D2 steel is an air hardening, high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel. It has high wear and abrasion resistant properties. It is heat treatable and will offer a hardness in the range 55-62 HRC, and is machinable in the annealed condition.
The document summarizes the design of a steel exhibition building with a circular plan. It describes the architectural features of the building including the dimensions of the exhibition hall and stalls. It then discusses the structural analysis conducted using STAAD Pro software and consideration of various loads. Next, it details the design of key structural elements like curved beams, trusses, bracings, columns, and base plates. Design calculations are provided for the curved beams. Finally, it provides a bill of materials and concluding remarks on the benefits of the tubular structural design.
This document discusses the effects of three alloying elements - nickel, chromium, and tungsten. It describes how each element affects the properties of alloys when added in small quantities. Nickel increases corrosion resistance and ductility when added to stainless steel. Chromium allows the formation of a passive oxide layer that protects against corrosion when included in stainless steel above 11%. Tungsten forms extremely hard carbides and is used to strengthen high-speed steels and tooling materials.
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
The document discusses the specifications and construction of grinding wheels. It states that a grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains and a bond that holds the grains together. The abrasive grains can be natural or synthetic and come in various sizes that determine stock removal rate and surface finish. The bond type and wheel structure also influence the grinding process. Proper wheel selection depends on factors like the material, operation, and required surface quality.
The document discusses non-ferrous metals and focuses on aluminium. It defines metals and classifies them as ferrous and non-ferrous. For aluminium, it describes its properties, common uses in construction, how it is extracted from bauxite ore and manufactured, and why it is widely used in the building industry due to properties like durability, flexibility, strength to weight ratio, and recyclability.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang uji kuat tarik yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui kuat tarik bahan berbentuk silinder secara tidak langsung menggunakan mesin tekan. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kuat tarik antara lain kadar karbon, heat treatment, bidang slip, homogenitas, kecepatan pendinginan, konduktivitas termal, unsur paduan, ukuran butir dan dimensi bahan. Tujuan pengujian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kuat t
1. This document discusses structural theories and applications of steel as a material. It provides an overview of the physical and mechanical properties of steel, how steel is produced, basic grades of steel, common steel sections, fire protection methods for steel structures, and the form of steel structures.
2. The document includes sections on the brief history of steel production, how steel durability is influenced by exposure conditions and treatment, elasticity properties of steel, measurement systems used to define steel properties, and concludes with advantages and disadvantages of steel structures.
3. References are provided and the document contains tables of contents and figures to illustrate steel properties and structural concepts.
This document provides information on steel and stainless steel. It discusses the composition of steel as an alloy of iron and carbon, and stainless steel as containing a minimum of 10.5% chromium. It describes the properties and applications of different types and grades of steel and stainless steel, including in construction materials, appliances, transportation, infrastructure, and more. It also discusses the manufacturing process for steel and provides examples of architectural and structural uses of stainless steel.
The document summarizes the design of a steel exhibition building with a circular plan. It describes the architectural features of the building including the dimensions of the exhibition hall and stalls. It then discusses the structural analysis conducted using STAAD Pro software and consideration of various loads. Next, it details the design of key structural elements like curved beams, trusses, bracings, columns, and base plates. Design calculations are provided for the curved beams. Finally, it provides a bill of materials and concluding remarks on the benefits of the tubular structural design.
This document discusses the effects of three alloying elements - nickel, chromium, and tungsten. It describes how each element affects the properties of alloys when added in small quantities. Nickel increases corrosion resistance and ductility when added to stainless steel. Chromium allows the formation of a passive oxide layer that protects against corrosion when included in stainless steel above 11%. Tungsten forms extremely hard carbides and is used to strengthen high-speed steels and tooling materials.
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
The document discusses the specifications and construction of grinding wheels. It states that a grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains and a bond that holds the grains together. The abrasive grains can be natural or synthetic and come in various sizes that determine stock removal rate and surface finish. The bond type and wheel structure also influence the grinding process. Proper wheel selection depends on factors like the material, operation, and required surface quality.
The document discusses non-ferrous metals and focuses on aluminium. It defines metals and classifies them as ferrous and non-ferrous. For aluminium, it describes its properties, common uses in construction, how it is extracted from bauxite ore and manufactured, and why it is widely used in the building industry due to properties like durability, flexibility, strength to weight ratio, and recyclability.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang uji kuat tarik yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui kuat tarik bahan berbentuk silinder secara tidak langsung menggunakan mesin tekan. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kuat tarik antara lain kadar karbon, heat treatment, bidang slip, homogenitas, kecepatan pendinginan, konduktivitas termal, unsur paduan, ukuran butir dan dimensi bahan. Tujuan pengujian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kuat t
1. This document discusses structural theories and applications of steel as a material. It provides an overview of the physical and mechanical properties of steel, how steel is produced, basic grades of steel, common steel sections, fire protection methods for steel structures, and the form of steel structures.
2. The document includes sections on the brief history of steel production, how steel durability is influenced by exposure conditions and treatment, elasticity properties of steel, measurement systems used to define steel properties, and concludes with advantages and disadvantages of steel structures.
3. References are provided and the document contains tables of contents and figures to illustrate steel properties and structural concepts.
This document provides information on steel and stainless steel. It discusses the composition of steel as an alloy of iron and carbon, and stainless steel as containing a minimum of 10.5% chromium. It describes the properties and applications of different types and grades of steel and stainless steel, including in construction materials, appliances, transportation, infrastructure, and more. It also discusses the manufacturing process for steel and provides examples of architectural and structural uses of stainless steel.
This document provides lecture notes on machine tools. It begins with an introduction to machine tools and metalworking processes such as turning, drilling, and milling. It then discusses the principles and requirements of machining, including firmly holding the workpiece and tool and providing controlled relative motion. The document categorizes machine tools based on various factors like purpose, automation, size, and precision. It also describes cutting tool geometry, specifying tools using angles like rake and clearance angles. Finally, it discusses chip formation during machining operations.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
Presentation for selection of Parameters for Motorsized 10T Bogie Turn Table, to be installed at Jhansi - to arrive at right decision by User. The presentation will be useful to Railway Engineers - for planning the Equipment for manufacturing and Maintenance of components for Railway Equipment.
The document discusses various metals and their common uses. It describes steel as the most commonly used metal and its applications in structures. Stainless steel is listed as a mixture of steel and chromium that does not rust. High speed steel is a material used for cutting tools that can withstand high temperatures without losing hardness. Cast iron is a mixture of iron and carbon used in parts that require high strength under compression like engine blocks.
This document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the microstructure and properties of metals. It defines heat treatment as heating a metal to a specified temperature, keeping it at that temperature for a period of time, then cooling at a specified rate. The key heat treatments covered are annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and precipitation hardening. Each treatment involves different combinations of temperature, time, and cooling rate to achieve desired properties such as increased ductility, toughness, hardness, or reduced brittleness.
1. Carbon steels are classified as mild, medium, and high carbon based on their carbon content ranging from 0.05% to 1.5%. Mild steels contain up to 0.3% carbon, medium steels contain 0.3-0.7% carbon, and high carbon steels contain 0.7-1.5% carbon.
2. Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements added in amounts exceeding 1% to improve properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardenability. Common alloying elements include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium.
3. Stainless steels contain a minimum of 11.5% chromium which
This document provides an overview of steels, including their classification, composition, microstructure, and properties. Steels are classified based on their carbon content as low carbon (<0.3% C), medium carbon (0.3-0.6% C), high carbon (0.6-1.0% C), or ultra high carbon (1.25-2.0% C) steels. Low alloy steels contain up to 2% alloying elements. High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels contain small amounts of alloying elements like niobium, vanadium, and titanium to strengthen the steel. Heat treatments like carburizing can further modify the microstructure and properties. A
This document provides an introduction and overview of structural analysis and design using the STAAD.Pro software. It describes key terminology and concepts for modeling structures in STAAD.Pro, including coordinate systems, units of measurement, types of structures that can be modeled, types of structural members and elements, and the properties required for different member types. The goal of the training program is to teach beginners how to use the basic modeling capabilities of STAAD.Pro for linear static analysis of structures such as frames, trusses, and plates/shells.
The document discusses surface finish, which is the process of altering a surface to enhance appearance or functionality. Surface finish is important for protection, durability, and aesthetics. It is defined by factors like roughness, lay, waviness, and flaws. The specific surface finish requirements depend on the application.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon content in common steel grades ranges from 0.1-1%. These alloying elements determine the properties of different steel types. Steels are classified as low alloy (<10% other elements) or high alloy, and can be further broken down by carbon content. Low carbon steels are commonly used and have good weldability and machinability but require cold working to strengthen. Alloying elements like manganese and phosphorus increase hardness and strength but decrease ductility.
Structural engineering involves relating physical forces to structural elements that resist them. Analysis determines forces in each element of a defined structure, while design configures elements to resist known forces. The process iterates between analysis and design until complete. Structures resist vertical and horizontal loads, and include large items like bridges as well as everyday items. Structural design requires data on the structure type, site conditions like soil properties, and loading conditions from dead and live loads, wind, and earthquakes as defined by codes. Design methods are selected based on local practices.
Multi storey structural steel structuresThomas Britto
Steel has been used in construction for over 150 years. Its use in Hong Kong started in the 1970s with projects like the Park Lane Hotel. Steel has properties that make it suitable for high-rise buildings like strength and versatility, though it can be heavy, lose strength in heat, and rust. Standard steel sections provide design flexibility. Connections are made through joints like splices and welds. Common frame types include simple cage frames, cantilevers, wind-braced, and core structures. Steel construction has advantages like lighter weight and flexibility for changes, but has challenges like fire resistance, movement, and corrosion protection.
The document provides information on various casting processes for aluminum alloys. It discusses sand casting, die casting, semi-solid casting, squeeze casting, and Cosworth casting. For each process, it describes the key steps, suitability for different applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Sand casting allows for complex shapes at low cost but has rough finishes. Die casting facilitates high-volume production of parts with complex geometries. Semi-solid casting results in near-net shape parts with excellent dimensional accuracy. Squeeze casting produces stronger parts with a tighter grain structure.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+4 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING contentsila vamsi krishna
This document outlines the process and methods used to analyze and design a multi-story residential building using STAAD Pro software. It includes chapters on software used, literature review of analysis methods, load calculations, design of building elements like beams, columns, slabs and footings. Load combinations are defined according to Indian standards. Material properties and design assumptions are provided. The document then describes the analysis and design of each building element and provides sample output diagrams from STAAD Pro.
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Structural steel is a versatile material that is strong, durable, and can be formed into various shapes. It is commonly used in construction for buildings, bridges, industrial structures, and more. The document discusses different types of structural steel sections including channels, beams, columns, and hollow sections. It also outlines several benefits of steel such as strength, light weight, fire resistance, and adaptability. Specific uses of steel in construction include building high-rises, industrial sheds, bridges, and more.
The document discusses welding processes and welded joints. It describes various welding techniques like gas welding, electric arc welding, and thermit welding. It defines butt and fillet welded joints and provides equations to calculate stresses in different welded joint configurations under tension, torsion, and bending loads. Examples are presented to determine weld lengths required to carry given loads based on allowable stresses in welds.
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, such as steel which is an alloy of iron and carbon. The amount of carbon determines the properties and applications of different types of ferrous metals. Pig iron contains a high amount of carbon (2-4%) and is very hard and brittle. It is used to make steel. Cast iron also contains 2-4% carbon and is strong under compression. Wrought iron contains a very low amount of carbon and is tough and malleable. Steel contains 0.15-1.5% carbon and includes low, medium, and high carbon varieties with different properties. Alloy steels like stainless steel add other elements like chromium for improved properties such as corrosion resistance. Fer
This document provides lecture notes on machine tools. It begins with an introduction to machine tools and metalworking processes such as turning, drilling, and milling. It then discusses the principles and requirements of machining, including firmly holding the workpiece and tool and providing controlled relative motion. The document categorizes machine tools based on various factors like purpose, automation, size, and precision. It also describes cutting tool geometry, specifying tools using angles like rake and clearance angles. Finally, it discusses chip formation during machining operations.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
Presentation for selection of Parameters for Motorsized 10T Bogie Turn Table, to be installed at Jhansi - to arrive at right decision by User. The presentation will be useful to Railway Engineers - for planning the Equipment for manufacturing and Maintenance of components for Railway Equipment.
The document discusses various metals and their common uses. It describes steel as the most commonly used metal and its applications in structures. Stainless steel is listed as a mixture of steel and chromium that does not rust. High speed steel is a material used for cutting tools that can withstand high temperatures without losing hardness. Cast iron is a mixture of iron and carbon used in parts that require high strength under compression like engine blocks.
This document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the microstructure and properties of metals. It defines heat treatment as heating a metal to a specified temperature, keeping it at that temperature for a period of time, then cooling at a specified rate. The key heat treatments covered are annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and precipitation hardening. Each treatment involves different combinations of temperature, time, and cooling rate to achieve desired properties such as increased ductility, toughness, hardness, or reduced brittleness.
1. Carbon steels are classified as mild, medium, and high carbon based on their carbon content ranging from 0.05% to 1.5%. Mild steels contain up to 0.3% carbon, medium steels contain 0.3-0.7% carbon, and high carbon steels contain 0.7-1.5% carbon.
2. Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements added in amounts exceeding 1% to improve properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardenability. Common alloying elements include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium.
3. Stainless steels contain a minimum of 11.5% chromium which
This document provides an overview of steels, including their classification, composition, microstructure, and properties. Steels are classified based on their carbon content as low carbon (<0.3% C), medium carbon (0.3-0.6% C), high carbon (0.6-1.0% C), or ultra high carbon (1.25-2.0% C) steels. Low alloy steels contain up to 2% alloying elements. High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels contain small amounts of alloying elements like niobium, vanadium, and titanium to strengthen the steel. Heat treatments like carburizing can further modify the microstructure and properties. A
This document provides an introduction and overview of structural analysis and design using the STAAD.Pro software. It describes key terminology and concepts for modeling structures in STAAD.Pro, including coordinate systems, units of measurement, types of structures that can be modeled, types of structural members and elements, and the properties required for different member types. The goal of the training program is to teach beginners how to use the basic modeling capabilities of STAAD.Pro for linear static analysis of structures such as frames, trusses, and plates/shells.
The document discusses surface finish, which is the process of altering a surface to enhance appearance or functionality. Surface finish is important for protection, durability, and aesthetics. It is defined by factors like roughness, lay, waviness, and flaws. The specific surface finish requirements depend on the application.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon content in common steel grades ranges from 0.1-1%. These alloying elements determine the properties of different steel types. Steels are classified as low alloy (<10% other elements) or high alloy, and can be further broken down by carbon content. Low carbon steels are commonly used and have good weldability and machinability but require cold working to strengthen. Alloying elements like manganese and phosphorus increase hardness and strength but decrease ductility.
Structural engineering involves relating physical forces to structural elements that resist them. Analysis determines forces in each element of a defined structure, while design configures elements to resist known forces. The process iterates between analysis and design until complete. Structures resist vertical and horizontal loads, and include large items like bridges as well as everyday items. Structural design requires data on the structure type, site conditions like soil properties, and loading conditions from dead and live loads, wind, and earthquakes as defined by codes. Design methods are selected based on local practices.
Multi storey structural steel structuresThomas Britto
Steel has been used in construction for over 150 years. Its use in Hong Kong started in the 1970s with projects like the Park Lane Hotel. Steel has properties that make it suitable for high-rise buildings like strength and versatility, though it can be heavy, lose strength in heat, and rust. Standard steel sections provide design flexibility. Connections are made through joints like splices and welds. Common frame types include simple cage frames, cantilevers, wind-braced, and core structures. Steel construction has advantages like lighter weight and flexibility for changes, but has challenges like fire resistance, movement, and corrosion protection.
The document provides information on various casting processes for aluminum alloys. It discusses sand casting, die casting, semi-solid casting, squeeze casting, and Cosworth casting. For each process, it describes the key steps, suitability for different applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Sand casting allows for complex shapes at low cost but has rough finishes. Die casting facilitates high-volume production of parts with complex geometries. Semi-solid casting results in near-net shape parts with excellent dimensional accuracy. Squeeze casting produces stronger parts with a tighter grain structure.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+4 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING contentsila vamsi krishna
This document outlines the process and methods used to analyze and design a multi-story residential building using STAAD Pro software. It includes chapters on software used, literature review of analysis methods, load calculations, design of building elements like beams, columns, slabs and footings. Load combinations are defined according to Indian standards. Material properties and design assumptions are provided. The document then describes the analysis and design of each building element and provides sample output diagrams from STAAD Pro.
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Structural steel is a versatile material that is strong, durable, and can be formed into various shapes. It is commonly used in construction for buildings, bridges, industrial structures, and more. The document discusses different types of structural steel sections including channels, beams, columns, and hollow sections. It also outlines several benefits of steel such as strength, light weight, fire resistance, and adaptability. Specific uses of steel in construction include building high-rises, industrial sheds, bridges, and more.
The document discusses welding processes and welded joints. It describes various welding techniques like gas welding, electric arc welding, and thermit welding. It defines butt and fillet welded joints and provides equations to calculate stresses in different welded joint configurations under tension, torsion, and bending loads. Examples are presented to determine weld lengths required to carry given loads based on allowable stresses in welds.
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, such as steel which is an alloy of iron and carbon. The amount of carbon determines the properties and applications of different types of ferrous metals. Pig iron contains a high amount of carbon (2-4%) and is very hard and brittle. It is used to make steel. Cast iron also contains 2-4% carbon and is strong under compression. Wrought iron contains a very low amount of carbon and is tough and malleable. Steel contains 0.15-1.5% carbon and includes low, medium, and high carbon varieties with different properties. Alloy steels like stainless steel add other elements like chromium for improved properties such as corrosion resistance. Fer
This document discusses the machinability of various tool steels. It provides information on different types of tool steels classified by the AISI and how their machinability is influenced by factors like composition, microstructure, and heat treatment. Machining operations like turning, drilling, milling, and face milling of tool steels are also covered, outlining tool materials, speeds/feeds, cutting fluids, and heat treatments used for optimal machinability. Tool steels require special machining techniques due to their high hardness, carbon content, and alloying elements.
Heat treatment methods are used to strengthen stainless steel and modify its properties. Annealing involves heating stainless steel above 1010°C to recrystallize the metal and remove stresses from cold working. Quench annealing involves rapidly cooling the steel to prevent sensitization. Martensitic stainless steels are hardened using austenitizing between 980-1010°C, followed by quenching and tempering to achieve hardness without cracking. Stress relieving and annealing techniques are used after welding to reduce residual stresses. Physical vapor deposition can be used to deposit hard titanium nitride coatings on stainless steel for surface hardening.
Hydrocracking is a process that uses hydrogen at high pressure and temperature to break down long carbon chains in petroleum into lighter fuels like gasoline and diesel. It involves using a catalyst to crack the hydrocarbon molecules and adding hydrogen, which increases the hydrogen level in the fuels. Producing lighter fuels through hydrocracking requires withstanding high pressures and temperatures, so equipment is made from specialized 21⁄4 chromium steel that is strong but sensitive to rupturing during manufacturing. The document discusses a client project where a heat exchanger was designed and manufactured from 21⁄4 chromium steel to meet the client's specifications for a hydrocracking installation.
This document discusses various processes for working with steel, including cold rolling, annealing, forming, drawing, and joining. Cold rolling increases the strength of steel by introducing dislocations but reduces ductility. Annealing is then used to recover ductility by allowing dislocations to rearrange at high temperatures. Steel can be formed through bending, stretching, drawing, coining, and ironing. Small diameter wire is made by repeatedly drawing and annealing rod steel. Joining is done through welding, brazing, or soldering to form a metallurgical bond between pieces. Precautions like fluxes and shields are needed to prevent oxidation during high-temperature joining.
Tool steels are high-quality alloy steels developed for shaping other materials. They contain carbon from 0.1-1.6% along with alloying elements like chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Tool steels offer better durability, strength, corrosion resistance, and temperature stability compared to other construction steels. They are used in applications involving forming, extrusion, and plastic molding. The document then discusses different types of tool steels categorized based on their intended use and hardening properties.
Hardening steels through heat treatment increases their strength and hardness, making them suitable for structural components under high stress and tools that require resistance to wear and deformation. However, quenching leaves steels very brittle, so a tempering process is required to reduce brittleness without significantly lowering hardness or strength. Common quenching mediums include brine for fastest cooling, water for moderate cooling, oil for slowest cooling, and gas in automatic furnaces, with liquid nitrogen providing very fast cooling but risking cracks in complex shapes.
Forged stainless steel has several advantages over other materials:
1) It has improved strength and resistance to stress concentrations due to the alignment of the grain structure during the forging process.
2) The forging process produces parts with very high quality and few defects due to the direct deformation of solid steel bars.
3) Forging dies can be made and maintained in-house, reducing tooling costs.
4) The forging process creates parts that are close to their final net shape, requiring less machining and finishing.
5) Overall, forging stainless steel provides cost savings through reduced machining needs and shorter lead times.
Mild steel is a low-carbon steel with less than 0.25% carbon by weight, making it more ductile than higher-carbon steels. It is manufactured through processes like direct reduced iron and electric arc furnaces. Mild steel can be recycled without losing its properties. It has applications in construction materials, machinery parts, and other areas due to its strength, weldability, and lower cost compared to other steels. Some disadvantages are that it is heavier than other materials and prone to rusting.
PM Supply ME LLC is a steel trader and supplier located in Dubai that specializes in pipes, fittings, forgings and other steel products. The company aims to offer high quality and competitively priced products delivered within reliable timeframes. It supplies a wide range of steel grades and products for industries such as oil and gas, mining, and manufacturing. PM Supply strives to provide added value to customers through its expertise, certifications, drawings and logistics support.
Stainless steel is more durable than mild steel and does not corrode, rust, or stain. Heimdall manufactures its towerlights using a 3Cr12 stainless steel that is certified and provides corrosion resistance 250 times greater than mild steel along with higher strength, impact resistance, and eliminates the need for protective coatings. Using stainless steel keeps Heimdall towerlights looking newer for longer, which helps businesses generate a better return when eventually selling their towerlights.
1. Cold working is the plastic deformation of metals at a temperature below the recrystallization temperature, while hot working occurs above the recrystallization temperature.
2. Metal spinning is a metalworking process that forms an axially symmetric part by rotating a disc or tube of metal at high speed against a spinning roller. It can be done by hand or CNC lathe.
3. Forging processes like upsetting, heading, blocking, and fullering are used to refine the shape of metals for finishing. Punching and blanking are shearing processes used to produce holes.
Galvanizing is a process that provides corrosion protection to steel by applying a zinc coating. There are three main galvanizing methods: hot dipping steel in molten zinc, electroplating zinc onto steel, and galvannealing which involves galvanizing followed by annealing. Hot dip galvanizing provides a thick, uniform zinc coating and is commonly used for construction applications. Electrogalvanizing produces a thinner coating suitable for parts that require shaping after coating. Galvannealing improves formability and paintability. Aluminized steel uses a hot dip process with aluminum instead of zinc to provide corrosion resistance at higher temperatures.
The document summarizes welding techniques for cast iron castings in foundries. It discusses that cast iron contains 2-4% carbon, forming graphite flakes that give it its characteristic fractured appearance. Welding cast iron requires preheating to slow cooling, with temperatures from 500-1200°F, or keeping parts at 100°F if preheating is not used. The document outlines preheat and no-preheat welding techniques, noting that peening is important after welding to prevent rapid cooling and cracking. In conclusion, welding and peening repairs defects and gives cast iron components their final finish.
Tool steels are iron-based alloys that contain alloying elements which give them high strength, hardness, and wear resistance compared to carbon steels. They are classified into several types based on their composition and intended use, including cold-worked, hot-worked, high-speed, shock-resisting, and water-hardened tool steels. Common alloying elements include carbon, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. Tool steels undergo heat treatments like annealing, hardening, and tempering to develop their desired properties and are used in applications that require durability like metal cutting, forming, and molding tools.
Classification of Tool Materials.
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This document discusses metal cutting and cutting tools. It describes metal cutting as the process of removing unwanted material from a block of metal using a cutting tool. There are two types of cutting processes: continuous contact cutting like turning and drilling, and intermittent cutting like milling and grinding. Cutting tools are used to remove metal through shear deformation and can have a single point or multiple points. The document then discusses different types of cutting tools, motions in cutting operations, orthogonal and oblique cutting, ideal properties of cutting tool materials, major cutting tool materials like high speed steel and cemented carbides, applications of different materials, and disadvantages of prominent materials.
this ppt may be useful to know the classification of metals and alloys . it also helps in knowing the properties of many ferrous and non ferrous metals
Scaffolding comes in three main types - supported, suspended, and aerial lifts. Workers using scaffolds must be trained on hazards like falls, falling objects, electricity, and proper use. Fall hazards are the primary risk and can be mitigated with guardrails or personal fall arrest systems attached to the scaffold structure. Guardrails should have top rails 38-45 inches high, midrails halfway between the top rail and platform, and toeboards at least 3.5 inches high. Tradex LLC in Dubai supplies scaffolding equipment in the UAE.
What are the types of structural steel framingnajeeb muhamed
Different types of structural steel framing systems for buildings such as skeleton, wall bearing and long span framing systems and their applications and configurations are discussed.
What are methods of steel structure designnajeeb muhamed
There are three different methods for design of steel structure, i.e. simple design, continuous design and semi-continuous steel design.
Joints in structures have been assumed to behave as either pinned or rigid to render design calculations manageable.
In simple design the joints are idealised as perfect pins. Continuous design assumes that joints are rigid and that no relative rotation of connected members occurs whatever the applied moment.
The vast majority of designs carried out today make one of these two assumptions, but a more realistic alternative is now possible, which is known as semi-continuous design.
This document discusses the participation of Muslim women in sports while wearing hijab. It provides historical examples from the time of Prophet Muhammad showing that Islam does not restrict women from physical activity or sports. While some argue hijab is oppressive, the document explains that hijab allows many Muslim female athletes to feel comfortable competing in accordance with their faith and modesty values. It discusses the debate around hijab in sports and how some governing bodies have restricted it for purported safety concerns, though hijab wearers argue the attire makes them feel more at ease competing. The document also provides information on sports hijab manufacturers.
Could a sports hijab boost number of Muslim women playing sport?najeeb muhamed
It is a veil or scarf that covers the head and neck. Many Muslim women and girls choose to wear it in public as a symbol of modesty.
It can be worn in many different styles, many different colours and can even be a fashion statement.
At some point in their young lives, most little girls go through a princess phase. They might be enchanted by the ideas of castles, horses, ball gowns and sparkling tiaras or they could have seen a Disney movie that captured their hearts.
If your daughter asks for a princess party when her birthday rolls around, here are some ideas to make the day unique and memorable.
Just remember: although there's a plethora of princess products on the market, you don't have to go with a commercial princess theme.
TOEFL is an exam required by most US and Canadian university to prove proficiency(especially for international students coming from countries where English is not native language) in English. It measures your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks in English. Many Universities in Europe and other countries also accept TOEFL (IELTS is popular outside the USA). The popularity of TOEFL is growing and its score is accepted for Immigration to NZ, Australia! There are two formats for the TOEFL test. The format you take depends on the location of your test center. Most test takers take the TOEFL iBT test. Test centers that do not have Internet access offer the Paper-based Test (PBT).
It depends on the type of policy you have, but car insurance typically covers your vehicle, the damage that you might cause to other vehicles, to the property of other drivers and to other motorists generally.
However, car insurance can include, or can be extended to include, cover for a host of different items, including personal belongings, medical expenses, and breakdown assistance
These tips will help you make an important transition:
away from writing poetry to celebrate, commemorate, or capture your own feelings (in which case you, the poet, are the center of the poem’s universe)
towards writing poetry in order to generate feelings in your reader (in which case the poem exists entirely to serve the reader).
Most steel construction is done with a type of steel called mild steel. Mild steel is a material that is immensely strong. Take a circular bar of steel 1 inch / 25mm in diameter. If you were to attach this bar securely to your ceiling, you could hang from it 20,000 Kg (which is 20 tons)
This immense strength is of great advantage to buildings. The other important feature of steel framing is its flexibility. It can bend without cracking, which is another great advantage, as a steel building can flex when it is pushed to one side by say, wind, or an earthquake. The third characteristic of steel is its plasticity or ductility.
Moderate beer consumption (1 drink per day for women, 2 for men) can provide some health benefits, though risks increase with heavier drinking. Beer may reduce the risk of heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, kidney stones, and some cancers due to antioxidants and other compounds. However, drinking more than 2 beers a day can increase risks of bone fractures and heart disease. Moderation is key to obtaining potential health benefits from beer.
Among flooring materials, none is more elegant and luxurious than natural stone. The term "natural stone" refers to a variety of mountain-born mineral substances that stand in contrast to any synthetic or manufactured stone products. Common natural stone flooring includes slate, marble, limestone, travertine, granite, and sandstone—each of which has slightly different properties. It's important to understand the characteristics of the type of stone flooring tile you are purchasing in order to determine whether it is appropriate for a specific location.
A printer is an external output device that takes data from a computer and generates output in the form of graphics/text on a paper.
There are two types of printers.
Impact printers
Non-Impact printers
A laptop by any other name is a laptop. Unless it’s a tablet. Or a gaming laptop. Or a workstation. Or a hybrid. Or a 2-in-1. Now that we bring it up, all laptops are not made the same. They can be modified or configured to match any need, and can be as unique as the consumer who buys them.
Resilient flooring is a loose, catch-all term that refers to floor coverings that occupy a middle ground between soft floors (like carpeting) and hard floors (like stone or hardwood).
Personal Shoppers provide expert advice and give the highest level of customized and personal customer service possible to individual shoppers. By giving personalized attention and providing advanced knowledge of products, services, and trends, Personal Shoppers become trusted consultants for shoppers who want an enhanced buying experience. In this job, you will develop deep and lasting relationships with your client base, and will proactively communicate with them regularly as a professional advisor.
Beginning learning French can appear to be terrifying at first.
Words on the page can appear to be so unique from how they're talked and articulating these bizarre words can feel like an unimaginable errand. Be that as it may, in spite of the fact that it may not appear to be so at, to begin with, French isn't an especially troublesome dialect for English speakers to learn.
French isn't as firmly identified with English as the Germanic dialects however despite everything it has a considerable measure in like manner which can enable you to begin.
Rhinoplasty is a diverse group of surgical procedures that can be performed for cosmetic or functional purposes. The surgery involves techniques such as modifying the radix, nasal dorsum, nasal tip, nasal base, and lateral osteotomy. Rhinoplasty can also involve premaxillary augmentation or be performed in conjunction with septoplasty. The goals are to narrow or widen the nose, straighten deviations, and optimize esthetic balance.
Physically, chemically and mechanically aluminium is a metal like steel, brass, copper, zinc, lead or titanium. It can be melted, cast, formed and machined much like these metals and it conducts electric current. In fact, often the same equipment and fabrication methods are used as for steel.
6 step process to starting a small businessnajeeb muhamed
Write a one-page business plan. ...
Decide on a budget. ...
Decide on a legal entity. ...
Take care of the money. ...
Get your website. ...
Test sales.
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How Communicators Can Help Manage Election Disinformation in the WorkplaceMariumAbdulhussein
A study featuring research from leading scholars to breakdown the science behind disinformation and tips for organizations to help their employees combat election disinformation.
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AskXX Pitch Deck Course: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction
Welcome to the Pitch Deck Course by AskXX, designed to equip you with the essential knowledge and skills required to create a compelling pitch deck that will captivate investors and propel your business to new heights. This course is meticulously structured to cover all aspects of pitch deck creation, from understanding its purpose to designing, presenting, and promoting it effectively.
Course Overview
The course is divided into five main sections:
Introduction to Pitch Decks
Definition and importance of a pitch deck.
Key elements of a successful pitch deck.
Content of a Pitch Deck
Detailed exploration of the key elements, including problem statement, value proposition, market analysis, and financial projections.
Designing a Pitch Deck
Best practices for visual design, including the use of images, charts, and graphs.
Presenting a Pitch Deck
Techniques for engaging the audience, managing time, and handling questions effectively.
Resources
Additional tools and templates for creating and presenting pitch decks.
Introduction to Pitch Decks
What is a Pitch Deck?
A pitch deck is a visual presentation that provides an overview of your business idea or product. It is used to persuade investors, partners, and customers to take action. It is a concise communication tool that helps to clearly and effectively present your business concept.
Why are Pitch Decks Important?
Concise Communication: A pitch deck allows you to communicate your business idea succinctly, making it easier for your audience to understand and remember your message.
Value Proposition: It helps in clearly articulating the unique value of your product or service and how it addresses the problems of your target audience.
Market Opportunity: It showcases the size and growth potential of the market you are targeting and how your business will capture a share of it.
Key Elements of a Successful Pitch Deck
A successful pitch deck should include the following elements:
Problem: Clearly articulate the pain point or challenge that your business solves.
Solution: Showcase your product or service and how it addresses the identified problem.
Market Opportunity: Describe the size, growth potential, and target audience of your market.
Business Model: Explain how your business will generate revenue and achieve profitability.
Team: Introduce key team members and their relevant experience.
Traction: Highlight the progress your business has made, such as customer acquisitions, partnerships, or revenue.
Ask: Clearly state what you are asking for, whether it’s investment, partnership, or advisory support.
Content of a Pitch Deck
Pitch Deck Structure
A pitch deck should have a clear and structured flow to ensure that your audience can follow the presentation.
Empowering Excellence Gala Night/Education awareness Dubaiibedark
The primary goal is to raise funds for our cause, which is to help support educational programs for underprivileged children in Dubai. The gala also aims to increase awareness of our mission and foster a sense of community among attendees
2. D2 steel
• D2 steel is an air hardening, high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel. It has high
wear and abrasion resistant properties. It is heat treatable and will offer a
hardness in the range 55-62 HRC, and is machinable in the annealed condition.
D2 steel shows little distortion on correct hardening. D2 steel’s high chromium
content gives it mild corrosion resisting properties in the hardened condition.
• If you need better machinability then consider A2 tool steel which has a
chromium content of 5% and is more readily machinable.
3. Typical applications for D2 Steel:
• Stamping or Forming Dies
• Punches
• Forming Rolls
• Knives, slitters, shear blades
• Tools
• Scrap choppers
• Tyre shredders
5. Forging:
• Heat slowly and uniformly to 700°C then more rapidly to 900/1040°C. Do not
continue to forge D2 below 925°C. Reheat as often as necessary to maintain
proper forging temperature. After forging cool slowly. This is not an annealing
process. After the forging is cold, it must be annealed as described below.
6. Annealing:
• Heat uniformly to 843/871°C, then slow furnace cool at a rate of not more than
10°C per hour. After annealing D2 a maximum hardness of 240 Brinell may be
achieved
7. Hardening:
• D2 tool steel is extremely sensitive to overheating during hardening – do not
overheat.
• Pre heat slowly to 750/780°C and soak. Continue heating to the final hardening
temperature of 1000/1030°C and allow the component to equalise. Quench in oil
or cool in air.
8. Tempering:
• Heat uniformly and thoroughly to the desired temperature and hold for 25
minutes per cm of thickness. D2 can be double tempering at approximately 15°C
below the first tempering, after intermediate cooling to room temperature.
Tempering D2 Steel
Tempering °C 150 200 250 300 350 400
HRC 62/61 61/60 60/59 57/56 56/55 56/55
9. • D2 steel is available from stock in flats and squares, hot rolled rounds, bright
drawn rounds in imperial and metric sizes.
• Where higher hardness (62-63 HRC) is required and superiors touchiness and
wear resistance consider our DC53 Equivalent Steel, D2 Supreme™.
10. D2 Tool Steel In UAE
• AL HILAL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENTS EST.
P.O.BOX 25996, MUSSAFAH
ABU DHABI , U.A.E
www.ahe.ae
• Superme Steel LLC
P.O.Box 117825, 10th street,
Al Quoz Industrial Area No. 4,
DUBAI- UNITED ARAB EMIRATES