect of high-fat versus high-carb diet on body composition in strength-...RefoRefaat
Low-fat, high-carb (LFHC) and low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diets change body composition as a consequence of the reduction of body fat of overweight persons. The
aim of this study is the assessment of the impact of LFHC and LCHF diets on body
composition of men of a healthy body mass who do strength sports while maintaining the appropriate calorific value in a diet and protein intake. The research involved
55 men aged 19–35, with an average BMI of 24.01 ± 1.17 (min. 20.1, max. 26.1). The
participants were divided into two groups following two interventional diets: highfat diet or high-carb diet, for 12 weeks. The body composition of the participants
Case study on Holistic Diabetic Care using Diet, Yoga, Resisted Exercises usi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Effect of Eight Weeks Conditioning On Body Mass Index of College StudentsIOSR Journals
This study examined the effects of an eight-week conditioning program on the body mass index (BMI) of 50 male college students aged 17 to 23 years old. The students participated in conditioning exercises six days per week for one hour each session. BMI was measured before and after the eight weeks through pre- and post-tests. The results showed that the mean BMI decreased significantly from 25.66 to 24.30, indicating that participation in regular conditioning exercises can be effective for lowering BMI in college students.
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
Six young women participated in a 16-week weightlifting training program consisting of exercises like squats, presses, and snatches. The training was divided into two 8-week blocks, with the first focusing on higher reps and the second on increased intensity. After training, the women experienced a decrease in body fat percentage of 3.85% on average without significant loss of body weight or muscle mass. The results suggest that weightlifting can positively alter body composition in young women by reducing body fat. However, the small sample size limits conclusions about its selective effects on fat loss. Overall, weightlifting appears to be a useful fitness activity for both normal and overweight young women.
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of diet-induced weight loss, exercise-induced weight loss, exercise without weight loss, and a control group on obesity and related health factors in obese men over 3 months. It found that both diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss groups lost approximately 7.5 kg (8%) of body weight, with greater total fat loss in the exercise group. Abdominal fat and insulin resistance decreased similarly in both weight loss groups. Exercise without weight loss reduced abdominal fat and prevented further weight gain, but did not change weight or insulin resistance.
This document summarizes a study that compared the post-exercise nutrition knowledge and practices of masters (≥50 years) and younger (≤30 years) triathletes in Australia. The study found that over 40% of triathletes did not know the recommended post-exercise carbohydrate and protein intake amounts. Both groups consumed inadequate carbohydrate after exercise compared to recommendations, with masters triathletes consuming significantly less carbohydrate and energy than younger triathletes. The results suggest triathletes have poor knowledge of post-exercise nutrition guidelines and masters triathletes may not be optimizing their recovery with current intake practices.
A Study on selected anthropometric characteristics of heightweight matched fe...iosrjce
The main objective of IOSR-JSPE is to reunite specialists from different fields, such as sport, physical activity, Kinesiology, education, health and nutrition, in order to provide the opportunity of multidisciplinary debates and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences human life. Researchers from areas related to sport and health will be invited to publish their newest gathered information and its practical applicability. The target group involves specialists from different fields, such as: academic researchers, kinesitherapists, Physical Education and sport teachers, physicians in sports medicine, psychologists, nutritionists, coaches or any other specialists related to the sport domain.
This document summarizes research on the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on obesity. It finds that HIIT can be an effective strategy for promoting health in sedentary overweight or obese individuals. Specifically, several studies have found that HIIT can increase fat oxidation, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce waist circumference and blood pressure in this population. Both interval training protocols based on the Wingate test and modified low-volume HIIT programs have led to metabolic benefits. While more research is still needed, HIIT shows promise as a time-efficient exercise strategy to induce beneficial adaptations for weight loss and health in overweight and obese individuals.
Effect of aerobic exercise on walking capacity in subjects with parkinsonism-...Sports Journal
This literature review examines the effect of aerobic exercise on walking capacity in subjects with parkinsonism. Seven studies that utilized aerobic exercises like treadmill training and body weight supported treadmill training with subjects with Parkinson's disease were reviewed. The results across the studies found that aerobic exercise improved walking parameters like speed, stride length, home ambulation, and reduced movement initiation time. The literature review concluded that aerobic exercises can improve walking capacity in patients with parkinsonism.
1. The document discusses strategies for effective long-term weight management and maintenance in military programs.
2. It emphasizes the importance of preventing unwanted weight gain from the beginning of an individual's military career through promoting maintenance of a healthy body weight and composition.
3. Key strategies discussed include increasing physical activity, modifying behaviors and lifestyle through techniques like self-monitoring, and restructuring eating environments to promote healthy choices.
This document provides an overview of nutritional anthropometry. It begins by defining anthropometry as the quantitative measurement of the human body. It then discusses various anthropometric measurements that can be taken including weight, height, waist-to-hip ratio, mid-upper arm circumference, skin folds, head circumference, and chest circumference. The document provides details on techniques for accurately measuring each indicator. It explains how anthropometric data can be used at both individual and population levels. Key advantages and disadvantages of anthropometry are also summarized.
Effects of the Yo-Yo IR1 as a HIIT tool on the Body Composition and Aerobic C...Robert Ferris
Presentation of the results of a trial conducted by Robert Ferris, Andrew Atkinson, Andy Grannell and Aodhán McEntee in 2013, which investigated the potential efficacy of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Version 1 as a tool for high-intensity interval training in untrained males aged 18-30 years.
This study was conducted as part of our final year thesis for the awarding of the degree BSc. Health & Performance Science at University College Dublin.
Sources for all imagery and sources listed in references section where possible. I do not claim ownership of any images or graphics. Slides for educational purposes only, and should not replace clinical judgement. No monetary gain was made for this work.
Exercise physiology is the study of how the body responds and adapts to exercise. It examines the effects of exercise on body systems from acute to chronic adaptations. Physical activity provides numerous health benefits by enhancing cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Programs should be designed using the FITT principle and individual goals, abilities, and needs to optimize health and fitness benefits while avoiding injury or disorders like anorexia or bulimia.
Prevalence and morphological details of Nyctotherus periplanetae in the host ...IOSR Journals
Nyctotherus periplanetae is very common intestine dwelling ciliate in invertebrates. During the period of two years total number of 1842 intestinal samples of Periplaneta americana were checked. The percentage of prevalence of ciliates was found quite high and it was 57.77% during the year 2007 and 60.75% in 2008.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Data Mining for XML Query-Answering SupportIOSR Journals
This document presents a technique for mining tree-based association rules (TARs) from XML documents to support efficient XML query answering. The framework first parses XML documents and mines frequent subtrees. It then extracts TARs from the subtrees and stores them in a new XML file. When queries are received, the stored TARs are used to quickly retrieve relevant information. Experimental results show that query answering time is significantly reduced compared to approaches without mined knowledge. Extraction time increases linearly with the number of nodes in XML documents. The technique provides a useful way to gain information from XML databases in real-time applications.
Energy Efficient Data Mining in Multi-Feature Sensor Networks Using Improved...IOSR Journals
This document proposes an improved LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) communication protocol for energy efficient data mining in multi-feature sensor networks. The original LEACH protocol has drawbacks like random cluster head selection and uneven energy consumption. The improved protocol designates both a cluster head and sub-cluster head to take over if the head dies. This addresses the issues with the cluster head dying and the cluster becoming useless. The improved LEACH protocol is proposed to cluster sensor nodes in multi-feature networks to enhance energy efficiency and reliability of data transfer compared to the original LEACH protocol.
A study of the chemical composition and the biological active components of N...IOSR Journals
Nigella Sativa (N.S.) is an annual herbaceous plant from Ranunculaceae family producing small black seeds with aromatic odor and taste. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) , belongs to the subfamily papilionacae of the family Leguminosae (bean family, Fabaceae). The plant is an aromatic herbaceous annual, widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries and Asia.
Aim:- to extract and study the biological active components of fixed oils of N.Sativa and Fenugreek seeds.
Materials and methods:Fixed oil of the N.S. and the F.S seeds were extracted and characterized using infrared spectroscopic techniques (Tensor27- PRUKER). Biological activity test was applied on the bacteria (Bacillus pumilus, E.coli, and Pseudo M.).
Results: Both studied fixed oils showed identical antimicrobial activity.
Conclusion:- this study showed an identical similarity between the active biological components of both studied materials (N.Sativa and Fenugreek seeds) in spite of their different botanical origin, leading to a matched biological activity. This finding may be useful in replacing one herbal seeds instead of the other according to their availability when applying these seeds for their known therapeutic uses.
Case study on Holistic Diabetic Care using Diet, Yoga, Resisted Exercises usi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Effect of Eight Weeks Conditioning On Body Mass Index of College StudentsIOSR Journals
This study examined the effects of an eight-week conditioning program on the body mass index (BMI) of 50 male college students aged 17 to 23 years old. The students participated in conditioning exercises six days per week for one hour each session. BMI was measured before and after the eight weeks through pre- and post-tests. The results showed that the mean BMI decreased significantly from 25.66 to 24.30, indicating that participation in regular conditioning exercises can be effective for lowering BMI in college students.
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
Six young women participated in a 16-week weightlifting training program consisting of exercises like squats, presses, and snatches. The training was divided into two 8-week blocks, with the first focusing on higher reps and the second on increased intensity. After training, the women experienced a decrease in body fat percentage of 3.85% on average without significant loss of body weight or muscle mass. The results suggest that weightlifting can positively alter body composition in young women by reducing body fat. However, the small sample size limits conclusions about its selective effects on fat loss. Overall, weightlifting appears to be a useful fitness activity for both normal and overweight young women.
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of diet-induced weight loss, exercise-induced weight loss, exercise without weight loss, and a control group on obesity and related health factors in obese men over 3 months. It found that both diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss groups lost approximately 7.5 kg (8%) of body weight, with greater total fat loss in the exercise group. Abdominal fat and insulin resistance decreased similarly in both weight loss groups. Exercise without weight loss reduced abdominal fat and prevented further weight gain, but did not change weight or insulin resistance.
This document summarizes a study that compared the post-exercise nutrition knowledge and practices of masters (≥50 years) and younger (≤30 years) triathletes in Australia. The study found that over 40% of triathletes did not know the recommended post-exercise carbohydrate and protein intake amounts. Both groups consumed inadequate carbohydrate after exercise compared to recommendations, with masters triathletes consuming significantly less carbohydrate and energy than younger triathletes. The results suggest triathletes have poor knowledge of post-exercise nutrition guidelines and masters triathletes may not be optimizing their recovery with current intake practices.
A Study on selected anthropometric characteristics of heightweight matched fe...iosrjce
The main objective of IOSR-JSPE is to reunite specialists from different fields, such as sport, physical activity, Kinesiology, education, health and nutrition, in order to provide the opportunity of multidisciplinary debates and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences human life. Researchers from areas related to sport and health will be invited to publish their newest gathered information and its practical applicability. The target group involves specialists from different fields, such as: academic researchers, kinesitherapists, Physical Education and sport teachers, physicians in sports medicine, psychologists, nutritionists, coaches or any other specialists related to the sport domain.
This document summarizes research on the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on obesity. It finds that HIIT can be an effective strategy for promoting health in sedentary overweight or obese individuals. Specifically, several studies have found that HIIT can increase fat oxidation, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce waist circumference and blood pressure in this population. Both interval training protocols based on the Wingate test and modified low-volume HIIT programs have led to metabolic benefits. While more research is still needed, HIIT shows promise as a time-efficient exercise strategy to induce beneficial adaptations for weight loss and health in overweight and obese individuals.
Effect of aerobic exercise on walking capacity in subjects with parkinsonism-...Sports Journal
This literature review examines the effect of aerobic exercise on walking capacity in subjects with parkinsonism. Seven studies that utilized aerobic exercises like treadmill training and body weight supported treadmill training with subjects with Parkinson's disease were reviewed. The results across the studies found that aerobic exercise improved walking parameters like speed, stride length, home ambulation, and reduced movement initiation time. The literature review concluded that aerobic exercises can improve walking capacity in patients with parkinsonism.
1. The document discusses strategies for effective long-term weight management and maintenance in military programs.
2. It emphasizes the importance of preventing unwanted weight gain from the beginning of an individual's military career through promoting maintenance of a healthy body weight and composition.
3. Key strategies discussed include increasing physical activity, modifying behaviors and lifestyle through techniques like self-monitoring, and restructuring eating environments to promote healthy choices.
This document provides an overview of nutritional anthropometry. It begins by defining anthropometry as the quantitative measurement of the human body. It then discusses various anthropometric measurements that can be taken including weight, height, waist-to-hip ratio, mid-upper arm circumference, skin folds, head circumference, and chest circumference. The document provides details on techniques for accurately measuring each indicator. It explains how anthropometric data can be used at both individual and population levels. Key advantages and disadvantages of anthropometry are also summarized.
Effects of the Yo-Yo IR1 as a HIIT tool on the Body Composition and Aerobic C...Robert Ferris
Presentation of the results of a trial conducted by Robert Ferris, Andrew Atkinson, Andy Grannell and Aodhán McEntee in 2013, which investigated the potential efficacy of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Version 1 as a tool for high-intensity interval training in untrained males aged 18-30 years.
This study was conducted as part of our final year thesis for the awarding of the degree BSc. Health & Performance Science at University College Dublin.
Sources for all imagery and sources listed in references section where possible. I do not claim ownership of any images or graphics. Slides for educational purposes only, and should not replace clinical judgement. No monetary gain was made for this work.
Exercise physiology is the study of how the body responds and adapts to exercise. It examines the effects of exercise on body systems from acute to chronic adaptations. Physical activity provides numerous health benefits by enhancing cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Programs should be designed using the FITT principle and individual goals, abilities, and needs to optimize health and fitness benefits while avoiding injury or disorders like anorexia or bulimia.
Prevalence and morphological details of Nyctotherus periplanetae in the host ...IOSR Journals
Nyctotherus periplanetae is very common intestine dwelling ciliate in invertebrates. During the period of two years total number of 1842 intestinal samples of Periplaneta americana were checked. The percentage of prevalence of ciliates was found quite high and it was 57.77% during the year 2007 and 60.75% in 2008.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Data Mining for XML Query-Answering SupportIOSR Journals
This document presents a technique for mining tree-based association rules (TARs) from XML documents to support efficient XML query answering. The framework first parses XML documents and mines frequent subtrees. It then extracts TARs from the subtrees and stores them in a new XML file. When queries are received, the stored TARs are used to quickly retrieve relevant information. Experimental results show that query answering time is significantly reduced compared to approaches without mined knowledge. Extraction time increases linearly with the number of nodes in XML documents. The technique provides a useful way to gain information from XML databases in real-time applications.
Energy Efficient Data Mining in Multi-Feature Sensor Networks Using Improved...IOSR Journals
This document proposes an improved LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) communication protocol for energy efficient data mining in multi-feature sensor networks. The original LEACH protocol has drawbacks like random cluster head selection and uneven energy consumption. The improved protocol designates both a cluster head and sub-cluster head to take over if the head dies. This addresses the issues with the cluster head dying and the cluster becoming useless. The improved LEACH protocol is proposed to cluster sensor nodes in multi-feature networks to enhance energy efficiency and reliability of data transfer compared to the original LEACH protocol.
A study of the chemical composition and the biological active components of N...IOSR Journals
Nigella Sativa (N.S.) is an annual herbaceous plant from Ranunculaceae family producing small black seeds with aromatic odor and taste. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) , belongs to the subfamily papilionacae of the family Leguminosae (bean family, Fabaceae). The plant is an aromatic herbaceous annual, widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries and Asia.
Aim:- to extract and study the biological active components of fixed oils of N.Sativa and Fenugreek seeds.
Materials and methods:Fixed oil of the N.S. and the F.S seeds were extracted and characterized using infrared spectroscopic techniques (Tensor27- PRUKER). Biological activity test was applied on the bacteria (Bacillus pumilus, E.coli, and Pseudo M.).
Results: Both studied fixed oils showed identical antimicrobial activity.
Conclusion:- this study showed an identical similarity between the active biological components of both studied materials (N.Sativa and Fenugreek seeds) in spite of their different botanical origin, leading to a matched biological activity. This finding may be useful in replacing one herbal seeds instead of the other according to their availability when applying these seeds for their known therapeutic uses.
A Study To Locate The Difference Between Active And Passive Recovery After St...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exercise recovery involves a number of Post-exercise Steps that are essential for any exercise
regime, regardless of fitness level, the type of physical activity or the exercise intensity. Exercise recovery does
not take long or require much effort, but it is often neglected. The exercise recovery is mainly of two types one is
Active Recovery and the other is passive Recovery. Active Recovery is the term used for cooling down (with slow
jogging, stretching etc. ) after a high intensive work out and Passive Recovery is Stopping dead, doing nothing
again until he head out on his next run a couple of days later. The results of a study suggest that an active
recovery of 3 minutes between High intensity, short duration exercise bouts significantly increase peak power
and average power compared to a passive recovery, irrespective of changes in blood lactate levels. Several
research studies have been conducted in this specific area in the international level but the effort is supposed to
be weaker with respect to Indian Sport Scientists. Feeling the importance of recovery in the sport field and
considering its application in a wider range or rather as an effort to make it much more acceptable to the sport
society the investigator under the guidance of her supervisor envisaged to conduct the study entitled “A study to
locate the difference between active and passive recovery after strenuous workout.” The subjects for the present
study were 20 male trained athletes from Howrah and Purba Medinipur districts of West Bengal who were
selected randomly from a coaching camp. In the present study, the investigator has considered the following
things such as their – Age, sex, Height of the subject, Resting Heart Rate, Post Exercise Heart Rate, After Active
Recovery Heart Rate, After Passive Recovery Heart Rate. The scholar made the athletes to run 600 mts. and
recorded their Heart Rate just after completion of the workout and also recorded their HR after one minute of
complete rest the same procedure was repeated but in between the athletes were directed to perform active
recovery i.e. slow jogging. From data analysis it appears that the Active recovery is superior in comparison to
the Passive recovery because the recovery range is greater. Thus the scholar arrived at the explicit conclusion
that active recovery is better than passive recovery between exercise bouts or after strenuous workout.
Key Words: Active recovery, Passive Recovery, Strenuous workout.
Energy saving in P2P oriented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using the approac...IOSR Journals
This document discusses energy saving techniques in peer-to-peer wireless sensor networks through the use of data compression. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and their energy constraints. It then discusses how compression can reduce energy consumption by decreasing transmission time. Different compression techniques like LZO, Zlib, and Bzip2 are described. The document proposes using Adaptive Compression Environment to automatically select the best compression technique based on network conditions. It presents an algorithm for compressing data at the sender, transmitting it in chunks, and decompressing it at the receiver. The conclusion states that compression technologies can help save sensor energy in peer-to-peer networks and that more advances will optimize this solution.
Study On The Improvement Of Bandwidth Of A Rectangular Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile,
low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found
favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated
circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the
antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a
narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which
forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch.
The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch
antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter
wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide
variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good
approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch.
However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation
efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area
as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the
different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used .
Characterization of Manganese doped ZnO (MZO) thin films by Spin Coating Tech...IOSR Journals
Doping is a widely used to improve the structural and optical properties of semiconductors. However deposition route is also very important to get nanostructure with different properties. ZnO nanostructures doped with Mn having 5% doping concentrations by weight percentage have been synthesized in the laboratory using Spin coating technique. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image shows the around one millimeter and X-ray diffractometer studies shows that the average diameter of the particles is 25 nm. From the UV-Vis studies the annealing temperature increases the crystal size decreases and the bandgap values increases accordingly.
Comparative Performance of Crude Pongamia Oil in A Low Heat Rejection Diesel ...IOSR Journals
- The document evaluates the performance of a low heat rejection diesel engine with a ceramic coated cylinder head operating on crude Pongamia oil.
- Experiments were conducted with normal and pre-heated temperatures of crude Pongamia oil at varied injection pressures and timings.
- The conventional engine showed deteriorated performance with crude Pongamia oil compared to diesel, while the low heat rejection engine showed improved performance due to its hot combustion chamber. Performance was further improved with advanced injection timing and higher injection pressure.
Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Stainless Steel 304 and Grey Cast I...IOSR Journals
The tribological behavior of stainless steel 304 and grey cast iron was investigated using the pinon-disc
standard test with varying sliding speeds and normal loads. A pin-on-disc device with round tool
inserts was used to conduct friction wear tests in which the linear wear of the tribo-pairs were continuously
recorded versus sliding distance. For the quantitative comparison of the wear resistance of the material was
tested by calculating the weight loss. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied for observations of
wear scars and wear products, and the identification of the predominant wear mechanisms which occurred.
Some specific frictional behaviors and relevant wear mechanisms observed for both steel 304 and cast iron
sliding were highlighted and quantified. It was concluded that with the increase in sliding speed and normal
load wear behavior shown by stainless steel 304 was more as it become soften with the increase in the load.
But the wear behavior shown by grey cast was low due to the presence of graphite
An Exploration of HCI Design Features and Usability Techniques in GamingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This Conference paper explores the human computer interaction design features relating to gaming
industry. The HCI user design interface development and HCI Usability expectations are discussed in this
paper. HCI design features of Simple Sudoku and Contemporary HCI Expectations are also discussed. And
suggestions are given to develop the Simple Sudoku as per HCI standards and expectations.
Keywords: Brain Computer Interface, Gestures Recognition, Hand Gestures in 3D, Pattern Language
Management Tool, Real Time Strategy Games
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Assessment of Combinatorial Support Assemblies and Their Energy Matrixes in H...IOSR Journals
The bolt and nut coupling are fundamental design requirement for machines and steel structures and
their relevance and utilization are of topmost priority in the areas of their application. The paper viewed the
component parts and dimensions of this coupling from the perspective of energy content delivery, balancing and
equilibrium. This result from the fact that the supply of compression torque on the coupling converts ingrained
residual energy in the individual parts into utility energy assets for the support and sustenance of structures of
interest. The mechanics and practicality of this energy matrix theory has been investigated using congruent
scientific analysis, conventional tables, lab test data and graphics which depicts boundary behavioral
tendencies resulting from structural realignments in the face of increasing load value. The extreme limit of this
realignments, culminate in varying degrees of yield conditions particular viewed as deformation, which occurs
at the point of lowest energy availability in the coupled system.
Applying Regression Model to Predict the Effects of Shaft and Bearing Deviati...IOSR Journals
Applying regression model to predict the effects of shaft and bearing deviations on the clearance of mating parts assemblies.
A linear regression model was formulated using shaft deviation, bearing deviation, and clearance as variables. Data from direct measurements was used to validate the model. The model had an R2 value of 99.7%, indicating it accounted for nearly all the variation in clearance. ANOVA results showed the model was statistically significant. The regression equation can be used to predict clearance given shaft and bearing deviations.
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile
communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by
using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on
quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s
performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant
minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .
Oscillatory Behaviors of Second Order Forced Functional Differential Equation.IOSR Journals
Oscillatory behaviors of second order forced functional differential equation is considered. The
oscillation of this equation is shown to be maintained under the effect of certain forcing terms, and the
oscillatory equation can serve as mathematical tool for simulation of processes and phenomina observed in
control theory.
Efficient Parallel Pruning of Associative Rules with Optimized SearchIOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed algorithm called Fuzzy Optimal Search Space Pruning (FOSSP) to improve the efficiency of association rule mining. FOSSP uses parallel pruning techniques to simultaneously mine large transactional datasets at different item set levels, reducing execution time. It generates candidate item sets based on relative item values and information requirements. Frequent item sets and strong association rules are then generated from the parallel pruned item levels based on minimum support and conditional probability. The algorithm aims to minimize candidate sets and maximize informative rules while reducing execution time for association rule mining.
Discovery of superluminal velocities of X-rays and Bharat Radiation challengi...IOSR Journals
The current paper reports discovery of superluminal velocities of X-rays, and Bharat Radiation in 12.87 to 31 nm range from solar spectra. The discovery challenges the 100 year old Albert Einstein’s assertion that nothing can go faster than velocity of light c in vacuum while formulating E = mc2 in his special theory of relativity reported in 1905 [1]. Several solar spectra recorded at various wavelengths by Woods et al in 2011 demonstrated GOES X-rays arriving earlier than 13.5 nm emission, which in turn arriving earlier than 33.5 nm emission [2]. Finally, the investigators faced difficulty in concluding that short wavelengths traveled fast because of lack of information whether all the three emissions originated from the same source and at the same time. Very recently the author has reported GOES X-rays (7.0 nm) cause 13.5 nm (Bharat Radiation), which in turn causes 33.5 nm Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission from same excited atoms present in solar flare by Padmanabha Rao Effect [3, 4]. Based on these findings, the author succeeded in explaining how the solar spectral findings provide direct evidences on superluminal velocities of GOES X-ray and 13.5 nm Bharat Radiation emissions, when 33.5 nm EUV emission is considered travelling at velocity of light c. Among X-ray wavelengths, the short wavelength 7.0 nm X-rays traveled faster than 9.4 nm X-rays, while X-rays go at superluminal velocities. Among Bharat radiation wavelengths, short wavelengths showed fast travel, while Bharat Radiation goes at superluminal velocities as compared to 33.5 EUV emission.
Estimation of Anti Hbs antibody titer in adults during 5-10 years period foll...IOSR Journals
Health care professional are a high risk group for Hepatitis B and are advised vaccination against hepatitis B. The protective antibodies induced by Hepatitis B vaccination wane gradually over period of time and may reach very low or even undetectable levels. A cross sectional prospective study was undertaken to investigate the persistence of anti-HBs levels in health care professionals who had been immunized with HBV vaccine and the need for booster doses of the vaccine. In this cross-sectional study, health care professionals (18 -55 yrs of age) who had received full course of HBV vaccination were sampled and tested for anti-HBs from May 2010 to June 2011. Plasma samples were tested for anti-HBs using ELISA. Titer >=10 mIU/mL was considered to be seroprotective. Individuals with titre <10 /><0.001).According to the above mentioned results, for a high risk group population such as medical students and residents, who are at continuous exposure to HBV, it is reasonable to determine the anti HBsAb response at one month post vaccination However, in order to confirm the persistence of immune protection, we strongly suggest detection of the anti-HBsAb titer at 5 – 10 years after the last inoculation
Lipid oxidation and perceived exertion level during exercise in obese: effect...IOSR Journals
Regular exercise is one of the most used solutions to avoid obesity. In this study we compared the amounts of lipid oxidation and the level of perceived exertion in three physical exercises, one continuous and two intermittent in obese. Ten obese men (age 26.01 ± 6.0 years, weight: 104.2 ± 19.4 kg, BMI: 33.5 ± 3.6 kg / m2) performed three 45 minutes exercises during which we measured energy expenditure and the level of perceived exertion. A continuous exercise whose intensity corresponds to the intensity of Fat max, an intermittent exercise which alternate four minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the fat max intensity +10% (intermittent 1/4), and a second intermittent exercise which alternate two minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the Fat max intensity +20% (intermittent 1/2). While the total energy expenditure during continuous exercise (321.6 Kcal) is higher than those of the intermittent 1/4 (268.1 Kcal) and the intermittent 1/2 (268.9 Kcal), the amounts of energy from oxidized fats in the three exercises are equivalent: 34,6 Kcal, 31,8 Kcal and 36,2 Kcal respectively for the three exercises. The perceived exertion measured by the Borg scale showed that intermittent exercises causes less fatigue in obese than the continuous exercise.
Effect of Aerobic Training on Percentage of Body Fat, Total Cholesterol and H...IOSR Journals
1. The document discusses the effects of a 16-week plyometric training program on various anthropometric and biochemical variables of 10 university handball players.
2. The results showed a significant reduction in body fat percentage and improvements in lean body mass, serum urea levels, and HDL cholesterol levels. Triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels also significantly decreased after training.
3. The study concluded that plyometric training can induce beneficial changes to body composition and lipid profiles among university handball players.
1) The study examined the effects of a 6-week aerobic exercise program on serum resistin levels in 24 sedentary obese women divided into an exercise or control group.
2) While the exercise group showed improvements in body weight and abdominal obesity after the program, their serum resistin levels did not change significantly compared to pre-training levels.
3) The findings suggest that more substantial weight loss, of at least 5% of body weight, may be needed to see improvements in adipocytokine levels like resistin in obese individuals.
Hypothyroidism in association with obesity, the most common endocrine disorder among females in urban areas. The objective is to find out the effect of yoga intervention on hypothyroidism linked with obesity among working women leading sedentary lifestyles in urban areas. Further to assess the recovery through yoga practice in addition to diet follow up treated as safe, very low cost, natural therapy. A total of 150 obese women had a history of hypothyroidism within the age group 30-50 years located in eastern parts of West Bengal were enrolled for this study from June,17 to January, 18. A qualitative study by a purposive sampling method was used applying BMI as the main parameter along with questionnaires & thyroid function tests, blood tests as secondary data. The study revealed initially that there was no such deficiency of nutrients like Iodine even though elevated TSH & normal or low T4 among the subjects. The study concluded that diet in conjunction with yoga intervention resulted in significant improvement to all subjects at no cost. Moreover, yoga intervention was the safest choice for all of them in this study and that not only for physical health but also mental wellbeing.
Case study for rugby athlete in rehabilitationDaniel Kapsis
This case study examined an 8-week nutritional intervention for a rugby player undergoing rehabilitation for a shoulder injury. The intervention consisted of a 3,400 kcal per day diet with high protein and carbohydrates, as well as creatine and whey protein supplements. The athlete gained 5.2 kg total, of which 4.9 kg was lean muscle mass while maintaining his body fat percentage. Arm measurements increased significantly, indicating muscle hypertrophy. The intervention successfully helped the athlete rapidly gain muscle mass during rehabilitation without increasing body fat.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of aerobic exercise and lifestyle intervention among young Indian women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). 30 subjects between ages 18-25 with PCOS were randomly assigned to either an experimental group that performed aerobic exercises 3 times per week for 12 weeks, or a conventional group that did stretching exercises daily for 12 weeks. Both groups received dietary advice. The study found that both groups had statistically significant improvements in hormonal profiles and quality of life, but the aerobic exercise group had greater improvements compared to the stretching group. The study concluded that aerobic exercise combined with lifestyle changes can help manage metabolic abnormalities in young women with PCOS.
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Introduction 1 page
Conclusion 1 page
Fix the format, spelling and grammatical error
Subjects
Materials and Methods
Subjects were 30 male volunteers recruited from a university population. Subjects were between the ages of 18-35, had no existing cardiorespiratory or musculoskeletal disorders, claimed to be free from consumption of anabolic steroids or any other legal or illegal agents known to increase muscle size currently and for the previous year, and had not performed any regimented resistance training for at least the past year.
Participants were pair-matched according to baseline strength and then randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental groups: an internal focus group (INTERNAL) that focused on directly contracting the target muscle during training (n = 15) or an external focus group (EXTERNAL) that focused on the outcome of the lift during training (n = 15). Approval for the study was obtained from the college Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to beginning the study. Experimental design
The investigation was carried out over a period of 10 weeks, with 8 weeks dedicated to the RT program and 2 weeks allocated for testing. Pre-study testing was carried out in week 1 and post-study testing was carried out in week 10. A supervised progressive RT was performed between weeks 2-9. Resistance Training Procedures
The RT protocol consisted of two exercises: Standing barbell curl and machine leg extension. These exercises were chosen because it is easier to direct focus internally during performance of a single-joint movement. Subjects were instructed to refrain from performing any additional resistance-type or high-intensity anaerobic training for the duration of the study.
Training for both routines consisted of 3 weekly sessions performed on non-consecutive days for 8 weeks. All routines were directly supervised by the research team, which included a National Strength and Conditioning Association certified strength and conditioning specialist and certified personal trainers, to ensure proper performance of the respective routines. Subjects performed 4 sets of 8-12 repetitions per exercise. The supervising research staff member provided relevant cues to subjects on each repetition to reinforce the given focus of attention. For INTERNAL, subjects were cued to “squeeze the muscle!” on each repetition; for EXTERNAL, subjects were cued to “get the weight up!” on each repetition. All sets were carried out to the point of momentary concentric muscular failure, operationally defined as the inability to perform another concentric repetition while maintaining proper form. To maintain ecological validity, cadence of repetitions was carried out in a fashion that allowed subjects to best achieve the given attentional focus. Subjects were afforded 2 minutes rest between sets. The loads were adjusted for each exercise as needed on successive sets to ensure that subjects achieved failure in the tar.
This document discusses strategies for weight loss through diet, exercise, or a combination. It summarizes research finding that combining diet and exercise results in more effective and long-term weight loss than either approach alone. Specifically, starting a diet and exercise program simultaneously prevents losing muscle mass during weight loss and is more likely to result in sustained lifestyle changes over time compared to sequential approaches. The recommended approach is a reduced-calorie diet along with at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity most days of the week.
RECENT ADVANCES IN EXERCISE INTERVENTION FOR FATIGUE MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS W...Muskan Rastogi
This document summarizes recent advances in exercise interventions for managing fatigue in patients with gynecologic cancer. It reviews 3 studies that investigated the effects of different types of exercise on fatigue. A randomized controlled trial found that a 12-week resistance exercise program significantly improved quality of life and reduced fatigue in patients with gynecologic cancer compared to a control group. Another study found that relaxation breathing exercises conducted 4 times daily for 30 minutes significantly reduced fatigue in women receiving chemotherapy, more so than exercises conducted 2 times daily. A systematic review concluded that resistance, aerobic, flexibility, and breathing exercises can all help alleviate fatigue in this patient population, but noted limited evidence and called for additional research.
20190410 Aquatic exercises improves BMD in postmenopausal womenJulie Tzeng
1) The study assessed the effects of a high-intensity jump-based aquatic exercise program on bone mineral density (BMD) and functional fitness in postmenopausal women. 2) The training group participated in 30-minute aquatic exercise sessions involving high-intensity jumping thrice weekly for 24 weeks, while the control group did not exercise. 3) The training group demonstrated significant increases in BMD at the total femur, lumbar spine, and whole body compared to the control group, as well as improvements in chair stand and time up-and-go test performance.
1) Thirty 11-year-old girls participated in a study where 16 were assigned to a Pilates intervention group and 14 served as controls.
2) The intervention group participated in hour-long Pilates classes 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Controls engaged in usual activities.
3) Results showed the intervention group significantly lowered their BMI percentile by 3.1 compared to a 0.8 increase in controls.
4) Girls enjoyed Pilates and had high average attendance of 75%, suggesting Pilates may increase physical activity levels in girls.
1) Thirty 11-year-old girls participated in a study where 16 were assigned to a Pilates intervention group and 14 served as controls.
2) The intervention group participated in hour-long Pilates classes 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Measures of BMI, BMI percentile, waist circumference, and blood pressure were taken before and after.
3) There was a significant reduction in BMI percentile for the intervention group compared to the control group. Specifically, the BMI percentile of healthy girls in the intervention group decreased more substantially.
Physical Activity and Cancer, a review of innovative current research. Dr. Ni...Irish Cancer Society
Physical activity guidelines exist in many EU countries to reduce cancer risk, though only a minority meet them. Research shows physical activity lowers breast, colon, and endometrial cancer risk by 25-30%, and likely other cancers, through mechanisms like reduced body fat and inflammation. Randomized trials show exercise improves outcomes for breast cancer survivors. More research is needed on optimal dose and type of activity. Ongoing studies examine biological mechanisms and effects on recurrence, survival, and quality of life.
This systematic review analyzed 7 studies that examined the effects of intermittent fasting on weight loss and body composition changes compared to continuous calorie restriction. The studies showed that intermittent fasting resulted in 3-12% weight loss over trial periods of 10-52 weeks. Two studies found that intermittent fasting led to less lean muscle mass loss during weight loss compared to continuous calorie restriction. However, most studies did not differentiate between fat and lean mass changes. More research is still needed to better understand the long term impacts of intermittent fasting on health and weight maintenance.
The study compared the effects of hollowing and bracing exercises on the cross-sectional areas of abdominal muscles in middle-aged women over six weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging scans before and after the exercises showed that bracing exercises significantly increased the areas of the left rectus abdominis, both internal and external obliques, while hollowing exercises significantly increased the areas of the left and right transversus abdominis and left rectus abdominis. Between the groups, bracing exercises led to greater increases in the right transversus abdominis, left internal oblique, and both external obliques. The study concluded that bracing exercises are more effective than hollowing exercises at activating the abdominal muscles.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of obesity by gastroenterologists. It covers assessing a patient's readiness to change, obtaining a medical history and physical exam, evaluating lifestyle factors, screening for psychological issues, and the potential role of endoscopy in initial and postoperative evaluation of bariatric surgery patients. Key aspects include using the stages of change model, motivational interviewing techniques, evaluating diet and exercise habits, screening for eating disorders, and being familiar with normal and abnormal postoperative anatomy after different bariatric procedures.
This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study assessed the effects of Oxytocin FactorTM for weight loss over 45 days. 45 participants were randomized to receive either a placebo or Oxytocin FactorTM twice daily. Results showed that the Oxytocin FactorTM group lost more weight (14.89 lbs), body fat (4.72%), and waist circumference (4.31 inches) on average compared to the placebo group, though statistical significance was not achieved due to the small sample size. Larger studies are needed to determine the statistical significance of Oxytocin FactorTM as a safe and effective weight loss tool.
- A study examined the effects of a one-week dietary supplement program consisting of protein shakes and liquid supplements on weight, body fat, cholesterol, and triglycerides in 35 overweight adults.
- After one week, participants experienced statistically significant weight loss of 7.5 lbs on average accompanied by decreased body fat percentage, waist circumference, and other measurements. Cholesterol and triglycerides also decreased significantly.
- Those who continued the program for a second week saw further decreases in weight, body fat, and circumference measurements, suggesting the supplement combination can safely and effectively aid in short-term weight and fat loss.
This document contains abstracts from presentations at the December 2014 International Sports and Exercise Nutrition Conference.
The first abstract finds that high intensity exercise (70% VO2max) increased sensitivity to sour tastes compared to low intensity exercise (50% VO2max), with no differences in sensitivity to other tastes. Sensitivity to sweet tastes negatively correlated with changes in blood glucose for both intensities.
The second abstract finds that a 16-week diet and exercise program resulted in fat mass loss and lean mass gain for all diet groups (high protein or control), along with improved health markers. Extra protein intake from dairy did not further enhance results.
The third abstract finds that intensive treadmill exercise in mice increased small intestine permeability,
Similar to Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
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Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
إتصل على هذا الرقم اذا اردت الحصول على "حبوب الاجهاض الامارات" توصيلنا مجاني رقم الواتساب 00971547952044:
00971547952044. حبوب الإجهاض في دبي | أبوظبي | الشارقة | السطوة | سعر سايتوتك Cytotec يتميز دواء Cytotec (سايتوتك) بفعاليته في إجهاض الحمل. يمكن الحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بسهولة من خلال خدمات التوصيل السريع والدفع عند الاستلام. تُستخدم حبوب سايتوتك بشكل شائع لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار الأمثل لمن يبحث عن طريقة آمنة وفعالة للإجهاض المنزلي.
تتوفر حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بأسعار تنافسية، ويمكنك الحصول على خصم كبير عند الشراء الآن. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات معروفة بقدرتها الفعالة على إنهاء الحمل في الشهر الأول أو الثاني. إذا كنت تبحث عن حبوب لتنزيل الحمل في الشهر الثاني أو الأول، فإن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار المثالي.
دواء سايتوتك يحتوي على المادة الفعالة ميزوبروستول، التي تُستخدم لإجهاض الحمل والتخلص من النزيف ما بعد الولادة. يمكنك الآن الحصول على حبوب سايتوتك للبيع في دبي وأبوظبي والشارقة من خلال الاتصال برقم 00971547952044. نسعى لتقديم أفضل الخدمات في مجال حبوب الاجهاض الامارات، مع توفير حبوب سايتوتك الأصلية بأفضل الأسعار.
إذا كنت في دبي، أبوظبي، الشارقة أو العين، يمكنك الحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بسهولة وأمان. نحن نضمن لك وصول الحبوب الأصلية بسرية تامة مع خيار الدفع عند الاستلام. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الحل الفعال لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه بطريقة آمنة.
تبحث العديد من النساء في الإمارات العربية المتحدة عن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات كبديل للعمليات الجراحية التي تتطلب وقتاً طويلاً وتكلفة عالية. بفضل حبوب الاجهاض الامارات، يمكنك الآن إنهاء الحمل بسلام وأمان في منزلك. نحن نوفر حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية من إنتاج شركة فايزر، مما يضمن لك الحصول على منتج فعال وآمن.
إذا كنت تبحث عن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات في العين، دبي، أو أبوظبي، يمكنك التواصل معنا عبر الواتس آب أو الاتصال على رقم 00971547952044 للحصول على التفاصيل حول كيفية الشراء والتوصيل. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات متوفرة بأسعار تنافسية، مع تقديم خصومات كبيرة عند الشراء بالجملة.
حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار الأمثل لمن تبحث عن وسيلة آمنة وسريعة لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه. تواصل معنا اليوم للحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية وتجنب أي مشاكل أو مضاعفات صحية.
في النهاية، لا تقلق بشأن الحبوب المقلدة أو الخطرة، فنحن نوفر لك حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية بأفضل الأسعار وخدمة التوصيل السريع والآمن. اتصل بنا الآن على 00971547952044 لتأكيد طلبك والحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات التي تحتاجها. نحن هنا لمساعدتك وتقديم الدعم اللازم لضمان حصولك على الحل المناسب لمشكلتك.
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05Sérgio Sacani
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
Detecting visual-media-borne disinformation: a summary of latest advances at ...VasileiosMezaris
We present very briefly some of the most important and latest (June 2024) advances in detecting visual-media-borne disinformation, based on the research work carried out at the Intelligent Digital Transformation Laboratory (IDT Lab) of CERTH-ITI.
Detecting visual-media-borne disinformation: a summary of latest advances at ...
Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 1 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 36-44
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition
and physical capacity
Mohamed Ali Khanfir1
, Walid Bouaziz1
, Liwa Masmoudi1
, Hassen Ben
Aouicha1
, Fathia kobbi2
, Houda Drira2
, Neila Abid2
1
Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax (Tunisia)
2
University Medical Center Hédi Chaker Sfax (Tunisia)
Abstract: The best strategy for management of obese, outside pharmacological interventions, is physical
exercise associated to diet. Recent research has discovered that the problem of obesity is largely due to a
biological clock and that lipid oxidation is higher in the evening compared to the morning and at night
compared to day. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of time-of-day specific obese training on
body composition and physical capacity in obese following a low calorie diet. 20 sedentary pre-obese and obese
with a mean BMI of 34.3 kg/m2
aged 20 to 47 years subjects participated in a concurrent strength and specific
endurance training for obese. Subjects were divided into two training groups: a Morning training Group (MG:
n = 10) and an Evening training Group (EG: n=10). The specific training associated to lower caloric diet has
increased physical capacity (17,7% for EG and 15,6% for MG), decreased body weight (7,3% for EG and 6%
for MG) fat percentage (19,5% for EG and 11,3% for MG) and waist circumference (10,2% for EG and 8,2%
for MG) in both groups. Afternoon training was more effective than morning training on fat loss (24.9% for EG
versus 15.9% for MG) and on lean mass variation (+2.9% for EG versus -0.5% for MG).
Keywords: Obesity, Time of day Training, physical capacity, Body Composition
I. Introduction
The global epidemic of overweight and obesity has become a major health, social and economical
burden with 312 million people worldwide being obese [BMI (body mass index) ≥30 kg/m2
] and at least 1,1
billion people being overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2
) [1] [2]. The obesity treatment must be adapted to the
disease evolutionary stage and the dominant complications [3] [4] [5] [6]. The treatment of obesity can associate
several methods: diet, behavioral therapy, drug therapy, surgery and physical exercise [7]. In the literature it
appears that the best strategy to manage overweight or obese subjects, outside pharmacological interventions, is
the association of diet and physical exercise [8] [9] [10] [11]. Associating diet and physical exercise is the best
form of treatment to induce weight loss in overweight or obese individuals in the first weeks, followed by
physical exercise to maintain weight loss [12]. Physical exercise is included in most treatment programs for
overweight patients or obese because its energy expenditure causes weight loss [13] [14] [15].
In addition to diet, physical activity has a significant effect on metabolism, it decreases the basal
metabolic rate and increases resting metabolic rate permitting healthy weight loss by preserving lean mass [11].
This metabolic action includes reducing insulin resistance by improving the use of energy substrates by the
muscle [16]. Otherwise, some of the metabolic and hormonal variables that affect fat oxidation are regulated by
circadian rhythms [17]. A. Chwalibog et al. [18] indicated that during the day, carbohydrates are the major
oxidative fuel, while during the night, changes in the energy status are accommodated by increasing fat
oxidation. R.A Salata et al. [19] reported greater release of ACTH in the afternoon than in the morning.
Recent research has found that the problem of obesity is related to a biological clock and that lipid
metabolism has a biological rhythm during the day through lipolysis and lipogenesis [20] [ 21]. In a recent
study, H. Mohebbi et al. [17] revealed that time of day affects significantly the maximal fat oxidation (Fat max)
in obese and normal-weight subjects. They found that the measured Fat max in the evening is higher than in the
morning in obese and in normal-weight subjects.
Knowing one hand that greatest benefits of physical qualities training are achieved when it coincides at
the acrophase of the correspondent qualities [22] and secondly that maximal fat oxidation in exercise is in the
evening [17], we believe that training in the evening for the obese may be more effective than training in the
morning. To our knowledge no study has been devoted to the effect of the time-of-day training on physical
capacity, body weight and body composition in obese.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determinate the effect of time-of-day specific training on
body composition and physical fitness in pre-obese and obese assigned to an energy restricted diet.
2. Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
II. Materials and Methods
2-1 Subjects
20 sedentary subjects (12 men and 8 women) pre-obese and obese with a mean BMI of 34.3 kg/m2
aged
20 to 47 years who have no heart, respiratory or orthopedic disease participated voluntarily in this study. We
preferred to work only with obese, but the protocol constraints lead us to take two pre-obese subjects. This
option was already selected in this kind of study to keep satisfactory number of participants. The subjects'
chronotype determination was carried out by the self-assessment questionnaire of J.A. Horne and O. Östberg
[23]. The subjects chosen for this study were neither of morning nor of evening. Participants were randomly
assigned to one of two groups of 10 subjects (6 males and 4 females in each group): an (MG) group who had
training in the morning between 07:00 h and 08:30 h and an (EG) group who had training in the evening
between 17:00 h and 18:30 h.
Tab. 1: Characteristics of the study subjects
2.2. Diet
At the beginning of the study all subjects were invited to the endocrinology department of the
university medical center Hédi Chaker of Sfax to complete one week recall questionnaire. The subjects’ food
intakes during the last week were recorded. Then their energy intakes were calculated using Bilnut 2.01
software package (SCDA Nutrisoft, Cerelles, France) and the food composition tables published by the Tunisian
National Institute of Statistics in 1978. The diet prescribed for each participant was containing 30% calories less
than previous caloric level calculated by the software. This low calorie diet prescribed was balanced with an
average of 15% protein, 30-35% fat and 50-55% carbohydrates. Both groups had a similar dietary monitoring
with an initial consultation in the beginning of the protocol, a second visit in the middle and a third one in last
sessions of the protocol in the endocrinology service.
2.3. Training protocol
Eight weeks of one session concurrent strength and aerobic endurance training was recommended to
the subjects by a frequency of three sessions a week. The aerobic endurance program consisted in 60 minutes of
brisk walking at 65% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). The pace of walking increased during training to keep the
same level of cardiac solicitation. The strength training follows the endurance training in every session. It
includes three exercises: abdominal crunch, oblique crunch and back crunch Tab 2. Subjects were instructed to
do 3 series of 10 repetitions (increased by 5 repetitions every 15 days) with a 30 seconds break between series.
At the end of the session, stretching exercises for 5 min are done by the subjects.
Tab 2. The instructions of prescribed exercises for the participants
2.4. Body measurements
At the beginning of the study and after 8 weeks training, all subjects were evaluated by measuring their
height, body weight, body composition and waist circumference. For height measurement, all subjects removed
their shoes and stood erect with heels together, took a deep breath, and held it. Subjects stood with head level
Parameters
Morning Group
(N = 10)
Evening Group
(N = 10)
[Min ; Max]
Age (years) 31,2 ± 8,1 28,4 ± 8 [20 ; 47]
Height (m) 1,68 ± 0,11 1,68 ± 0,11 [1,51 ; 1,87]
Weight (kg) 97,1 ± 15 96,7 ± 17,8 [65,9 ; 120,9]
BMI (kg/m2
) 34,3 ± 4,3 34,3 ± 5,6 [28,9 ; 48,5]
Exercises Instructions
Abdominal
crunches
Lie on the back on the exercise mat and keep your knees flexed. Then while your feet are hips
width apart and are on the floor, lift your head, neck and shoulders off floor.
Oblique
crunches
Lie on the back on the exercise mat and place the left knee on the right knee. Then while the
hands are behind the head, rise the head and upper body of the mat and move toward to tour left.
Back crunches
Lie on your front on the exercise mat with your arms stretched out in front of you (fingers
pointed) and your legs together (toes pointed). Then carefully lift your arms, chest and legs off the
floor. Hold this position about one second before returning to the start position.
3. Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
looking straight ahead. The height of subjects was then recorded in centimeters [24]. Total body weight and
body composition (fat mass, lean mass and fat percentage) were measured using validated [25] body
composition analyzer (Tanita TBF 300) with an accuracy of 0,1 Kg in body weight and 0,1% in fat percentage.
Waist circumference (WC in cm), being used as a marker of central body fat [26], was measured with a non-
deformable tape ruler between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest, at the end gentle-expiration (as
recommended by international guidelines).
2.5. Fitness test
To assess the obese fitness, we were limited to the 6-minutes walk test which was validated in obese
men and women to measure their physical ability seen its high correlation with VO2max and quality of life [27]
[28]. It was conducted according to the proposed protocol of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) [29].
The 6-MWT consists on browsing the greatest distance possible in 6 min, by making round trips on 30
m distance, while keeping a walking speed as regular as possible (without running). Patients are encouraged
every minute using standardized sentences, and at the same time we announce the elapsed time. A
familiarization test is performed 10 minutes before the test run of 6 minutes.
The 6-minute walk test took place always at the same hour, between 07 h and 8.30 h for MG and
between 17 h and 18.30 h for EG, before and after the training program. A heart rate monitor (Polar T61)
permitted to record the measured heart rate of the test subjects before and during the 6-MWT.
2.6. Statistics
All statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA analysis software (Version 6.1, StatSoft,
France). Data is reported as the mean ± SD (standard deviation) within the text and table, and displayed as the
mean ± SE (standard error) in the figure. The Shapiro-Wilk W-test of normality revealed that data was normally
distributed. A paired Student’s t-test was used to determine the significance of differences between pre- and
post-training. The mean percent change from baseline [100 * (T1 –T0)/T0] are calculated. Differences between
groups after training were analyzed using analysis of covariance, with baseline values used as covariates and the
group used as the independent variable. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
III. Results
3. 1: Effect of time of day training on the physical capacity
The effect of time of day training on the physical capacity in MG and EG is reported in fig. 1. Both
groups increased significantly (p < .001) the distance traveled in the 6 MWT by 15.6% and 17.7% respectively
in MG and EG.
Fig 1: Effect of time of day training on the physical capacity
+ Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the morning group
* Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the evening group
3.2: Effect of time of day training on body mass and BMI
The effect of time of day training on the body mass and BMI in MG and EG is reported in fig. 2. Body
mass for both groups decreased significantly (p<.001) by 6% and 7.3% respectively for MG and EG. Similarly,
BMI for the two groups decreased significantly (p<.001) by 5.8% and 7.1% in MG and EG respectively.
500
550
600
650
700
750
Pre-training Post-training Adjusted post-training
Distance(m)
Morning Group EveningGroup
+
*
4. Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Fig 2: Effect of time of day training on body mass (a) and BMI (b)
+ Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the morning group
* Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the evening group
3. 3: Effect of time of day training on fat mass and percentage of fat
The effect of time of day training on fat mass and percentage of fat is reported in fig. 3. Fat mass for
the both groups decreased significantly (p < .001) by 15.9% and 24.9% respectively for MG and EG. Similarly,
percentage of fat for the two groups decreased significantly by 11.3% and 19.5% for MG and EG respectively.
ANCOVA showed greater decrease of fat mass (p = .026) and percentage of fat (p = 0.008) in EG compared
with MG.
5. Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Fig 3: Effect of time of day training on fat mass (a) and percentage of fat (b)
+ Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the morning group
* Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the evening group
# Significantly different from the morning group at p <0.05
3. 4: The effect of time of day training on the lean body mass
The effect of time of day training on the lean body mass of MG and EG is reported in fig. 4. The lean
body mass for MG decrease insignificantly (p = .75) by 0.5%, however it increase significantly (p < .001) by
2.9% for EG. ANCOVA showed a significant difference (p = .033) of lean fat mass with adjusted post-training
in EG compared with MG.
6. Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
Fig 4: The effect of time of day training on the lean body mass
* Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the evening group
# Significantly different from the morning group at p <0.05
3.5: Effect of time of day training on the waist circumference
The effect of time of day training on the waist circumference of MG and EG is reported in fig. 5. Waist
circumference of both groups decreased significantly (p < .001) by 8.2% and 10.2% respectively in MG and EG.
Fig 5: Effect of time of day training on the waist circumference
+Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the morning group
*Significantly different from pre-training at p < .001 for the evening group
IV. Discussion
The main purpose of this study was to explore the effect of time of day specific training in obese. The
results showed that evening specific training is more effective than morning specific training in body
composition. Fat mass decreased more significantly in EG (24,9%) than in MG (15,9%). A significant
improvement in lean body mass in EG by 2,9% was observed versus a stabilization and a trend towards a
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
Pre-training Post-training Adjusted post-training
Leanbodymass(kg)
MorningGroup Evening Group
*
#
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
Pre-training Post-training Adjusted post-training
Waistcircumference(cm)
MorningGroup Evening Group
+
*
7. Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
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reduction in MG. Both groups had similar lean body mass in the beginning of the study but after training EG
had significant more lean body mass than MG.
In this study, we have chosen to associate physical exercise to a restricted calorie diet to optimize the
effect of the training program. This restrictive diet of 30% is the most prescribed diet in association with
physical activity [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]. It permits more weight loss than more restrictive diet that can be
quickly abandoned [35]. As a means of reducing total body-fat mass, it is generally accepted that a dietary
regimen is easier and more effective than exercise alone [36] However, it has been reported that dietary
treatment also reduces skeletal muscle mass [37] and is less effective in improving insulin resistance than
exercise [38]. After a Meta-analyzes of literature, B. Schaar et al [12] concluded that physical exercise had
beneficial effects in overweight and obese subjects. However, when it comes to inducing weight loss, physical
exercise combined with changes in diet is the most effective form of treatment. Now, it is established that
appropriate diet and physical activity are the most significant modalities with minimum complications in the
prevention and treatment of obesity [39].
Concerning the training program, we opted to one session concurrent aerobic endurance and strength
training. This choice is based on the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine [40] and the
World Health Organization [41] which provide that both endurance training and strength training should be a
part of obese and pre-obese management. For endurance training we chose aerobic endurance training at 65% of
HRR during 60 minutes [42] as a moderate intensity exercise. The intensities used for obese endurance training
in literature go from low intensities selected by obese themselves [43] [44] to 80-90% of HRmax [45].
Although high-intensity exercise results in a lower percentage of fat oxidation during the exercise
sessions, it is important to highlight that it is the total amount of fat oxidized that determines weight loss. In line
with this, isocaloric training programs at 45 and 85% of VO2max caused the same reductions in body fat and
weight despite more fat (in percentage) being oxidized in the low-intensity group during the exercise sessions
[46]. This is explained by the continued fat oxidation during the restitution phase; the higher the intensity of the
exercise, the higher the fat oxidation post-exercise [47] [48]. With moderate intensity exercise during 60
minutes, we consider that the most amount of energy expenditure occurs during exercise and few amount later at
resting. The strength training proposed to obese might leads to increase of lean body mass, muscle strength and
power in one hand and decrease of body fat percentage, waist circumference, visceral and subcutaneous
abdominal and thigh fat thickness on the other hand [49] [50] [51] [52]. Interestingly, it has also been found
that the resting metabolism is higher after strength training than endurance training with low or moderate
intensity [41] .This mean that strength training that we combined with moderate endurance training will increase
the low amount of fat oxidation post exercise due to the moderate endurance training.
About training effect, the physical capacity of EG and MG has increased after training. The distance
travelled in the 6 MWT has increased by 95 m for the MG and 100 m for the EG. This increase is much higher
than the 56 m of increase reported by S. Ghroubi et al [53] after similar training combined with diet. Relative
lower intensity and advancing subject age of S. Ghroubi et al [53] study can explain a part of differences. Time
of day training has no effect on physical capacity measured by the 6 MWT.
Body mass decreased with similar proportions in both groups. The decrease of body mass measured in
this study is 5,8 Kg for MG and 7,3 for EG. This decrease in body mass is reflected on subjects’ BMI which
decreased by 2 Kg/m2
(5,8%) in MG and 2,4 Kg/m2
(7,1%) in EG. No significant effect of time of day training
was observed on body mass and BMI. The magnitude of body mass and BMI decrease is is widely acceptable
when compared to other studies. Indeed, there is a great variation in the loss of body mass in comparable
studies: 1,4 Kg, 4 Kg, 6,2 Kg, 6,7 Kg with a maximum of 7,5 Kg body mass loss respectively in M. Roussel et
al [42], C.M. Beard et al [54], S. Ghroubi et al [53], S. Ghroubi et al (2009) [55] et R. Ross et al [56]. This
dispersion is due to the variation in characteristics of studies’ subjects, duration, intensity and shape of training
program.
In general, 75% of weight loss after training program is fat mass loss independently from race, ethnic
and age of subjects [57]. In this study, fat mass loss of both groups after training was greater than 75% of weight
loss. In the MG, body fat mass loss (5,6 Kg, 15,9%) was quite equal to whole mass loss (5,8 Kg, 6%). In the
EG, body fat mass loss (8,8 Kg, 24,9%) was even greater than whole mass loss (7,1 Kg, 7,3%). This means that
in EG, the lean body mass increased. These amounts of fat loss in both groups are very important when
compared with results of other studies. N. Mezghanni et al [58] measured a loss of 9,5% and 14,4% in fat mass
respectively for a 50% of HRR and 75% of HRR intensity training for three months in obese. N. Mezghanni et
al [58] training program has no strength training. The more fat mass loss we measured can due to strength
training.
The EG fat mass loss was significantly greater than MG. The time of day training has an effect on fat
mass loss. Training in the evening is more efficient than training in the morning for fat loss. The combined
strength and aerobic endurance training we proposed permits fat oxidation during exercise and post exercise as
we explained before. So, when we have training in the evening, fat oxidation periods coincides with best periods
8. Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
to fat oxidation which are: evening [17] and night [21]. This concomitance should give more efficiency to the
evening training facing morning training [22].
Strength training is introduced in obese management essentially to preserve muscle mass against
eventual atrophy caused by restrictive caloric diet [55]. Our results show that morning training permits to
preserve lean mass whereas evening training permit a significant development of body lean mass (2,8%). These
results could be easily explained by the acrophase of strength development which occur in the evening [22].
Results concerning fat mass and body lean mass variation show that time of day training has a benefic effects on
body composition in obese. The increase in lean body mass due to an essential increase in muscle mass didn’t
permit better results in 6 MWT for the EG. This reality can be justified since muscles groups trained in this
study aren’t directly used in the 6 MWT.
Waist circumference of both groups decreased significantly by 9 cm (8,2%) in MG and by 11,3 cm
(10,2%) in EG. This decrease show an important abdominal fat decrease when compared to results reported by
K.J Melanson et al (5,3 cm) [59] and R. Ross et al (6,5 cm) [56]. And it can be considered as normal variation
when compared to results reported by S. Ghroubi et al (8,8 cm) [53] and S. Ghroubi et al (10,3 cm) [55] in their
combined strength and endurance training associated with diet in obese.
In conclusion, the time of day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity
showed that morning training is more efficient in changing body composition with increasing fat loss and body
lean mass. Physical capacity has increased and body mass decreased similarly in both groups training. In this
study we opted to a short term study of eight weeks, a long term study should better separate effects of time of
day training in obese.
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