Ethernet is a family of networking technologies commonly used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It was first standardized in 1983 at 10 Mbps and has since been updated to support higher speeds up to 10 Gbps. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps using the same frame format as standard Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1 Gbps while maintaining compatibility. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates at 10 Gbps while keeping the same frame format as prior standards.
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
The document discusses the network layer in computer networking. It describes how the network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination. It covers different routing algorithms like distance vector routing and link state routing. It also compares connectionless and connection-oriented services, as well as datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Key aspects of routing algorithms like optimality, stability, and fairness are defined.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
The document discusses the history and technical details of Ethernet networking. It describes how the original Ethernet standard was established in 1980 and details the physical media and frame sizes used. It also explains how Ethernet addresses devices using unique 48-bit MAC addresses for unicast, multicast using addresses starting with 01-00-5E, and broadcast using all ones. The document also briefly mentions CSMA/CD and how Ethernet has expanded beyond local area networks up to 1 Gbps.
CCCNA R&S-02-The TCP-IP and OSI Networking ModelsAmir Jafari
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP and OSI networking models. It describes the layers of each model and the key protocols associated with each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, Ethernet, and HTTP. It also compares the two models and explains how they were developed with different purposes but provide similar functionality to define rules for network communication.
The document discusses IEEE standards for local area networks (LANs) including Ethernet LANs, Token Ring LANs, and wireless LANs. It describes the IEEE 802 standards family, common LAN topologies and cabling, how CSMA/CD and token protocols work, and comparisons of Ethernet and Token Ring technologies. It also outlines wireless LAN specifications including 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a media access control method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking.Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection is a media access control method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking. It uses carrier-sensing to defer transmissions until no other stations are transmitting.
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies commonly used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It was first standardized in 1983 at 10 Mbps and has since been updated to support higher speeds up to 10 Gbps. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps using the same frame format as standard Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1 Gbps while maintaining compatibility. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates at 10 Gbps while keeping the same frame format as prior standards.
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
The document discusses the network layer in computer networking. It describes how the network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination. It covers different routing algorithms like distance vector routing and link state routing. It also compares connectionless and connection-oriented services, as well as datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Key aspects of routing algorithms like optimality, stability, and fairness are defined.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
The document discusses the history and technical details of Ethernet networking. It describes how the original Ethernet standard was established in 1980 and details the physical media and frame sizes used. It also explains how Ethernet addresses devices using unique 48-bit MAC addresses for unicast, multicast using addresses starting with 01-00-5E, and broadcast using all ones. The document also briefly mentions CSMA/CD and how Ethernet has expanded beyond local area networks up to 1 Gbps.
CCCNA R&S-02-The TCP-IP and OSI Networking ModelsAmir Jafari
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP and OSI networking models. It describes the layers of each model and the key protocols associated with each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, Ethernet, and HTTP. It also compares the two models and explains how they were developed with different purposes but provide similar functionality to define rules for network communication.
The document discusses IEEE standards for local area networks (LANs) including Ethernet LANs, Token Ring LANs, and wireless LANs. It describes the IEEE 802 standards family, common LAN topologies and cabling, how CSMA/CD and token protocols work, and comparisons of Ethernet and Token Ring technologies. It also outlines wireless LAN specifications including 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a media access control method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking.Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection is a media access control method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking. It uses carrier-sensing to defer transmissions until no other stations are transmitting.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
The document discusses IPv4 and its datagram format. It explains that IPv4 is a best-effort, connectionless protocol that provides no error control or flow control. The datagram format includes a header containing fields like version, header length, total length, protocol, source/destination addresses, and an optional data field. It describes fields related to fragmentation, checksum calculation, and optional header fields like timestamps and routing options.
The document discusses the OSI physical layer. It describes the physical layer's purpose of creating electrical, optical, or microwave signals to represent bits in frames. It discusses different physical layer protocols and services, signaling and encoding methods used on different network media like copper, fiber, and wireless. It also covers physical layer standards bodies, functions of transmitting data, encoding it onto media, and signaling methods. Physical characteristics of different media types are explained as well as common physical layer protocols for wireless networking.
This document provides an overview of Ethernet in a presentation for a computer networks class. It begins with an introduction to Ethernet and network topologies. The technology section discusses Ethernet standards, frame formats, and cable types. Devices covered include switches, routers, and the differences between them. Applications like firewalls and IP spoofing are also mentioned. The summary reiterates the key topics discussed, including the introduction of Ethernet, technologies and devices, and applications. It also outlines the future of Ethernet, such as vehicular uses and standardizing software-defined networking.
IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands. The goal of 802.11 is to provide simple, robust, and affordable wireless connectivity along with time-bound and asynchronous services. It uses either spread spectrum or infrared signaling techniques. The standard defines the MAC sublayer and three physical layer types: infrared, frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). It supports infrastructure-based and ad-hoc network configurations.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the routing protocol that controls how data routes between autonomous systems on the Internet. It works by maintaining a table of IP network prefixes and their accessibility between networks. BGP allows for fully decentralized routing and is used internally by gateways to determine the best route to a given destination network. There are two types of BGP sessions - internal BGP (iBGP) for intra-autonomous system routing and external BGP (eBGP) for inter-autonomous system routing. BGP uses messages like OPEN, UPDATE, KEEPALIVE and NOTIFICATION to establish and maintain sessions between routers to exchange routing information.
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
CCCNA R&S-03-Fundamentals of Ethernet LANsAmir Jafari
This document discusses fundamentals of Ethernet LANs, including:
- An overview of LANs and the differences between Ethernet and wireless LANs.
- How physical Ethernet networks are built using UTP cabling and the standards for transmitting data over copper wire pairs.
- How Ethernet frames are formatted and the fields used for addressing, error detection, and identifying network layer protocols.
- How data is sent in modern Ethernet LANs using full-duplex mode between switches versus half-duplex with hubs.
A router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer and uses routing tables to determine the best path. Major router vendors include Cisco, Juniper, and Huawei. Routers have different types of ports including LAN ports to connect to local networks, WAN ports to connect between routers, and administrative ports for management. Routers also run an operating system like Cisco IOS to perform routing functions.
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
The document discusses the GSM protocol stack and frame formatting. It describes the different layers of the protocol stack including the physical layer which handles radio transmission, the data link layer which provides error-free transmission, and the networking layer which is responsible for communication between network resources and mobility. It also discusses the signaling system 7 (SS7) standard and various application protocols used in GSM like BSSAP, BSSMAP, DTAP, ISUP, MAP, and TCAP. Furthermore, it explains the concepts of physical and logical channels in GSM and how logical channels can be mapped to physical channels.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual
Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.[1] To do this, VTP carries VLAN
information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1Q, IEEE
802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.
The document discusses TCP/IP networking fundamentals including:
- The TCP/IP protocol suite model with layers for internet, transport, and applications.
- Key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP that operate at each layer.
- IP addressing and routing protocols like RIP and OSPF.
- Network applications that use TCP/IP like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
- Networking services like DHCP, NAT, and firewalls.
- Emerging technologies like IPv6 that expand addressing and add new features.
This document discusses different types of computer network switching, including circuit switching, packet switching, and virtual circuit switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection between nodes for the duration of a call. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are routed independently through a network on a first-come, first-served basis without dedicated connections. Virtual circuit switching combines aspects of circuit switching and packet switching by establishing paths for packets through a three-phase process of setup, data transfer using local addressing, and teardown.
This document provides an overview of data link control (DLC) and data link layer protocols. It discusses the key functions of DLC including framing, flow control, and error control. Framing involves encapsulating data frames with header information like source and destination addresses. Flow control manages the flow of data between nodes while error control handles detecting and correcting errors. Common data link layer protocols described include simple protocol, stop-and-wait protocol, and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC). HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol that supports full-duplex communication over both point-to-point and multipoint links. It uses three types of frames: unnumbered, information, and supervisory frames.
This document discusses Zigbee and its role in wireless sensor networks. It begins by describing how sensors have evolved from simple devices without computation or communication abilities, to sensor nodes that can process data and communicate wirelessly. It then introduces Zigbee as an important wireless communication standard developed for low data rate applications requiring long battery life. The document explains that Zigbee targets applications in areas like smart energy meters and home automation due to its low power consumption and cost. It compares Zigbee to other wireless standards like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, noting that Zigbee is best suited for simple sensor applications. Examples of commercial Zigbee products are also provided.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over four generations from its creation in 1976. It describes the IEEE 802 project which established standards for LAN communication. The original Ethernet standard defined the data link layer to consist of logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC) sublayers. It also established physical layer standards and frame formats for early Ethernet implementations using thick and thin coaxial cable and twisted pair wiring in bus and star topologies. Later changes like bridging and switching increased bandwidth and separated collision domains to support higher data rates.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
The document discusses IPv4 and its datagram format. It explains that IPv4 is a best-effort, connectionless protocol that provides no error control or flow control. The datagram format includes a header containing fields like version, header length, total length, protocol, source/destination addresses, and an optional data field. It describes fields related to fragmentation, checksum calculation, and optional header fields like timestamps and routing options.
The document discusses the OSI physical layer. It describes the physical layer's purpose of creating electrical, optical, or microwave signals to represent bits in frames. It discusses different physical layer protocols and services, signaling and encoding methods used on different network media like copper, fiber, and wireless. It also covers physical layer standards bodies, functions of transmitting data, encoding it onto media, and signaling methods. Physical characteristics of different media types are explained as well as common physical layer protocols for wireless networking.
This document provides an overview of Ethernet in a presentation for a computer networks class. It begins with an introduction to Ethernet and network topologies. The technology section discusses Ethernet standards, frame formats, and cable types. Devices covered include switches, routers, and the differences between them. Applications like firewalls and IP spoofing are also mentioned. The summary reiterates the key topics discussed, including the introduction of Ethernet, technologies and devices, and applications. It also outlines the future of Ethernet, such as vehicular uses and standardizing software-defined networking.
IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands. The goal of 802.11 is to provide simple, robust, and affordable wireless connectivity along with time-bound and asynchronous services. It uses either spread spectrum or infrared signaling techniques. The standard defines the MAC sublayer and three physical layer types: infrared, frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). It supports infrastructure-based and ad-hoc network configurations.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the routing protocol that controls how data routes between autonomous systems on the Internet. It works by maintaining a table of IP network prefixes and their accessibility between networks. BGP allows for fully decentralized routing and is used internally by gateways to determine the best route to a given destination network. There are two types of BGP sessions - internal BGP (iBGP) for intra-autonomous system routing and external BGP (eBGP) for inter-autonomous system routing. BGP uses messages like OPEN, UPDATE, KEEPALIVE and NOTIFICATION to establish and maintain sessions between routers to exchange routing information.
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
CCCNA R&S-03-Fundamentals of Ethernet LANsAmir Jafari
This document discusses fundamentals of Ethernet LANs, including:
- An overview of LANs and the differences between Ethernet and wireless LANs.
- How physical Ethernet networks are built using UTP cabling and the standards for transmitting data over copper wire pairs.
- How Ethernet frames are formatted and the fields used for addressing, error detection, and identifying network layer protocols.
- How data is sent in modern Ethernet LANs using full-duplex mode between switches versus half-duplex with hubs.
A router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer and uses routing tables to determine the best path. Major router vendors include Cisco, Juniper, and Huawei. Routers have different types of ports including LAN ports to connect to local networks, WAN ports to connect between routers, and administrative ports for management. Routers also run an operating system like Cisco IOS to perform routing functions.
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
The document discusses the GSM protocol stack and frame formatting. It describes the different layers of the protocol stack including the physical layer which handles radio transmission, the data link layer which provides error-free transmission, and the networking layer which is responsible for communication between network resources and mobility. It also discusses the signaling system 7 (SS7) standard and various application protocols used in GSM like BSSAP, BSSMAP, DTAP, ISUP, MAP, and TCAP. Furthermore, it explains the concepts of physical and logical channels in GSM and how logical channels can be mapped to physical channels.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual
Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.[1] To do this, VTP carries VLAN
information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1Q, IEEE
802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.
The document discusses TCP/IP networking fundamentals including:
- The TCP/IP protocol suite model with layers for internet, transport, and applications.
- Key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP that operate at each layer.
- IP addressing and routing protocols like RIP and OSPF.
- Network applications that use TCP/IP like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
- Networking services like DHCP, NAT, and firewalls.
- Emerging technologies like IPv6 that expand addressing and add new features.
This document discusses different types of computer network switching, including circuit switching, packet switching, and virtual circuit switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection between nodes for the duration of a call. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are routed independently through a network on a first-come, first-served basis without dedicated connections. Virtual circuit switching combines aspects of circuit switching and packet switching by establishing paths for packets through a three-phase process of setup, data transfer using local addressing, and teardown.
This document provides an overview of data link control (DLC) and data link layer protocols. It discusses the key functions of DLC including framing, flow control, and error control. Framing involves encapsulating data frames with header information like source and destination addresses. Flow control manages the flow of data between nodes while error control handles detecting and correcting errors. Common data link layer protocols described include simple protocol, stop-and-wait protocol, and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC). HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol that supports full-duplex communication over both point-to-point and multipoint links. It uses three types of frames: unnumbered, information, and supervisory frames.
This document discusses Zigbee and its role in wireless sensor networks. It begins by describing how sensors have evolved from simple devices without computation or communication abilities, to sensor nodes that can process data and communicate wirelessly. It then introduces Zigbee as an important wireless communication standard developed for low data rate applications requiring long battery life. The document explains that Zigbee targets applications in areas like smart energy meters and home automation due to its low power consumption and cost. It compares Zigbee to other wireless standards like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, noting that Zigbee is best suited for simple sensor applications. Examples of commercial Zigbee products are also provided.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over four generations from its creation in 1976. It describes the IEEE 802 project which established standards for LAN communication. The original Ethernet standard defined the data link layer to consist of logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC) sublayers. It also established physical layer standards and frame formats for early Ethernet implementations using thick and thin coaxial cable and twisted pair wiring in bus and star topologies. Later changes like bridging and switching increased bandwidth and separated collision domains to support higher data rates.
This document provides an overview of fiber to the x (FTTX) networks using passive optical networks (PON). It begins with an introduction to FTTX and PON technologies. It then discusses the different PON architectures including point-to-multipoint PON using optical splitters, active optical networks with dedicated fibers, and hybrid networks. The document also covers considerations for PON including bandwidth, distance, security, quality of service, and future developments in PON technologies.
This document provides a comparison of Hadoop and Storm, two frameworks for batch and real-time processing of data. It outlines key differences such as Hadoop focusing on batch jobs while Storm handles continuous real-time processing topologies. Components and concepts of Storm like spouts, bolts, streams and groupings are also explained. The document details how Storm provides fault tolerance and guarantees of at-least-once processing through its use of Zookeeper, anchoring tuples, and acker tasks.
This document discusses the next generation of Apache Hadoop and MapReduce. It outlines limitations with the current MapReduce framework including scalability, single points of failure, and lack of support for other programming paradigms. The next generation architecture addresses these by splitting the JobTracker into a ResourceManager and ApplicationMaster, distributing application management, and allowing custom application frameworks. This improves scalability, availability, utilization, and supports additional paradigms like iterative processing, while maintaining wire compatibility.
This document summarizes the contents of Chapter 5, which covers LANs and WLANs. Section A defines network classifications like PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN. It also describes network building blocks such as standards, devices, topology and protocols. Section B covers wired networks including Ethernet basics, equipment and setup. Section C discusses wireless networks, focusing on Bluetooth, Wi-Fi standards, equipment and setup. Section D reviews using LANs to share files, printers and potential issues. The chapter provides an overview of fundamental networking concepts.
The document discusses the history and standards of Ethernet wired local area networks (LANs). It describes the IEEE Project 802 which established standards for the physical and data link layers of major LAN protocols. It then provides details on standard Ethernet, including the MAC sublayer, frame format, address types, encoding, and physical implementations. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet are also summarized as higher speed successors to standard Ethernet.
This document summarizes some key changes in Ethernet standards over time that enabled higher data rates and compatibility with other networks. It discusses three changes: bridged Ethernet, switched Ethernet, and full-duplex Ethernet. Bridged Ethernet divides a LAN into segments using bridges, raising bandwidth and separating collision domains. Switched Ethernet uses switches with one port per hub to further segment the network. Full-duplex Ethernet allows two devices on a link to transmit and receive simultaneously, effectively doubling bandwidth and eliminating collisions.
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and security. It describes WLAN concepts including ad hoc and infrastructure modes. It covers WLAN security standards such as WEP, WPA, and 802.11i. It also discusses Cisco's unified wireless solutions including mesh networks, LWAPP, and AWPP protocols.
This document discusses advanced Ethernet technologies. It introduces Ethernet standards including 10Base-T, 10Base-FL, 100Base Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10-Gigabit Ethernet. It describes their specifications, topologies, cabling, components, and advantages over previous Ethernet standards to support higher speeds and longer transmission distances. The document also covers switched Ethernet and full-duplex Ethernet technologies.
This document summarizes key aspects of IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. It describes wireless LAN characteristics like infrastructure-based and ad-hoc networks. It discusses components like stations, access points, and service sets. It covers protocols like CSMA/CA and RTS/CTS for medium access control. It also discusses power management, roaming, and scanning functions important for wireless mobility.
This document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over multiple generations, from the original Standard Ethernet to Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. It describes the IEEE project that established networking standards and details key changes to Ethernet like increased speeds of 100 Mbps for Fast Ethernet and 1000 Mbps for Gigabit Ethernet. Diagrams and tables illustrate different implementations and topologies for the various Ethernet standards.
This document defines and compares different types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It describes how LANs and WANs have integrated over time through the use of networking devices like bridges, routers, and switches. It also provides an overview of network design considerations and various internet and wireless connectivity options.
The document discusses wireless LAN standards including IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth. It describes the architecture and layers of IEEE 802.11, including the physical and data link layers. It discusses topics like basic service sets, extended service sets, CSMA/CA, frame formats, and addressing. It also covers the architecture of Bluetooth including piconets, scatternets, and the Bluetooth layers.
The document discusses wireless LAN standards including IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth. It provides an overview of IEEE 802.11 specifications and architecture, addressing mechanisms, and physical layers. It also covers Bluetooth technology, describing its ad hoc network architecture and layers such as baseband and L2CAP. Various concepts are illustrated with figures including basic service sets, extended service sets, MAC layers, and frame formats.
The document discusses various Ethernet protocols and standards including:
- IEEE 802.3u and 802.3z which define Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet transmission rates.
- IEEE 802.1D, 802.1s, and 802.1w which relate to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and its variants for avoiding loops.
- IEEE 802.1Q for VLAN tagging to logically separate traffic on a physical LAN infrastructure.
- IEEE 802.3ad for Link Aggregation to combine multiple network links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth and redundancy.
Wireless LANs can be used for LAN extension between buildings, nomadic access for mobile users, and temporary ad hoc networks. There are several wireless LAN categories including infrared, spread spectrum, and narrowband microwave networks. Infrared networks have an unlimited radio spectrum but are limited by concerns of eye safety and range. Spread spectrum networks use multiple-cell configurations with either peer-to-peer or hub-based topologies. Narrowband microwave networks can be licensed to avoid interference or use unlicensed spectrum at low power over short ranges.
Carrier Ethernet provides standardized, carrier-class Ethernet services on a global scale. It builds upon Metro Ethernet by expanding the services to cover worldwide networks traversing multiple countries and access networks. Carrier Ethernet is defined by five key attributes that distinguish it from traditional LAN-based Ethernet: it provides standardized services across multiple networks; can scale to support millions of nodes and high bandwidths; offers reliable service with fast protection from link failures; ensures quality of service through service level agreements; and manages services through centralized operations support systems.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet networking standards over time. It describes how IEEE Project 802 was started in 1985 to set standards for interconnecting equipment from different manufacturers. It then provides details on the original Standard Ethernet created in 1976 and its subsequent generations. The document also outlines changes to Standard Ethernet like bridging and switching. It discusses the Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet standards that succeeded Standard Ethernet by providing higher data rates of 100 Mbps and 1000 Mbps respectively.
This document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over multiple generations, from the original Standard Ethernet to Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. It describes the IEEE project that established networking standards and details key changes to Ethernet like increased speeds of 100 Mbps for Fast Ethernet and 1000 Mbps for Gigabit Ethernet. Diagrams and tables illustrate different implementations and topologies for the various Ethernet standards.
The document discusses different generations of wired local area network (LAN) technologies, starting with Standard Ethernet. It describes Standard Ethernet's characteristics, including its addressing mechanism, CSMA/CD access method, efficiency of around 39%, and popular implementations using coaxial cable or twisted-pair wiring operating at 10 megabits per second. The document also briefly outlines Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet as evolutions of the original Standard Ethernet specification that increased supported speeds over time.
This document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over multiple generations from the original Ethernet created at Xerox PARC to modern Gigabit and Ten-Gigabit Ethernet standards. It covers the work of the IEEE 802 committee to establish standards enabling interoperability among networking equipment from different manufacturers. Key standards discussed include the original 10 Mbps Standard Ethernet, the 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet standard 802.3u, and the 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet standards 802.3z and beyond. The document includes diagrams illustrating Ethernet frame formats, addressing schemes, cable types and network topologies for different generations of Ethernet standards.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over time from the original Ethernet created in 1976 to modern gigabit Ethernet. It covers the IEEE 802 project to standardize LAN protocols and the development of standard Ethernet, fast Ethernet, and gigabit Ethernet. Key aspects summarized include the purpose of IEEE project 802, the development of Ethernet through four generations to support higher data rates, and summaries of the implementations and encoding for standard, fast, and gigabit Ethernet variants.
This document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over multiple generations from the original Ethernet created in 1976 to modern Gigabit Ethernet. It describes the work of IEEE Project 802 to set standards enabling interoperability among networking equipment from different manufacturers. Key standards discussed include the original 10 Mbps Standard Ethernet, as well as faster variants like Fast Ethernet operating at 100 Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet at 1 Gbps, and Ten-Gigabit Ethernet. The physical layer and data link layer are examined along with changes to Ethernet like bridging, switching, and full-duplex operation that increased speed and supported higher data rates over time.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet networking standards over time. It begins with the original Ethernet created in 1976 and the IEEE 802 project launched in 1985 to set standards. Key standards discussed include Standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet to 1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet. The standards define the data link and physical layers and underwent changes like bridging, switching, and full duplex to support higher speeds and larger networks while maintaining backward compatibility.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet networking standards established by the IEEE. It describes the original Ethernet standard from 1976 and its four generations. It then discusses how standards were developed under Project 802 to enable interoperability between networking equipment from different manufacturers. Key standards discussed include Standard Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and Ten-Gigabit Ethernet, along with their different implementations and topology options. The standards define aspects of the physical and data link layers to support higher networking speeds and capabilities.
Ethernet is a local area network protocol used in both bus and star topologies. It was developed in 1972 and standardized by IEEE as 802.3. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method and has evolved from 10 Mbps speeds using coaxial cable to today's Gigabit speeds using twisted pair or fiber optic cabling. The Ethernet frame contains destination and source addresses, data, and a frame check sequence for error detection.
Ethernet has evolved from using coaxial cable to operate at speeds of 10 Mbps to using twisted-pair copper or fiber optic cables to operate at speeds of 1 Gbps or higher. It uses CSMA/CD for media access and detects collisions using a jam signal, then devices perform a random backoff before retransmitting. Ethernet frames contain source and destination MAC addresses, length/type, data, and FCS fields, with minimum and maximum frame sizes of 64 and 1518 bytes respectively.
This document discusses Ethernet networking concepts and technologies. It provides an overview of the history and development of Ethernet, including the ALOHA network and the development of Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 standards. The key differences between Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 are described, such as frame formats, transceiver issues, and topological support. Manchester encoding is explained as a method used in Ethernet to detect transmission errors. Details are also given about the datalink layer, address formats, and the various 10 Mbps Ethernet specifications defined by IEEE 802.3.
Ethernet is a widely used local area network technology that operates at the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model. It uses CSMA/CD access method to share the transmission medium and detect collisions. Key Ethernet standards include 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 1000Base-T, and 10GBase-T for copper cable, as well as 100Base-FX and 1000Base-LX for fiber-optic cable. Switches help improve network performance by segmenting collision domains and enabling full-duplex transmissions.
This document summarizes key topics in computer networks including:
1. The seven layer OSI protocol stack with examples of what is covered at each layer.
2. Different types of cabling used in networks like copper, fibre optic, and wireless and their characteristics.
3. Common network devices like hubs, bridges, switches, and routers and their functions.
4. Network addressing with MAC addresses, IP addresses, ports, and subnets.
5. Ethernet, TCP/IP, and other common network technologies.
Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method where nodes can sense carrier and detect collisions. It was first defined in 1978 and formed basis for IEEE 802.3 standard. It uses exponential backoff to retry transmission after collisions and is limited to 2500m to ensure collisions can be detected. Ethernet addresses are unique to each adapter and frames contain fields for source, destination, data and error checking.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It begins by stating the goals of the class are to provide a basic understanding of modern networking technology and terminology, as well as an overview of what makes Stanford's network unique. It then discusses various networking models and layers including the OSI and TCP/IP models. It covers physical network components like Ethernet, wireless networks, switches and routers. It also explains key networking protocols like IP addressing, ARP, DNS, and routing. The document is intended to familiarize readers with fundamental networking concepts in a high-level manner.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It begins by stating the goals of the class are to provide a basic understanding of modern networking technology and terminology, as well as an overview of what makes Stanford's network unique. It then discusses various networking models and layers including the OSI and TCP/IP models. It covers physical layer topics such as wired and wireless networking standards. It also discusses data link layer protocols like Ethernet and switching versus hubs. The network layer and IP addressing are explained. The document concludes with an overview of routing and domain name resolution.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It begins by stating the goals of the class are to provide a basic understanding of modern networking technology and terminology, as well as an overview of what makes Stanford's network unique. It then discusses various networking models and layers including the OSI and TCP/IP models. It covers physical networking components like Ethernet, wireless networking, switches and hubs. It also discusses network addressing with MAC addresses, IP addresses, and DNS. The document provides an overview of routing and explains common networking terms.
2. 13-1 IEEE STANDARDS
Ethernet: It is a LAN protocol that is used in Bus and Star
topologies and implements CSMA/CD as the medium access
method
Original (traditional) Ethernet developed in 1980 by
three companies: Digital, Intel, Xerox (DIX).
In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a
project, called Project 802, to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a variety of
manufacturers.
Current version is called IEEE Ethernet
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5. IEEE Ethernet
In IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Data link layer is split into two sublayers:
Bottom part: MAC
The frame is called IEEE 802.3
Handles framing, MAC addressing, Medium Access control
Specific implementation for each LAN p rotocol
Implemented in hardware
Top part: LLC (Logical Link Control)
The subframe is called IEEE 802.2
Provides error and flow control if needed
It makes the MAC sublayer transparent
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Defines CSMA/CD as the access method for Ethernet LANs and Token
passing method for Token Ring.
Allows interconnectivity between different LANs data link layers
Used to multiplex multiple network layer protocols in the data link layer frame
Implemented in software
7. Ethernet Provides Unreliable, connectionless Service
Ethernet data link layer protocol provides
connectionless service to the network layer
No handshaking between sending and receiving
adapter.
Ethernet protocol provides Unreliable service to the
network layer :
Receiving adapter doesn’t send ACK or NAK to
sending adapter
This means stream of datagrams passed to network
layer can have gaps (missing data)
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Gaps will be filled if application is using reliable transport
layer protocol
Otherwise, application will see the gaps
8. Ethernet Frame
Preamble:
8 bytes with pattern 10101010 used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates.
In IEEE 802.3, eighth byte is start of frame (10101011)
Addresses: 6 bytes (explained latter)
Type (DIX)
Indicates the type of the Network layer protocol being carried in the payload
(data) field, mostly IP but others may be supported such as IP (0800), Novell IPX
(8137) and AppleTalk (809B), ARP (0806) )
Allow multiple network layer protocols to be supported on a single machine
(multiplexing)
Its value starts at 0600h (=1536 in decimal)
Length (IEEE 802.3): number of bytes in the data field.
Maximum 1500 bytes (= 05DCh)
CRC: checked at receiver, if error is detected, the frame is discarded
CRC-32
Data: carries data encapsulated from the upper-layer protocols
Pad: Zeros are added to the data field to make the minimum data length = 46 bytes
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9. Ethernet address
Six bytes = 48 bits
Flat address not hierarchical
Burned into the NIC ROM
First three bytes from left specify the vendor.
Cisco 00-00-0C, 3Com 02-60-8C and the last 24 bit
should be created uniquely by the company
Destination Address can be:
Unicast: second digit from left is even (one
recipient)
Multicast: Second digit from left is odd (group
of stations to receive the frame – conferencing
applications)
Broadcast (ALL ones) (all stations receive the
frame)
Source address is always Unicast
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11. Note
The least significant bit of the first byte
defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.
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14. Example 13.2
Show how the address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE is sent out on
line.
Solution
The address is sent left-to-right, byte by byte; for each
byte, it is sent right-to-left, bit by bit, as shown below:
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15. Example 13.1
Define the type of the following destination addresses:
a. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A
b. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the
second hexadecimal digit from the left. If it is even, the
address is unicast. If it is odd, the address is multicast. If
all digits are F’s, the address is broadcast. Therefore, we
have the following:
a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
c. This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s.
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23. 10BaseT
• Uses
twisted pair Cat3 cable
Star-wire topology
• A hub functions as a repeater with additional functions
• Fewer cable problems, easier to troubleshoot than coax
• Cable length at most 100 meters
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26. 13.4 Fast Ethernet
100 Mbps transmission rate
same frame format, media access, and collision
detection rules as 10 Mbps Ethernet
can combine 10 Mbps Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
on same network using a switch
media: twisted pair (CAT 5) or fiber optic cable
(no coax)
Star-wire topology
Similar to 10BASE-T
CAT 3
CAT 5
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29. Full Duplex Operation
Traditional Ethernet is half duplex
Either transmit or receive but not both simultaneously
With full-duplex, station can transmit and receive data simultaneously
With full duplex, Throughput (actual transmission rate) is doubled.
10-Mbps Ethernet in full-duplex mode, theoretical transfer rate
becomes 20 Mbps
100-Mbps Ethernet in full-duplex mode, theoretical transfer rate
becomes 200 Mbps
Changes that should be made with any computer in order to operate
in Full-Duplex Mode
1)
Attached stations must have full-duplex NIC cards
2)
Must use two pairs of wire one pair for transmitting from host to
switch (inbound) and the other pair for transmitting from switch to
host (outbound)
3)
Must use a switch as a central device not a hub
4)
Devices must be connected point-to-point (dedicated) to the switch
Each station constitutes separate collision domain
CSMA/CD algorithm no longer needed (no collision)
No limit on the segment length
Same 802.3 MAC frame format used
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33. Note
In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit
Ethernet, there is no collision;
the maximum length of the cable is
determined by the signal attenuation
in the cable.
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