This document provides an overview of various analysis tools available in EWB software for circuit simulation and analysis. It describes the following analysis types: DC operating point analysis, AC frequency analysis, transient analysis, Fourier analysis, noise analysis, distortion analysis, DC sweep analysis, sensitivity analysis, parameter sweep analysis, temperature sweep analysis, transfer function analysis, worst case analysis, pole zero analysis, and Monte Carlo analysis. For each analysis type, it provides a brief description of the analysis and an example circuit to demonstrate how to set up and interpret the results of that analysis.
The document describes various electronics instruments available in Electronics Workbench (EWB), including a multimeter, function generator, oscilloscope, Bode plotter, frequency counter, logic analyzer, and logic converter. The multimeter measures voltage, current, resistance, and power in AC or DC circuits. The function generator outputs sine, triangular, or square waves. The oscilloscope displays signal magnitudes and frequencies over time. The Bode plotter graphs frequency responses. The frequency counter measures signal frequencies. The logic analyzer displays digital signals, and the logic converter performs logic operations and conversions.
The document discusses several instruments in Electronics Workbench including an IV analyzer, which measures the current-voltage characteristic curves of devices like diodes and transistors, a distortion analyzer, network analyzer, and spectrum analyzer. The spectrum analyzer is used to measure amplitude versus frequency and can determine the existence of harmonics in a signal, which is important for applications like checking cellular systems for interference.
Ecd302 unit 06(tests and trobule shooting tools)Xi Qiu
The document discusses various analysis tools in MultiSIM including parameter sweep analysis and Monte Carlo analysis. Parameter sweep analysis allows the user to vary a component parameter over a range to see its effect on circuit output. Monte Carlo analysis randomly varies component parameters according to a probability distribution to simulate real-world tolerance effects across many trials. An example uses Monte Carlo analysis on a common-emitter amplifier to show that even with a 20% tolerance on transistor beta, the circuit output remains stable.
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(backup)(obsolete)Xi Qiu
EWB Instruments provides various virtual instruments for circuit design and analysis including a multimeter, function generator, oscilloscope, Bode plotter, frequency counter, logic analyzer, and logic converter. These instruments allow users to measure voltage, current, resistance, frequency, and analyze logic circuits through truth tables and Boolean expressions.
Ecd302 unit 05(misc simulation tools)(new version)Xi Qiu
This document describes various simulation tools available in ECD302 including the 555 timer wizard, filter wizard, CE BJT amplifier wizard, component tolerance settings, creating sub-circuits, and post-processing tools. The 555 timer and filter wizards allow designing oscillator and filter circuits by entering specifications. The CE BJT amplifier wizard designs common emitter amplifiers. Component tolerance can be enabled or disabled. Sub-circuits help organize large designs. Post-processing derives new results from simulation data using formulas. An example calculates instantaneous power from measured voltage.
Ecd302 unit 03 (part a)(ewb quick reference)Xi Qiu
This document describes the user interface and components available in Electronics Workbench (EWB). It outlines the menus, toolbar, circuit window, and status line. It provides details on the types of sources, basic components, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, logic gates, digital components, indicators, controls, miscellaneous items, and instruments that can be used in EWB circuits. It also lists some useful analysis features in EWB like DC operating point analysis, AC small-signal analysis, and noise analysis.
The document provides information on various types of input and output devices used in industrial control systems. It discusses binary, digital and analog I/O devices and provides examples. It also describes different types of mechanical switches, sensors, and solid state devices like diodes, transistors, SCRs and triacs. Additionally, it summarizes different photoelectric sensing techniques such as opposed, retroreflective, and proximity modes as well as concepts like effective beam, ambient light receivers and modulated light sources.
The document describes an algorithm for detecting R-peaks in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal using MATLAB. It involves several steps: (1) removing low frequency components from the ECG signal using FFT, (2) finding local maxima using a windowed filter, (3) removing small values and storing significant peaks, (4) adjusting the filter size and repeating steps 2-3. The algorithm is demonstrated on two ECG data samples, showing the processed signal and detected peaks at each step. Finally, the document explains how to implement the algorithm in a neural network using the MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox.
The document describes various electronics instruments available in Electronics Workbench (EWB), including a multimeter, function generator, oscilloscope, Bode plotter, frequency counter, logic analyzer, and logic converter. The multimeter measures voltage, current, resistance, and power in AC or DC circuits. The function generator outputs sine, triangular, or square waves. The oscilloscope displays signal magnitudes and frequencies over time. The Bode plotter graphs frequency responses. The frequency counter measures signal frequencies. The logic analyzer displays digital signals, and the logic converter performs logic operations and conversions.
The document discusses several instruments in Electronics Workbench including an IV analyzer, which measures the current-voltage characteristic curves of devices like diodes and transistors, a distortion analyzer, network analyzer, and spectrum analyzer. The spectrum analyzer is used to measure amplitude versus frequency and can determine the existence of harmonics in a signal, which is important for applications like checking cellular systems for interference.
Ecd302 unit 06(tests and trobule shooting tools)Xi Qiu
The document discusses various analysis tools in MultiSIM including parameter sweep analysis and Monte Carlo analysis. Parameter sweep analysis allows the user to vary a component parameter over a range to see its effect on circuit output. Monte Carlo analysis randomly varies component parameters according to a probability distribution to simulate real-world tolerance effects across many trials. An example uses Monte Carlo analysis on a common-emitter amplifier to show that even with a 20% tolerance on transistor beta, the circuit output remains stable.
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(backup)(obsolete)Xi Qiu
EWB Instruments provides various virtual instruments for circuit design and analysis including a multimeter, function generator, oscilloscope, Bode plotter, frequency counter, logic analyzer, and logic converter. These instruments allow users to measure voltage, current, resistance, frequency, and analyze logic circuits through truth tables and Boolean expressions.
Ecd302 unit 05(misc simulation tools)(new version)Xi Qiu
This document describes various simulation tools available in ECD302 including the 555 timer wizard, filter wizard, CE BJT amplifier wizard, component tolerance settings, creating sub-circuits, and post-processing tools. The 555 timer and filter wizards allow designing oscillator and filter circuits by entering specifications. The CE BJT amplifier wizard designs common emitter amplifiers. Component tolerance can be enabled or disabled. Sub-circuits help organize large designs. Post-processing derives new results from simulation data using formulas. An example calculates instantaneous power from measured voltage.
Ecd302 unit 03 (part a)(ewb quick reference)Xi Qiu
This document describes the user interface and components available in Electronics Workbench (EWB). It outlines the menus, toolbar, circuit window, and status line. It provides details on the types of sources, basic components, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, logic gates, digital components, indicators, controls, miscellaneous items, and instruments that can be used in EWB circuits. It also lists some useful analysis features in EWB like DC operating point analysis, AC small-signal analysis, and noise analysis.
The document provides information on various types of input and output devices used in industrial control systems. It discusses binary, digital and analog I/O devices and provides examples. It also describes different types of mechanical switches, sensors, and solid state devices like diodes, transistors, SCRs and triacs. Additionally, it summarizes different photoelectric sensing techniques such as opposed, retroreflective, and proximity modes as well as concepts like effective beam, ambient light receivers and modulated light sources.
The document describes an algorithm for detecting R-peaks in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal using MATLAB. It involves several steps: (1) removing low frequency components from the ECG signal using FFT, (2) finding local maxima using a windowed filter, (3) removing small values and storing significant peaks, (4) adjusting the filter size and repeating steps 2-3. The algorithm is demonstrated on two ECG data samples, showing the processed signal and detected peaks at each step. Finally, the document explains how to implement the algorithm in a neural network using the MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox.
Data acquisition involves sampling signals from the physical world, converting the analog signals to digital numeric values, and processing the data with a computer. Key aspects of data acquisition systems include transducers that sense physical variables and convert them to electrical signals, signal conditioning to prepare analog signals for analog-to-digital conversion, analog-to-digital converters that change analog signals to digital values, sampling the signals at a sufficient rate to avoid aliasing, and using DAQ software and hardware to interface with a computer for processing, analyzing, storing and displaying the acquired data.
This document provides an overview of PSPICE, a circuit simulation software. It describes how PSPICE can be used to simulate analog circuits, analyze circuit behavior, and visualize output through graphical plots. Key features of PSPICE include its ability to simulate circuit components like resistors, capacitors, transistors, and operational amplifiers. It also allows various types of circuit analyses, including DC, AC, transient, and Fourier analyses. The document provides examples of basic PSPICE commands and syntax for defining circuit elements and performing simulations.
This document describes the design of a frequency counter that uses an 8051 microcontroller. It includes:
- A block diagram showing the microcontroller is connected to an LCD display, CRO, and power supply to determine and display the input frequency.
- Descriptions of the hardware components including the 8051 microcontroller, counters, prescalers, amplifiers, and an LCD display.
- Explanations of the direct counting and reciprocal methods used to measure frequency.
- Details of the software modes for frequency counting and time interval measurement.
The document provides instructions for using an Arduino board as a frequency counter. It outlines the objectives, equipment needed including an Arduino board, signal generator, and oscilloscope. It describes how to program the Arduino with an interrupt service routine to count pulses and estimate frequency. Learners will connect the signal generator to the Arduino, observe waveforms on the oscilloscope, and take measurements to analyze the accuracy of frequency readings from the Arduino over different input frequencies.
Electronic test equipment is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic devices to test proper operation or locate faults. Basic test equipment includes voltmeters, ohmmeters, ammeters, multimeters, and LCR meters. A voltmeter measures voltage, an ohmmeter measures resistance, and an ammeter measures current. Multimeters can measure voltage, current, and resistance in one device. An LCR meter measures the inductance, capacitance, and resistance of electronic components. Electronic test equipment comes in both analog and digital forms and can be either bench-top models for fixed use or handheld models for portability.
Digital frequency meters can measure frequencies from 10 Hz to 12.5 MHz with sensitivities as low as 100 mV rms. They contain input amplifiers, pulse-forming circuits, and cascaded ring counting units to count input pulses and display the frequency digitally. Errors may occur due to quantization effects, time base inaccuracies, and trigger noise. Applications include frequency counting, precision radar measurements, and transducer-based physical measurements like speed, pressure, temperature and more.
This document provides an overview of using PSPICE, a circuit simulation software, to simulate electrical circuits. It discusses that PSPICE was developed based on SPICE and is used to model circuit behavior before physical implementation. It then describes how to install PSPICE, prepare a circuit for simulation by entering components and settings, and run different types of analyses like DC, transient, and AC simulations. An example of simulating a simple clipper circuit is also provided.
This document discusses detecting R-peaks in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal using MATLAB. It describes the basic task of ECG processing as R-peak detection and some challenges like irregular peaks and breathing noise. The key steps are presented as removing low frequencies, applying a window filter twice to detect peaks, and optimizing the filter window size. Code examples are provided to demonstrate the processing pipeline on two ECG samples, showing the original signal and results of each step. The document concludes by instructing the reader to type "ecgdemo" in the MATLAB command window to run the code.
This document summarizes key concepts related to signal conditioning. It discusses how signals from transducers need to be conditioned through amplification and other processes before being transmitted and displayed. It covers categories of signal conditioning techniques including linear processes like amplification using operational amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers. It also discusses sources of noise like thermal noise and shot noise, as well as how to calculate signal-to-noise ratio. Key elements of instrumentation amplifiers are explained, including their practical applications and advantages over ordinary op-amps.
The document discusses sensors, actuators, and input/output devices used in computer-controlled processes. It describes:
1) Sensors that measure continuous and discrete process variables and transmit signals to computers.
2) Actuators that receive signals from computers to control continuous and discrete process parameters.
3) Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion devices that allow computers to interface with analog sensors and actuators.
4) Input/output devices that allow computers to interface with discrete and pulse data from processes.
This document describes an ECG simulator created in MATLAB. It uses Fourier series analysis to generate the typical waves that make up an ECG signal, including the P, Q, R, S and T waves. The simulator allows the user to input heart rate and amplitude/duration values for each wave. Code files implement functions to generate the individual waves based on Fourier series, which are then summed to produce the full ECG waveform. The output provides a simulated normal lead II ECG signal.
This document describes a frequency meter project that uses an 8051 microcontroller to determine and display the frequency of an input power source. It works by using a counter to accumulate the number of events within a time period, then displaying the value on an LCD screen. The circuit includes an 8051 microcontroller, LCD display, cathode ray oscilloscope to view the waveform, and a variable power supply. Frequency counters are commonly used to directly measure oscillator and transmitter frequencies in applications like laboratories, function generators, and as counters.
The document discusses timers in the 8051 microcontroller. It covers the following key points:
- The 8051 has two timers, T0 and T1, that can be configured as event counters or timers.
- Special function registers are used to control the timers' modes, counts, flags, and interrupts.
- Timers count up and set flags when they overflow from their maximum count to 0.
- Interrupts must be enabled for the timers and their overflow flags to trigger an interrupt service routine.
- Reading the two bytes that make up a timer's count requires care to avoid inconsistencies due to the counter changing between reads.
This document discusses measurement systems and signal conditioning. It defines key terms like measurement, instrumentation, variables, and data. It then describes the general structure of a measuring system with three stages: detection, signal conditioning, and display. It discusses different types of signal conditioning like amplification, protection, and elimination of interference. Different excitation sources and types of amplifiers are also summarized, including mechanical, fluid, optical, and electrical/electronic amplifiers. Finally, it briefly covers modulated and unmodulated signals.
The document discusses different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs). It describes 6 main types - counter/ramp ADC, tracking ADC, successive approximation ADC, flash ADC, delta-sigma ADC, and dual slope integrating ADC. For each type it provides a brief overview of the operating principle and block diagram. It also discusses important ADC specifications and parameters such as resolution, quantization error, dynamic range, signal to noise ratio, aperture delay etc.
This document provides an overview of PSPICE and how to use it to simulate analog circuits. It describes the different types of input files for PSPICE, how to define circuit components and models, and the various analysis statements like .OP, .DC, .AC, and .TRAN to set up DC operating point, DC sweep, AC, and transient analyses respectively. It also covers topics like subcircuits, semiconductor device models, and scale factors for numbers in PSPICE.
An electric circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons.
The document discusses the equivalent circuit model of a transformer.
1) The equivalent circuit accounts for copper losses in the primary and secondary windings, eddy current losses in the core, hysteresis losses in the core, and leakage fluxes between the primary and secondary coils.
2) Key components of the equivalent circuit model include resistances to represent copper losses, inductances to represent the effects of mutual and leakage fluxes, and a resistance and inductance in parallel to represent core losses and excitation.
3) Test procedures for determining the parameters of the equivalent circuit model are described, including open circuit and short circuit tests to calculate resistance, reactance, and impedance values.
Data acquisition involves sampling signals from the physical world, converting the analog signals to digital numeric values, and processing the data with a computer. Key aspects of data acquisition systems include transducers that sense physical variables and convert them to electrical signals, signal conditioning to prepare analog signals for analog-to-digital conversion, analog-to-digital converters that change analog signals to digital values, sampling the signals at a sufficient rate to avoid aliasing, and using DAQ software and hardware to interface with a computer for processing, analyzing, storing and displaying the acquired data.
This document provides an overview of PSPICE, a circuit simulation software. It describes how PSPICE can be used to simulate analog circuits, analyze circuit behavior, and visualize output through graphical plots. Key features of PSPICE include its ability to simulate circuit components like resistors, capacitors, transistors, and operational amplifiers. It also allows various types of circuit analyses, including DC, AC, transient, and Fourier analyses. The document provides examples of basic PSPICE commands and syntax for defining circuit elements and performing simulations.
This document describes the design of a frequency counter that uses an 8051 microcontroller. It includes:
- A block diagram showing the microcontroller is connected to an LCD display, CRO, and power supply to determine and display the input frequency.
- Descriptions of the hardware components including the 8051 microcontroller, counters, prescalers, amplifiers, and an LCD display.
- Explanations of the direct counting and reciprocal methods used to measure frequency.
- Details of the software modes for frequency counting and time interval measurement.
The document provides instructions for using an Arduino board as a frequency counter. It outlines the objectives, equipment needed including an Arduino board, signal generator, and oscilloscope. It describes how to program the Arduino with an interrupt service routine to count pulses and estimate frequency. Learners will connect the signal generator to the Arduino, observe waveforms on the oscilloscope, and take measurements to analyze the accuracy of frequency readings from the Arduino over different input frequencies.
Electronic test equipment is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic devices to test proper operation or locate faults. Basic test equipment includes voltmeters, ohmmeters, ammeters, multimeters, and LCR meters. A voltmeter measures voltage, an ohmmeter measures resistance, and an ammeter measures current. Multimeters can measure voltage, current, and resistance in one device. An LCR meter measures the inductance, capacitance, and resistance of electronic components. Electronic test equipment comes in both analog and digital forms and can be either bench-top models for fixed use or handheld models for portability.
Digital frequency meters can measure frequencies from 10 Hz to 12.5 MHz with sensitivities as low as 100 mV rms. They contain input amplifiers, pulse-forming circuits, and cascaded ring counting units to count input pulses and display the frequency digitally. Errors may occur due to quantization effects, time base inaccuracies, and trigger noise. Applications include frequency counting, precision radar measurements, and transducer-based physical measurements like speed, pressure, temperature and more.
This document provides an overview of using PSPICE, a circuit simulation software, to simulate electrical circuits. It discusses that PSPICE was developed based on SPICE and is used to model circuit behavior before physical implementation. It then describes how to install PSPICE, prepare a circuit for simulation by entering components and settings, and run different types of analyses like DC, transient, and AC simulations. An example of simulating a simple clipper circuit is also provided.
This document discusses detecting R-peaks in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal using MATLAB. It describes the basic task of ECG processing as R-peak detection and some challenges like irregular peaks and breathing noise. The key steps are presented as removing low frequencies, applying a window filter twice to detect peaks, and optimizing the filter window size. Code examples are provided to demonstrate the processing pipeline on two ECG samples, showing the original signal and results of each step. The document concludes by instructing the reader to type "ecgdemo" in the MATLAB command window to run the code.
This document summarizes key concepts related to signal conditioning. It discusses how signals from transducers need to be conditioned through amplification and other processes before being transmitted and displayed. It covers categories of signal conditioning techniques including linear processes like amplification using operational amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers. It also discusses sources of noise like thermal noise and shot noise, as well as how to calculate signal-to-noise ratio. Key elements of instrumentation amplifiers are explained, including their practical applications and advantages over ordinary op-amps.
The document discusses sensors, actuators, and input/output devices used in computer-controlled processes. It describes:
1) Sensors that measure continuous and discrete process variables and transmit signals to computers.
2) Actuators that receive signals from computers to control continuous and discrete process parameters.
3) Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion devices that allow computers to interface with analog sensors and actuators.
4) Input/output devices that allow computers to interface with discrete and pulse data from processes.
This document describes an ECG simulator created in MATLAB. It uses Fourier series analysis to generate the typical waves that make up an ECG signal, including the P, Q, R, S and T waves. The simulator allows the user to input heart rate and amplitude/duration values for each wave. Code files implement functions to generate the individual waves based on Fourier series, which are then summed to produce the full ECG waveform. The output provides a simulated normal lead II ECG signal.
This document describes a frequency meter project that uses an 8051 microcontroller to determine and display the frequency of an input power source. It works by using a counter to accumulate the number of events within a time period, then displaying the value on an LCD screen. The circuit includes an 8051 microcontroller, LCD display, cathode ray oscilloscope to view the waveform, and a variable power supply. Frequency counters are commonly used to directly measure oscillator and transmitter frequencies in applications like laboratories, function generators, and as counters.
The document discusses timers in the 8051 microcontroller. It covers the following key points:
- The 8051 has two timers, T0 and T1, that can be configured as event counters or timers.
- Special function registers are used to control the timers' modes, counts, flags, and interrupts.
- Timers count up and set flags when they overflow from their maximum count to 0.
- Interrupts must be enabled for the timers and their overflow flags to trigger an interrupt service routine.
- Reading the two bytes that make up a timer's count requires care to avoid inconsistencies due to the counter changing between reads.
This document discusses measurement systems and signal conditioning. It defines key terms like measurement, instrumentation, variables, and data. It then describes the general structure of a measuring system with three stages: detection, signal conditioning, and display. It discusses different types of signal conditioning like amplification, protection, and elimination of interference. Different excitation sources and types of amplifiers are also summarized, including mechanical, fluid, optical, and electrical/electronic amplifiers. Finally, it briefly covers modulated and unmodulated signals.
The document discusses different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs). It describes 6 main types - counter/ramp ADC, tracking ADC, successive approximation ADC, flash ADC, delta-sigma ADC, and dual slope integrating ADC. For each type it provides a brief overview of the operating principle and block diagram. It also discusses important ADC specifications and parameters such as resolution, quantization error, dynamic range, signal to noise ratio, aperture delay etc.
This document provides an overview of PSPICE and how to use it to simulate analog circuits. It describes the different types of input files for PSPICE, how to define circuit components and models, and the various analysis statements like .OP, .DC, .AC, and .TRAN to set up DC operating point, DC sweep, AC, and transient analyses respectively. It also covers topics like subcircuits, semiconductor device models, and scale factors for numbers in PSPICE.
An electric circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons.
The document discusses the equivalent circuit model of a transformer.
1) The equivalent circuit accounts for copper losses in the primary and secondary windings, eddy current losses in the core, hysteresis losses in the core, and leakage fluxes between the primary and secondary coils.
2) Key components of the equivalent circuit model include resistances to represent copper losses, inductances to represent the effects of mutual and leakage fluxes, and a resistance and inductance in parallel to represent core losses and excitation.
3) Test procedures for determining the parameters of the equivalent circuit model are described, including open circuit and short circuit tests to calculate resistance, reactance, and impedance values.
This document provides an introduction to sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus, and a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. The document then discusses different types of sensors classified by their energy form, including displacement, force, pressure, velocity, and level sensors. It provides examples of common sensor types like potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, optical encoders, and piezoelectric sensors. Finally, it covers the topic of signal conditioning, where the signal from the sensor is prepared for use in other parts of a system.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems.
1) The document is a lab manual for an Electrical Engineering measurement lab course. It details 10 experiments involving measuring devices like oscilloscopes, multimeters, and bridges.
2) The first experiment involves studying oscilloscopes, their working principles, and different types of probes. Block diagrams and features of oscilloscopes are described.
3) Power factor is defined as the ratio between real power and apparent power. A power factor meter and phase shifter circuit are explained along with calculations for power factor correction by adding a capacitor.
This document discusses signal conditioning, which involves processing sensor output signals to prepare them for the next stage of a measurement system. Common issues with raw sensor outputs are low amplitude, noise, and incorrect voltage/current form. Signal conditioning circuits are used to amplify, filter, convert, and isolate signals to meet requirements. Processes like amplification, filtering, attenuation, linearization, and bridge completion are described. Signal conditioning is necessary to convert sensor outputs into a form that can be accurately measured, processed, transmitted, and stored in digital systems.
- The document summarizes transistor fundamentals, including the invention of the transistor, its basic construction and operation, and different transistor configurations like common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector.
- It discusses key transistor parameters like current gain (β), maximum voltage and current ratings, and biasing requirements to operate transistors in the active region.
- Simulation results are presented to demonstrate a transistor functioning as an amplifier in the common-emitter configuration.
Sensors for Biomedical Devices and systemsGunjan Patel
This document provides an overview of sensors used in biomedical devices and systems. It begins by defining key terms like sensor, transducer, and actuator. It then discusses different types of sensors like active and passive sensors. Examples of commonly used biomedical sensors are presented. Sources of sensor error and important sensor terminology are explained. The document provides details on displacement transducers, piezoelectric transducers, and strain gauges. It also describes the Wheatstone bridge circuit configuration often used with biomedical sensors.
This chapter discusses semiconductor devices and motor controlling. It describes how diodes can be used for rectification to convert AC to DC. Bipolar junction transistors are also covered, including their construction, modes of operation, characteristics, and use in amplifiers. Operational amplifiers are introduced as high gain differential amplifiers. The chapter concludes with discussions of using transistors as switches to control DC motor speed through pulse-width modulation and using an H-bridge for motor direction control. Stepper motors and circuits for position and speed control are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of signal conditioning circuits used in electrical measurement systems. It introduces bridge circuits, amplifiers, and filters. For bridge circuits, it covers Wheatstone bridges, current balance bridges, and their applications in potential measurements. For amplifiers, it discusses op-amp characteristics and various circuit configurations like summing amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, and differential amplifiers. It also introduces integrators, differentiators, and linearization circuits. Finally, it covers low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject, and twin-T notch filters, discussing their transfer functions and applications. Several examples and exercises are provided to illustrate the design and analysis of these signal conditioning circuits.
Transistor cb cc ce power point transistor2004akkuu
This document discusses transistor configurations and biasing. It describes the common base, common emitter, and common collector configurations. It explains how biasing circuits like fixed bias, collector feedback bias, and voltage divider bias can stabilize the operating point. Thermal runaway and the use of heat sinks are also covered. Single-stage amplifiers using common emitter configuration with input and output coupling capacitors are discussed. Finally, the concepts of frequency response and bandwidth are introduced.
Gate Pulse Triggering of Single Phase Thyristor Circuit through Opto-CouplingNusrat Mary
The document discusses a thyristor-based controlled rectifier circuit for high voltage DC transmission. It uses opto-couplers to isolate the thyristor triggering circuit from the high voltage AC input. Simulation results using Proteus show that varying the firing angle of the thyristors produces rectified outputs with different voltage levels and ripple factors. Thyristors allow controlled rectification with benefits of efficiency and reliability over uncontrolled rectification for applications like HVDC transmission.
Assignment 1 Description Marks out of Wtg() Due date .docxfredharris32
Assignment 1
Description Marks out of Wtg(%) Due date
Assignment 1 200 20 28 August 2015
Part A: Comparators and Switching (5%)
(1) Signal limit detector
Use a 339 comparator, a single 74LS02 quad NOR gate and a +5V power supply only to
design a circuit which will detect when a voltage goes outside the range +2.5V to +3.5V
and such that an LED lights and stays lit. Provide a manual reset to extinguish the LED.
Design hints
1. The circuit has an analog input and a digital output so some form of comparator circuit
is required. There are two thresholds so two comparators are required, with the analog
input applied to both. This arrangement is sometimes known as a window detector.
2. Arrange the output of the comparators to be +5V logic levels, and combine the two
outputs logically to produce one signal which is for example, high for out-of-range, and
low for within-range.
3. Latch the change from in-range to out-of-range.
Design procedure
1. Start at the output and work backwards.
2. Select a latch circuit (flip-flop) and determine what combinations of inputs are needed to
latch and then reset it, ensuring that the LED is connected correctly with regard to both
logic and current flow.
3. Determine the logic needed to combine two comparator outputs in such a way as to
correctly operate the latch.
4. Choose comparator outputs which will correctly drive the logic. Remember that the
reference voltage at the input of the comparator may be at either the + or – input.
5. Choose resistors to provide the correct reference voltages.
Note: You will need to consult data for both the 74LS02 and the 339 (see data sheets).
Test
It is strongly recommended that you assemble and test your circuit.
(2) MOSFET Switching
Find out information on the operation of, and configuring of, MOSFETs to be used in
switching circuits. In particular note the differences between BJTs and MOSFETs in this
role. Draw up a table to highlight the differences and hence the pros and cons on each
device for particular situations (eg. Switching high-to-low or low-to-high (ie. P or N type),
high or low current switching, low or high voltage switching).
Consider the following BJT switching circuit. Analyse the operation of the circuit to
understand the parameters involved. Choose suitable replacement MOSFETs to be used
ELE2504 – Electronic design and analysis 2
instead of the output switching BJTs in the given circuit. Include any necessary circuit
changes for the new devices to operate so as to maintain the circuit’s required parameters.
Where Vcc = 12V and Relay resistance = 15Ω .
ELE2504 – Electronic design and analysis 3
Part B: Transistor amplifier design (6%)
Design and test a common emitter amplifier using the circuit shown and the selected
specifications.
Specifications
Get your own spec ...
Ece 523 project – fully differential two stage telescopic op ampKarthik Rathinavel
• Designed a two stage op-amp with first stage as a telescopic amplifier and second stage being a common source, in Cadence.
• Simulated the loop characteristics of the amplifier to have atleast 100 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth, 65 dB gain and 60º phase margin (both differential loop and Common Mode) for three temperature (27,-40,100) corners.
• Extracted the layout of the design in Virtuoso (after passing DRC an LVS) and simulated the differential loop performances of the extracted netlist.
• Designed a third order Butterworth filter with 100 KHz corner frequency using the op-amp.
1) The document describes an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit that compresses an input dynamic range of 77dB to a narrower 57-dB internal dynamic range. It uses a transconductance-resistance variable gain amplifier (VGA) whose gain is regulated using a trans-linear compression circuit.
2) It also describes a maximum gain circuit that enforces a maximum gain by comparing the gain current to a maximum current value.
3) The document discusses techniques to obtain a wide linear range (WLR) output for the VGA, including source degeneration, gate degeneration, and bump linearization applied to a differential transistor pair. Experimental results showed these techniques extended the linear range.
Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are three-terminal semiconductor devices consisting of two pn junctions. There are two common types, NPN and PNP, distinguished by the order of semiconductor layers. BJTs can operate as amplifiers or switches by controlling the base current to modulate the collector current. Proper biasing is required to operate the transistor in its active region between cutoff and saturation. The common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector configurations determine how the transistor is used in a circuit and its input/output characteristics.
This document presents the design of a high performance folded cascade OTA and sample and hold circuit. The OTA is designed to achieve 10-bit resolution while operating at a 28 MHz sampling frequency. Simulation results show the OTA achieves a high open loop gain of 72 dB and bandwidth of 112 MHz, with a phase margin of 73 degrees. A low resistance transmission gate switch is designed to reduce charge injection and clock feedthrough effects during sampling. The circuit is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology.
2. Analysis Tools
• Three major types of analysis:
– DC analysis
– AC analysis
– Transient analysis
3. A Quick Tour of the Analysis
EWB does this…
When you choose… DC
Analysis
AC
Analysis
Transient
DC Operating Point Yes
AC Frequency 1st
2nd
Transient 1st
2nd
Fourier Yes
Noise 1st
2nd
Distortion 1st
2nd
Parameter Sweep Optional
Sweep
Optional
Sweep
Optional
Sweep
Temperature Sweep Optional
Sweep
Optional
Sweep
Optional
Sweep
4. A Quick Tour of the Analysis
EWB does this…
When you choose… DC
Analysis
AC
Analysis
Transient
Pole Zero Yes
Transfer Function Yes
DC Sensitive Yes
AC Sensitive 1st
2nd
Monte Carlo Optional Optional Optional
Worst Case Optional Optional Optional
5. DC Operating Point Analysis
• To determines the DC operating point of a circuit.
• Results are DC node voltages and branch currents.
Setting for DC analysis:
– AC sources are zeroed out.
– Steady state is assumed:
• Capacitors are open circuits.
• Inductors are short circuits.
– Assumptions:
Digital components (such as IC’s) are treated as large resistances to
ground.
7. Setting DC Operating Point analysis parameters
• There is no analysis parameters to be set.
• User able to select which voltages or branches to
analyze.
Available voltage
nodes
Available Current
branches
Selected
variable for
analysis
8. DC Operating Point analysis result
Volt
Ampere
Direct measurement to
the original circuit would
not obtain these results.
9. Example: Colpitts Oscillator
When running DC Operating Point
Analysis, Multisim reduces the
circuit like below:
Output voltage
Collector Current
10. AC Frequency Analysis
• To determines how the circuit behave to a range of
frequency.
Setting for AC analysis:
• The DC operating point is first obtained for non-linear
circuit.
• All input sources are considered to be sinusoidal.
• The frequency of the sources is ignored.
• The AC simulation is done based on a sweep over a range
of frequencies.
11. AC Frequency Analysis
• Assumptions:
Analogue circuits, small signal.
Digital components are treated as large resistances to
ground.
• The result is displayed on two graphs:
– Gain versus Frequency
– Phase versus Frequency
Similar to using Bode
Plotter for measurement
14. Result
What can you comment for this frequency
range?
Is this a
distortion?
Gain
versus
frequency
Phase
versus
frequency
15. Transient Analysis
• Also called Time-domain analysis.
• Closely simulates the phenomena seen in the real circuit
by means of an oscilloscope.
• To determines how the circuit behave over time.
• A simulation consists usually of a time sweep starting at
time, t = 0.
• The result of the transient analysis is a graph of voltage
versus time.
18. Result
Input voltage signal (Vin)
Output voltage signal (Vout)
What can you comment on the circuit response time?
19. Fourier Analysis
• A method to analyze complex periodic waveforms.
• It permits any complex periodic waveforms to be
resolved into sine or cosine waves and a DC component.
• This permits further analysis and allows you to determine
the effect of combining the waveform with other signals.
20. Fourier Analysis
• The Fourier analysis is basically the same as
spectrum analyzer.
• The only difference is, the spectrum analyzer runs
continuously, reflecting any changes in the
harmonics of the input waveform, whereas the
Fourier analysis performs the analysis only within a
specified period of time.
21. Setting
• Do not worry about setting the frequency resolution.
When not sure what to do, just press the “estimate”
button to have the software estimate for you.
22. Estimate
• The software estimated the fundamental frequency of our complex
waveform to be 5 kHz.
• Isn’t our lowest frequency 10 kHz? Well, yes, but that is not the
fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency should be the
lowest common factor of all the frequencies. In this case, precisely
5 kHz.
23. Number of harmonics
• In our case, we need at least 10 harmonics to show the
50 kHz harmonic. (Our fundamental is 5 kHz, so 50 kHz
is the 10th
harmonic.) But we will set the number of
harmonic to 20, assuming we do not know the answer.
24. Stopping time
• As mentioned before, fourier analysis is only performed
for a fixed period of time. So, we need to specify that
period of time as well. Let us make our setting as 0.01
s:
25. Specifying output
• You need to also specify the output node of your
circuit. In this case, node 5.
26. Results of Fourier analysis:
Need to scroll down to show
the third component (which is
the 10th
harmonic)
27. Noise Analysis
• Noise is any undesired voltage or current appearing in the
output.
• One common result of noise is “snowy” television
reception caused by fluctuations across all frequencies of
TV signal.
• Multisim can model 3 kinds of noise:
– Thermal noise
– Shot noise
– Flicker noise
28. Noise Analysis
• Thermal noise
– Is temperature dependent and caused by the thermal
interaction between free electrons and vibrating ions in a
conductor.
– Its frequency content is spread equally throughout the
spectrum.
29. Noise Analysis
• Shot noise
– Cause by the discrete-particle nature of the current carriers in
all forms of semiconductors.
– The major cause of transistor noise.
– The equation for shot noise in a diode is given as below.
– For other devices such as transistors, no valid formula is
available. Provided in manufacturer’s data sheet.
30. Noise Analysis
• Flicker noise
– Also known as excess noise, pink noise or 1/f noise.
– Present in BJT and FET and occurs at frequencies below 1kHz.
– It is inversely proportional to frequency and directly
proportional to temperature and DC current levels.
34. Distortion Analysis
• Distortion analysis is a type of transient analysis that
applies a single frequency sinusoidal signal to the input
source and measures the resulting distortion in the
specified output.
• Signal distortions are usually the result of gain non
linearity or phase non uniformity in a circuit. Nonlinear
gain causes harmonic distortion, while non uniform
phase causes inter modulation distortion.
• Distortion analysis is useful for investigating small
amounts of distortion that are normally un-resolvable in
transient analysis.
38. DC sweep analysis
• To quickly determines the DC operating point of your
circuit by simulating it across a range of values for 1 or
2 DC sources.
• The effect is the same as simulating the circuit using DC
operating point analysis several times with different
values.
42. Sensitivity analysis (DC and AC)
• Sensitivity analysis help to identify the components
which affect a circuit’s DC bias point the most.
• This will focus efforts on reducing the sensitivity of the
circuit to component variations (or drifting).
• It may provide evidence that a design is too
conservative and that less expensive components, with
more variation may be used.
46. Parameter Sweep Analysis
• A function that able to perform 3 types of sweeps:
– DC operating point analysis
– Transient analysis
– AC frequency analysis
• You will find that some components have more
parameters to perform a sweep. While others, such as
inductors has only inductance available as a parameter
for analysis.
50. Temperature Sweep Analysis
• Quick verification of circuit behaviour towards
temperature changes.
• Similar to simulating the circuit several times, once for
each different temperature.
• Default temperature is 27°C.
• Default temperature may be changed from the Analysis
Options’ Global tab.
54. Transfer function analysis
• Transfer function analysis calculates the DC small-signal
transfer function between an input source and two
output nodes (for voltage) or an output variable (for
current) in a circuit.
• It also calculates input and output resistances.
58. Worst case analysis
• Worst case analysis is a statistical analysis that lets you
explore the worst possible effects of variations in
component parameters on the performance of a circuit.
62. Pole Zero Analysis
• Finds the poles and zeros in the small-signal AC transfer
function of a circuit.
• Useful in determining the stability of electronic circuits.
Stable circuits should have poles on negative real parts.
• Note: May occasionally receive message such as:
“Pole-zero iteration limit reached, giving up after 200 iteration”
Even with this message, the analysis may still have found
all the poles and zeros.
66. Monte Carlo Analyses
• Statistical analysis that allows explorations in affects
brought by component properties variations.
• The first simulation is always performed with nominal
values.
• For the rest of the simulations, a delta value is randomly
added to or subtracted from the nominal value.
• The tolerance percentage is applied globally.