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CHAPTER 1
CHALLENGES OF
NATION BUILDING
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
ON MIDNIGHT
14 -15 AUGUST 1947
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
.
TRYST WITH DESTINY
By JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU
AT A SPECIAL SESSION OF
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
IN A
DIFFICULT
SITUATION
NOBLE GOALS
BEFORE
INDEPENDENT INDIA
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
THREE MAJOR CHALLENGES
FACED BY
INDEPENDENT INDIA
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
1. NATION BUILDING
DIVERSITY AND PARTITION WERE
THE MAIN OBSTACLES
OPPOSITION FROM REGIONAL
RULERS
THREE MAJOR CHALLENGES
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
2. ESTABLISHMENT OF
DEMOCRACY
CHALLENGE WAS TO DEVELOP
DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE
CONSTITUTION
THREE MAJOR CHALLENGES
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
3. DEVELOPMENT AND WELL –
BEING OF ENTIRE SOCIETY
EFFECTIVE POLICIES FOR
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ERADICATE POVERTY
THREE MAJOR CHALLENGES
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
1.NATION BUILDING
.
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
PARTITION
OF BRITISH INDIA
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
TWO NATION THEORY
Advanced by
MUSLIM LEAGUE LEADER
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
India consisted of Two
'People'
-Hindus and Muslims-
Demanded PAKISTAN,
a separate country
for
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
.
Congresoposedthe
Theory.
Political competition
between Congress
and Muslim League
& The British role
ledtothecreationof
Pakistan.
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
PROCESS OF PARTITION
WAS
PAINFUL
AND
DIFFICULT
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
MUSLIM
MAJORITY
AREAS
WOULD MAKE
UP PAKISTAN
REST OF THE
AREA WITH
INDIA
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
FOUR DIFFICULTIES
RELATED TO THE PARTITION OF INDIA
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
1. NO SINGLE BELT OF MUSLIM
MAJORITY AREAS IN BRITISH INDIA
TWO AREAS OF
MUSLIM
CONCENTRATION IN
BRITISH INDIA
ONE IN EAST AND
ANOTHER IN WEST
SO PAKISTAN HAD AN
EAST PAKISTAN AND
A WEST PAKISTAN
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
2. NOT ALL MUSLIM MAJORITY AREAS
WANTED TO BE IN PAKISTAN
KHAN ABDUL
GAFFAR KHAN,
LEADER OF NORTH
WESTERN
FRONTIER
PROVINCE WAS
AGAINST PARTITION
HIS VOICE WAS
IGNORED AND
NWFP WAS MERGED
WITH PAKISTAN
3. TWO MUSLIM MAJORITY
PROVINCES, PUNJAB AND BENGAL,
HAD NON MUSLIM MAJORITY
AREAS
LATER PUNJAB
AND BENGAL
WERE
BIFURCATED
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
4. PROBLEM OF MINORITIES
LAKHS OF HINDUS
AND SIKHS IN
PAKISTAN AND
LARGE NUMBER
OF MUSLIMS IN
INDIA BECAME
UNDESIRABLE
ALIENS IN THEIR
OWN HOME
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
CONSEQUENCES OF PARTITION
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
TRAGIC TRANSFER
OF POPULATION
(ABOUT 80 LAKHS)
KILLINGS AND
ATROCITIES
(5-10lakhswerekiled)
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
COMMUNAL
ZONES IN
MAJOR
CITIES
MISERIES
IN REFUGEE
CAMPS
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
WOMEN WERE
ABDUCTED
AND RAPED
FORCEFUL
CONVERSION
AND MARRIAGE
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
HONOUR
KILLING
CHILDREN
WERE
SEPARATED
FROM PARENTS
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
.
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
INTEGRATION
OF
PRINCELY
STATES
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
BRITISH INDIA
BRITISH INDIAN
PROVINCES - directly
under the control of the
British government.
PRINCELY STATES -
ruled by princes. Princes
accepted British supremacy
& enjoyed some form of
control over the internal
affairs. Thiswascaled
paramountcyorsuzeraintyofthe
Britishcrown.
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
THE PROBLEM
Paramountcy of the
British crown over
Princely States would
lapse after the end of
British rule in India.
565 Princely States
would have 3 options
after getting
independence.
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
3 OPTIONS
1. JOIN IN INDIA
2. JOIN IN PAKISTAN
3. REMAIN
INDEPENDENT
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
MOST OF THE PRINCES DECIDED TO
REMAIN INDEPENDENT
FirstdeclarationbytheRulerofTravancore
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
INDIAN
INDEPENDENCE WAS
AIMED AT UNITY, SELF
DETERMINATION AND
DEMOCRACY
IN MOST OF THE
PRINCELY STATES,
GOVERNMENTS WERE
RUN IN A NON
DEMOCRATIC MANNER.
CHALLENGES.OF NATION BUILDING
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA WAS
AGAINST THE POSSIBLE DIVISION
CHALLENGES
OF NATION
BUILDING
GOVERNMENT APPROACH WAS GUIDED
BY THREE CONSIDERATIONS
1.THE PEOPLE OF MOST OF THE
PRINCELY STATES WANTED TO
BECOME PART OF THE INDIAN UNION
2.THE GOVERNMENT WAS READY TO
GIVE AUTONOMY TO SOME REGIONS
3.IN THE BACKDROP OF PARTITION,
THE INTEGRATION AND
CONSOLIDATION OF TERRITORIAL
BOUNDARIES OF THE NATION HAD
ASSUMED SUPREME IMPORTANCE
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
SARDAR VALLABHAI PATEL,
INDIA'S FIRST DEPUTY
PRIME MINISTER AND THE
HOME MINISTER
NEGOTIATED WITH THE
RULERS OF
PRINCELY STATES
FIRMLY BUT
DIPLOMATICALLY
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
.
MOST OF THE RULERS
WERE READY TO SIGN
'INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION'
WITH INDIA
ACCESSION WAS MORE
DIFFICULT
IN
JUNAGADH
HYDERABAD
KASHMIR
MANIPUR
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
INTEGRATION OF
HYDERABAD
THE LARGEST OF THE
PRINCELY STATES
NIZAM, THE RULER OF
HYDERABAD WAS ONE
OF WORLD'S RICHEST
MEN
THE NIZAM WANTED AN
INDEPENDENT STATUS
FOR HYDERABAD
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
NIZAM SIGNED
STAND STILL
AGREEMENT
WITH INDIA IN
NOVEMEBR 1947
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
PEOPLE OF
HYDERABAD
STARTED
AGITATION
AGAINST THE
NIZAM
HYDERABAD TOWN WAS THE CENTRE
OF THE MOVEMENT
THE PEASANTRY OF TELANGANA WAS
ONT OF AGITATION
CHIA
N
LLEN
T
GE
H
S O
E
F NF
ATIO
ONR
BUE
ILD
F
INR
G
AGITATION WAS LED
BY THE COMMUNISTS
AND THE HYDERABAD
CONGRESS
THE NIZAM
RESPONDED BY
UNLEASHING A PARA
MILITARY FORCE
KNOWN AS THE
RAZAKARS
NON MUSLIMS WERE
THE MAIN TARGETS OF
CHALL
N
ENI
G
Z
ESA
OFM
NATION BUILDIN G
IN SEPTEMBER 1948,
INDIAN ARMY MOVED
TO HYDERABAD
NIZAM SURRENDERED
AFTER A FEW DAYS OF
FIGHTING
THIS LED TO THE
ACCESSION OF
HYDERABAD TO
I
N
D
I
A
INTEGRATION OF MANIPUR
BODHACHANDRA SINGH,
THE MANIPUR MAHARAJA,
SIGNED INSTRUMENT OF
ACCESSION WITH INDIA
PEOPLE OF MANIPUR WAS
AGAINST ACCESSION
ELECTION IN MANIPUR DUE
TO PUBLIC PRESSURE
STATE BECAME A
CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY IN JUNE 1948
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
MANIPUR IS THE FIRST
PART OF INDIA TO
HOLD AN ELECTION
BASED ON UNIVERSAL
ADULT FRANCHISE
SHARP DIFFERENCES
ON MERGER IN THE
LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY
STATE CONGRESS
SUPPORTED AND
OTHERS OPPOSED
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
MAHARAJA SIGNED
MERGER AGREEMENT
IN SEPTEMBER 1949,
WITHOUT CONSULTING
THE LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY
THIS CAUSED A LOT OF
ANGER AND
RESENTMENT IN
MANIPUR AND IT STILL
GOING ON
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
REORGANISATION OF STATES
DRAWING THE INTERNAL BOUNDARIES
WAS ANOTHER TASK IN THE PROCESS
OF NATION BUILDING
LINGUISTIC AND
CULTURAL
PLURALITY
OF INDIA
COULD BE
REFLECTED
WITHOUT
C
H
A
AL
L
FE
N
FG
EE
S
CO
F
TN
IA
NT
I
O
GNB
NU
I
AL
D
TI
N
IG
ONALUNITY
.
OUR NATIONAL
MOVEMENT HAD
PROMISED THE
FORMATION
OF STATES
ON LINGUISTIC
BASE
Nagpur session of Congress, 1920
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
AFTER INDEPENDENCE,
OUR LEADERS FEARED THAT
FORMATION OF LINGUISTIC
STATES MIGHT LEAD TO
DISINTEGRATION
IT WOULD DRAW ATTENTION
AWAY FROM OTHER SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES
AND THE FATE OF THE
PRINCELY STATES HAD NOT
BEEN DECIDED
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
THE CENTRE
LEADERSHIP
DECIDED TO
POSTPONE
THE MATTER
THIS DECISION
WAS
CHALLENGED
BY LOCAL
LEADERS AND
CHALLP
ENE
G
E
ES
O
OFP
NAL
T
L
IO
E
N BUILDIN G
THE VISHALANDHRA MOVEMENT
FOR A SEPARATEANDHRA
DEMANDED THAT THE
TELUNGU SPEAKING
AREAS SHOULD BE
SEPARATED FROM THE
MADRAS
ALL THE POLITICAL
PARTIES IN THE ANDHRA
REGION SUPPORTED
THE MOVEMENT
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
POTTI SRIRAMALU
A CONGRESS LEADER
AND A VETERAN
GANDHIAN WENT ON
INDEFINITE FAST THAT
LED TO HIS DEATH
AFTER 56 DAYS
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
.
DEATH OF
POTTI SRIRAMALU
CAUSED GREAT
UNREST
SEVERAL
LEGISLATORS OF
MADRAS ASSEMBLY
RESIGNED
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
ANDHRA PRADESH
WAS FORMED IN
DECEMBER 1952
Andhra Pradesh
is the first
linguistic state in
India
2014
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
FORMATION
OF ANDHRA
PRADESH LED
TO SIMILAR
MOVEMENTS
IN OTHER
PARTS OF
THE COUNTRY
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
STATE REORGANISATION
COMMISSION -1953
FAZAL ALI WAS THE
CHAIRMAN
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
STATE REORGANISATION ACT
WAS PASSED IN 1956
14 STATES AND 6 UNION TERRITORIES
WERE CREATED
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
.
IMPACT OF FORMATION OF
LINGUISTIC STATES
REGIONAL LEADERS
BECAME PART OF
NATIONAL POLITICS
UNIFORM DIVISION
OF STATES
STRENGTHENED
NATIONAL UNITY
ACCEPTANCE FOR
THE PRINCIPLE OF DIVERSITY
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
2000 – CREATION OF JHARKHAND,
CHATTISGARGH AND
UTTARAKHAND
2014 – CREATION OF TELANGANA
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
●
DEMAND FOR NEW STATES HAS NOT
COME TO END
MOVEMENTS FOR
VIDARBHA IN
MAHARSHTRA
HARIT PRADESH
IN PARTS OF
UTTAR PRADESH
AND WEST BENGAL

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