尊敬的 微信汇率：1円 ≈ 0.046166 元 支付宝汇率：1円 ≈ 0.046257元 [退出登录]
SlideShare a Scribd company logo

14. Query Optimization in DBMS

•Download as PPT, PDF•
•
K
koolkampus

The document discusses query optimization by describing how a database system estimates the cost of different query evaluation plans using statistical information about relations. It covers topics like estimating the size of selections, joins, aggregations and other operations to choose the lowest cost plan using transformations and equivalence rules.

Economy & FinanceTechnology
1 of 70
Chapter 14 Query Optimization
Chapter 14: Query Optimization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Introduction (Cont.) ,[object Object]
Introduction (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview of chapter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Statistical Information for Cost Estimation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Catalog Information about Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Measures of Query Cost ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Selection Size Estimation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Statistical Information for Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Selections Involving Comparisons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Implementation of Complex Selections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Join Operation: Running Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Estimation of the Size of Joins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Estimation of the Size of Joins (Cont.) ,[object Object]
Estimation of the Size of Joins (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Size Estimation for Other Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Size Estimation (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Estimation of Number of Distinct Values ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Estimation of Distinct Values (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Estimation of Distinct Values (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transformation of Relational Expressions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Equivalence Rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pictorial Depiction of Equivalence Rules
Equivalence Rules (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Equivalence Rules (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Equivalence Rules (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Equivalence Rules (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transformation Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example with Multiple Transformations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multiple Transformations (Cont.)
Projection Operation Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object], customer-name ((  branch-city = “ Brooklyn” ( branch) account) depositor )
Join Ordering Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Join Ordering Example (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Enumeration of Equivalent Expressions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Evaluation Plan ,[object Object]
Choice of Evaluation Plans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cost-Based Optimization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dynamic Programming in Optimization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Join Order Optimization Algorithm ,[object Object]
Left Deep Join Trees ,[object Object]
Cost of Optimization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Interesting Orders in Cost-Based Optimization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Heuristic Optimization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps in Typical Heuristic Optimization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structure of Query Optimizers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structure of Query Optimizers (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Optimizing Nested Subqueries** ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Optimizing Nested Subqueries (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Optimizing Nested Subqueries (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Optimizing Nested Subqueries (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Materialized Views** ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Materialized View Maintenance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Incremental View Maintenance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Join Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Selection and Projection Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Aggregation Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Aggregate Operations (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Other Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Handling Expressions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Query Optimization and Materialized Views ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Materialized View Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End of Chapter (Extra slides with details of selection cost estimation follow)
Selection Cost Estimate Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object], branch-name = “Perryridge” ( account)
Selections Using Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cost Estimate Example (Indices) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Consider the query is  branch-name = “Perryridge” ( account) , with the primary index on branch-name.
Selections Involving Comparisons ,[object Object],[object Object],selections of the form  A  V ( r ) or  A  V ( r ) by using a linear file scan or binary search, or by using indices in the following ways:
Example of Cost Estimate for Complex Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Recommended

Query optimization in SQL
Query optimization in SQLQuery optimization in SQL
Query optimization in SQL
Abdul Rehman
 
13. Query Processing in DBMS
13. Query Processing in DBMS13. Query Processing in DBMS
13. Query Processing in DBMS
koolkampus
 
Query processing-and-optimization
Query processing-and-optimizationQuery processing-and-optimization
Query processing-and-optimization
WBUTTUTORIALS
 
serializability in dbms
serializability in dbmsserializability in dbms
serializability in dbms
Saranya Natarajan
 
SQL Views
SQL ViewsSQL Views
SQL Views
baabtra.com - No. 1 supplier of quality freshers
 
DBMS - RAID
DBMS - RAIDDBMS - RAID
DBMS - RAID
MythiliMurugan3
 
DATABASE CONSTRAINTS
DATABASE CONSTRAINTSDATABASE CONSTRAINTS
DATABASE CONSTRAINTS
sunanditaAnand
 
Query optimization
Query optimizationQuery optimization
Query optimization
Pooja Dixit
 

Recommended

Query optimization in SQL
Query optimization in SQLQuery optimization in SQL
Query optimization in SQL
Abdul Rehman
 
13. Query Processing in DBMS
13. Query Processing in DBMS13. Query Processing in DBMS
13. Query Processing in DBMS
koolkampus
 
Query processing-and-optimization
Query processing-and-optimizationQuery processing-and-optimization
Query processing-and-optimization
WBUTTUTORIALS
 
serializability in dbms
serializability in dbmsserializability in dbms
serializability in dbms
Saranya Natarajan
 
SQL Views
SQL ViewsSQL Views
SQL Views
baabtra.com - No. 1 supplier of quality freshers
 
DBMS - RAID
DBMS - RAIDDBMS - RAID
DBMS - RAID
MythiliMurugan3
 
DATABASE CONSTRAINTS
DATABASE CONSTRAINTSDATABASE CONSTRAINTS
DATABASE CONSTRAINTS
sunanditaAnand
 
Query optimization
Query optimizationQuery optimization
Query optimization
Pooja Dixit
 
Dbms relational model
Dbms relational modelDbms relational model
Dbms relational model
Chirag vasava
 
Database , 8 Query Optimization
Database , 8 Query OptimizationDatabase , 8 Query Optimization
Database , 8 Query Optimization
Ali Usman
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management System
Concurrency Control in Database Management SystemConcurrency Control in Database Management System
Concurrency Control in Database Management System
Janki Shah
 
Generalization and specialization
Generalization and specializationGeneralization and specialization
Generalization and specialization
Knowledge Center Computer
 
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLEFUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
Vraj Patel
 
Query optimization
Query optimizationQuery optimization
Query optimization
dixitdavey
 
Indexing structure for files
Indexing structure for filesIndexing structure for files
Indexing structure for files
Zainab Almugbel
 
Query-porcessing-& Query optimization
Query-porcessing-& Query optimizationQuery-porcessing-& Query optimization
Query-porcessing-& Query optimization
Saranya Natarajan
 
Introduction to database & sql
Introduction to database & sqlIntroduction to database & sql
Introduction to database & sql
zahid6
 
Trigger
TriggerTrigger
Trigger
VForce Infotech
 
Files Vs DataBase
Files Vs DataBaseFiles Vs DataBase
Files Vs DataBase
Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
 
Query processing and optimization (updated)
Query processing and optimization (updated)Query processing and optimization (updated)
Query processing and optimization (updated)
Ravinder Kamboj
 
Query optimization
Query optimizationQuery optimization
Query optimization
Zunera Bukhari
 
Aggregate functions
Aggregate functionsAggregate functions
Aggregate functions
sinhacp
 
Joins in SQL
Joins in SQLJoins in SQL
Joins in SQL
Vigneshwaran Sankaran
 
Distributed database
Distributed databaseDistributed database
Distributed database
ReachLocal Services India
 
joins in database
joins in database joins in database
joins in database
Sultan Arshad
 
Use Case Diagram
Use Case DiagramUse Case Diagram
Use Case Diagram
Kumar
 
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
koolkampus
 
Database Normalization
Database NormalizationDatabase Normalization
Database Normalization
Arun Sharma
 
Functional dependency
Functional dependencyFunctional dependency
Functional dependency
Tamajit Chakraborty
 
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databasesFunctional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
Jafar Nesargi
 

More Related Content

What's hot

Dbms relational model
Dbms relational modelDbms relational model
Dbms relational model
Chirag vasava
 
Database , 8 Query Optimization
Database , 8 Query OptimizationDatabase , 8 Query Optimization
Database , 8 Query Optimization
Ali Usman
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management System
Concurrency Control in Database Management SystemConcurrency Control in Database Management System
Concurrency Control in Database Management System
Janki Shah
 
Generalization and specialization
Generalization and specializationGeneralization and specialization
Generalization and specialization
Knowledge Center Computer
 
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLEFUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
Vraj Patel
 
Query optimization
Query optimizationQuery optimization
Query optimization
dixitdavey
 
Indexing structure for files
Indexing structure for filesIndexing structure for files
Indexing structure for files
Zainab Almugbel
 
Query-porcessing-& Query optimization
Query-porcessing-& Query optimizationQuery-porcessing-& Query optimization
Query-porcessing-& Query optimization
Saranya Natarajan
 
Introduction to database & sql
Introduction to database & sqlIntroduction to database & sql
Introduction to database & sql
zahid6
 
Trigger
TriggerTrigger
Trigger
VForce Infotech
 
Files Vs DataBase
Files Vs DataBaseFiles Vs DataBase
Files Vs DataBase
Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
 
Query processing and optimization (updated)
Query processing and optimization (updated)Query processing and optimization (updated)
Query processing and optimization (updated)
Ravinder Kamboj
 
Query optimization
Query optimizationQuery optimization
Query optimization
Zunera Bukhari
 
Aggregate functions
Aggregate functionsAggregate functions
Aggregate functions
sinhacp
 
Joins in SQL
Joins in SQLJoins in SQL
Joins in SQL
Vigneshwaran Sankaran
 
Distributed database
Distributed databaseDistributed database
Distributed database
ReachLocal Services India
 
joins in database
joins in database joins in database
joins in database
Sultan Arshad
 
Use Case Diagram
Use Case DiagramUse Case Diagram
Use Case Diagram
Kumar
 
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
koolkampus
 
Database Normalization
Database NormalizationDatabase Normalization
Database Normalization
Arun Sharma
 

What's hot (20)

Dbms relational model
Dbms relational modelDbms relational model
Dbms relational model
 
Database , 8 Query Optimization
Database , 8 Query OptimizationDatabase , 8 Query Optimization
Database , 8 Query Optimization
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management System
Concurrency Control in Database Management SystemConcurrency Control in Database Management System
Concurrency Control in Database Management System
 
Generalization and specialization
Generalization and specializationGeneralization and specialization
Generalization and specialization
 
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLEFUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
 
Query optimization
Query optimizationQuery optimization
Query optimization
 
Indexing structure for files
Indexing structure for filesIndexing structure for files
Indexing structure for files
 
Query-porcessing-& Query optimization
Query-porcessing-& Query optimizationQuery-porcessing-& Query optimization
Query-porcessing-& Query optimization
 
Introduction to database & sql
Introduction to database & sqlIntroduction to database & sql
Introduction to database & sql
 
Trigger
TriggerTrigger
Trigger
 
Files Vs DataBase
Files Vs DataBaseFiles Vs DataBase
Files Vs DataBase
 
Query processing and optimization (updated)
Query processing and optimization (updated)Query processing and optimization (updated)
Query processing and optimization (updated)
 
Query optimization
Query optimizationQuery optimization
Query optimization
 
Aggregate functions
Aggregate functionsAggregate functions
Aggregate functions
 
Joins in SQL
Joins in SQLJoins in SQL
Joins in SQL
 
Distributed database
Distributed databaseDistributed database
Distributed database
 
joins in database
joins in database joins in database
joins in database
 
Use Case Diagram
Use Case DiagramUse Case Diagram
Use Case Diagram
 
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
20. Parallel Databases in DBMS
 
Database Normalization
Database NormalizationDatabase Normalization
Database Normalization
 

Viewers also liked

Functional dependency
Functional dependencyFunctional dependency
Functional dependency
Tamajit Chakraborty
 
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databasesFunctional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
Jafar Nesargi
 
Urinary system embryology
Urinary system embryologyUrinary system embryology
Urinary system embryology
ishtiaqqazi
 
Denormalization
DenormalizationDenormalization
Denormalization
Sohail Haider
 
The relational data model part[1]
The relational data model part[1]The relational data model part[1]
The relational data model part[1]
Bashir Rezaie
 
Introduction to Software - Coder Forge - John Mulhall
Introduction to Software - Coder Forge - John MulhallIntroduction to Software - Coder Forge - John Mulhall
Introduction to Software - Coder Forge - John Mulhall
John Mulhall
 
Fundamentals of database system - Relational data model and relational datab...
Fundamentals of database system - Relational data model and relational datab...Fundamentals of database system - Relational data model and relational datab...
Fundamentals of database system - Relational data model and relational datab...
Mustafa Kamel Mohammadi
 
Cardinality and participation constraints
Cardinality and participation constraintsCardinality and participation constraints
Cardinality and participation constraints
Nikhil Deswal
 
3. Relational Models in DBMS
3. Relational Models in DBMS3. Relational Models in DBMS
3. Relational Models in DBMS
koolkampus
 
Introduction to RDBMS
Introduction to RDBMSIntroduction to RDBMS
Introduction to RDBMS
Sarmad Ali
 
Rdbms
RdbmsRdbms
Rdbms
tech4us
 
4 the relational data model and relational database constraints
4 the relational data model and relational database constraints4 the relational data model and relational database constraints
4 the relational data model and relational database constraints
Kumar
 
Relational database management system (rdbms) i
Relational database management system (rdbms) iRelational database management system (rdbms) i
Relational database management system (rdbms) i
Ravinder Kamboj
 
RDBMS.ppt
RDBMS.pptRDBMS.ppt
RDBMS.ppt
Ketan Chaoji
 
Database : Relational Data Model
Database : Relational Data ModelDatabase : Relational Data Model
Database : Relational Data Model
Smriti Jain
 
Rdbms
RdbmsRdbms
Rdbms
rdbms
 

Viewers also liked (16)

Functional dependency
Functional dependencyFunctional dependency
Functional dependency
 
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databasesFunctional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
Functional dependencies and normalization for relational databases
 
Urinary system embryology
Urinary system embryologyUrinary system embryology
Urinary system embryology
 
Denormalization
DenormalizationDenormalization
Denormalization
 
The relational data model part[1]
The relational data model part[1]The relational data model part[1]
The relational data model part[1]
 
Introduction to Software - Coder Forge - John Mulhall
Introduction to Software - Coder Forge - John MulhallIntroduction to Software - Coder Forge - John Mulhall
Introduction to Software - Coder Forge - John Mulhall
 
Fundamentals of database system - Relational data model and relational datab...
Fundamentals of database system - Relational data model and relational datab...Fundamentals of database system - Relational data model and relational datab...
Fundamentals of database system - Relational data model and relational datab...
 
Cardinality and participation constraints
Cardinality and participation constraintsCardinality and participation constraints
Cardinality and participation constraints
 
3. Relational Models in DBMS
3. Relational Models in DBMS3. Relational Models in DBMS
3. Relational Models in DBMS
 
Introduction to RDBMS
Introduction to RDBMSIntroduction to RDBMS
Introduction to RDBMS
 
Rdbms
RdbmsRdbms
Rdbms
 
4 the relational data model and relational database constraints
4 the relational data model and relational database constraints4 the relational data model and relational database constraints
4 the relational data model and relational database constraints
 
Relational database management system (rdbms) i
Relational database management system (rdbms) iRelational database management system (rdbms) i
Relational database management system (rdbms) i
 
RDBMS.ppt
RDBMS.pptRDBMS.ppt
RDBMS.ppt
 
Database : Relational Data Model
Database : Relational Data ModelDatabase : Relational Data Model
Database : Relational Data Model
 
Rdbms
RdbmsRdbms
Rdbms
 

Similar to 14. Query Optimization in DBMS

Ch14
Ch14Ch14
Ch14
Welly Dian Astika
 
Query Optimization
Query OptimizationQuery Optimization
Query Optimization
rohitsalunke
 
relational algebra
relational algebrarelational algebra
relational algebra
Shashank Singh
 
relational model in Database Management.ppt.ppt
relational model in Database Management.ppt.pptrelational model in Database Management.ppt.ppt
relational model in Database Management.ppt.ppt
Roshni814224
 
Lllll
LllllLllll
Lllll
Adisu Feyisa
 
Relational algebra operations
Relational algebra operationsRelational algebra operations
Relational algebra operations
SanthiNivas
 
4. SQL in DBMS
4. SQL in DBMS4. SQL in DBMS
4. SQL in DBMS
koolkampus
 
3.ppt
3.ppt3.ppt
3.ppt
BhushanChaudhari219267
 
Ch2
Ch2Ch2
Ch2
Siddharth Sood
 
Relation model part 1
Relation model part 1Relation model part 1
Relation model part 1
Siti Ismail
 
Bab 5
Bab 5Bab 5
Bab 5
Zaenal Abidin
 
Details of RDBMS.ppt
Details of RDBMS.pptDetails of RDBMS.ppt
Details of RDBMS.ppt
ShivareddyGangam
 
Relational Algebra Ch6 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)
Relational Algebra Ch6 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)Relational Algebra Ch6 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)
Relational Algebra Ch6 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)
Raj vardhan
 
relational model.pptx
relational model.pptxrelational model.pptx
relational model.pptx
ThangamaniR3
 
Module 2 - part i
Module 2 - part iModule 2 - part i
Module 2 - part i
ParthNavale
 
Cs501 rel algebra
Cs501 rel algebraCs501 rel algebra
Cs501 rel algebra
Kamal Singh Lodhi
 
2 data structure in R
2 data structure in R2 data structure in R
2 data structure in R
naroranisha
 
14285 lecture2
14285 lecture214285 lecture2
14285 lecture2
Universitas Bina Darma Palembang
 
Unit04 dbms
Unit04 dbmsUnit04 dbms
Unit04 dbms
arnold 7490
 
Ch3
Ch3Ch3
Ch3
Welly Dian Astika
 

Similar to 14. Query Optimization in DBMS (20)

Ch14
Ch14Ch14
Ch14
 
Query Optimization
Query OptimizationQuery Optimization
Query Optimization
 
relational algebra
relational algebrarelational algebra
relational algebra
 
relational model in Database Management.ppt.ppt
relational model in Database Management.ppt.pptrelational model in Database Management.ppt.ppt
relational model in Database Management.ppt.ppt
 
Lllll
LllllLllll
Lllll
 
Relational algebra operations
Relational algebra operationsRelational algebra operations
Relational algebra operations
 
4. SQL in DBMS
4. SQL in DBMS4. SQL in DBMS
4. SQL in DBMS
 
3.ppt
3.ppt3.ppt
3.ppt
 
Ch2
Ch2Ch2
Ch2
 
Relation model part 1
Relation model part 1Relation model part 1
Relation model part 1
 
Bab 5
Bab 5Bab 5
Bab 5
 
Details of RDBMS.ppt
Details of RDBMS.pptDetails of RDBMS.ppt
Details of RDBMS.ppt
 
Relational Algebra Ch6 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)
Relational Algebra Ch6 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)Relational Algebra Ch6 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)
Relational Algebra Ch6 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)
 
relational model.pptx
relational model.pptxrelational model.pptx
relational model.pptx
 
Module 2 - part i
Module 2 - part iModule 2 - part i
Module 2 - part i
 
Cs501 rel algebra
Cs501 rel algebraCs501 rel algebra
Cs501 rel algebra
 
2 data structure in R
2 data structure in R2 data structure in R
2 data structure in R
 
14285 lecture2
14285 lecture214285 lecture2
14285 lecture2
 
Unit04 dbms
Unit04 dbmsUnit04 dbms
Unit04 dbms
 
Ch3
Ch3Ch3
Ch3
 

More from koolkampus

Local Area Networks in Data Communication DC24
Local Area Networks in Data Communication DC24Local Area Networks in Data Communication DC24
Local Area Networks in Data Communication DC24
koolkampus
 
Bit Oriented Protocols in Data Communication DC23
Bit Oriented Protocols in Data Communication DC23Bit Oriented Protocols in Data Communication DC23
Bit Oriented Protocols in Data Communication DC23
koolkampus
 
Data Link Control in Data Communication DC20
Data Link Control in Data Communication DC20Data Link Control in Data Communication DC20
Data Link Control in Data Communication DC20
koolkampus
 
Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication DC18
Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication DC18Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication DC18
Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication DC18
koolkampus
 
TDM in Data Communication DC16
TDM in Data Communication DC16TDM in Data Communication DC16
TDM in Data Communication DC16
koolkampus
 
Radio Communication Band(Data Communication) DC14
Radio Communication Band(Data Communication) DC14Radio Communication Band(Data Communication) DC14
Radio Communication Band(Data Communication) DC14
koolkampus
 
Connectors in Data Communication DC12
Connectors in Data Communication DC12Connectors in Data Communication DC12
Connectors in Data Communication DC12
koolkampus
 
Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11
Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11
Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11
koolkampus
 
Analog to Digital Encoding in Data Communication DC9
Analog to Digital Encoding in Data Communication DC9Analog to Digital Encoding in Data Communication DC9
Analog to Digital Encoding in Data Communication DC9
koolkampus
 
Signal with DC Component(Data Communication) DC7
Signal with DC Component(Data Communication) DC7Signal with DC Component(Data Communication) DC7
Signal with DC Component(Data Communication) DC7
koolkampus
 
Layer Examples in Data Communication CD4
Layer Examples in Data Communication CD4Layer Examples in Data Communication CD4
Layer Examples in Data Communication CD4
koolkampus
 
OSI Model (Data Communication) DC3
OSI Model (Data Communication) DC3OSI Model (Data Communication) DC3
OSI Model (Data Communication) DC3
koolkampus
 
Basic Concepts in Data Communication DC1
Basic Concepts in Data Communication DC1Basic Concepts in Data Communication DC1
Basic Concepts in Data Communication DC1
koolkampus
 
Token Passing in Data Communication DC25
Token Passing in Data Communication DC25Token Passing in Data Communication DC25
Token Passing in Data Communication DC25
koolkampus
 
Data Link Protocols in Data Communication DC22
Data Link Protocols in Data Communication DC22Data Link Protocols in Data Communication DC22
Data Link Protocols in Data Communication DC22
koolkampus
 
Flow Control in Data Communication DC21
Flow Control in Data Communication DC21Flow Control in Data Communication DC21
Flow Control in Data Communication DC21
koolkampus
 
CRC in Data Communication DC19
CRC in Data Communication DC19CRC in Data Communication DC19
CRC in Data Communication DC19
koolkampus
 
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
koolkampus
 
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
koolkampus
 
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
koolkampus
 

More from koolkampus (20)

Local Area Networks in Data Communication DC24
Local Area Networks in Data Communication DC24Local Area Networks in Data Communication DC24
Local Area Networks in Data Communication DC24
 
Bit Oriented Protocols in Data Communication DC23
Bit Oriented Protocols in Data Communication DC23Bit Oriented Protocols in Data Communication DC23
Bit Oriented Protocols in Data Communication DC23
 
Data Link Control in Data Communication DC20
Data Link Control in Data Communication DC20Data Link Control in Data Communication DC20
Data Link Control in Data Communication DC20
 
Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication DC18
Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication DC18Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication DC18
Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication DC18
 
TDM in Data Communication DC16
TDM in Data Communication DC16TDM in Data Communication DC16
TDM in Data Communication DC16
 
Radio Communication Band(Data Communication) DC14
Radio Communication Band(Data Communication) DC14Radio Communication Band(Data Communication) DC14
Radio Communication Band(Data Communication) DC14
 
Connectors in Data Communication DC12
Connectors in Data Communication DC12Connectors in Data Communication DC12
Connectors in Data Communication DC12
 
Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11
Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11
Transmission of Digital Data(Data Communication) DC11
 
Analog to Digital Encoding in Data Communication DC9
Analog to Digital Encoding in Data Communication DC9Analog to Digital Encoding in Data Communication DC9
Analog to Digital Encoding in Data Communication DC9
 
Signal with DC Component(Data Communication) DC7
Signal with DC Component(Data Communication) DC7Signal with DC Component(Data Communication) DC7
Signal with DC Component(Data Communication) DC7
 
Layer Examples in Data Communication CD4
Layer Examples in Data Communication CD4Layer Examples in Data Communication CD4
Layer Examples in Data Communication CD4
 
OSI Model (Data Communication) DC3
OSI Model (Data Communication) DC3OSI Model (Data Communication) DC3
OSI Model (Data Communication) DC3
 
Basic Concepts in Data Communication DC1
Basic Concepts in Data Communication DC1Basic Concepts in Data Communication DC1
Basic Concepts in Data Communication DC1
 
Token Passing in Data Communication DC25
Token Passing in Data Communication DC25Token Passing in Data Communication DC25
Token Passing in Data Communication DC25
 
Data Link Protocols in Data Communication DC22
Data Link Protocols in Data Communication DC22Data Link Protocols in Data Communication DC22
Data Link Protocols in Data Communication DC22
 
Flow Control in Data Communication DC21
Flow Control in Data Communication DC21Flow Control in Data Communication DC21
Flow Control in Data Communication DC21
 
CRC in Data Communication DC19
CRC in Data Communication DC19CRC in Data Communication DC19
CRC in Data Communication DC19
 
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
 
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
 
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
 

Recently uploaded

Call Girls Hyderabad | 9024918724 | Escort Service in Hyderabad Just 5.5k Cas...
Call Girls Hyderabad | 9024918724 | Escort Service in Hyderabad Just 5.5k Cas...Call Girls Hyderabad | 9024918724 | Escort Service in Hyderabad Just 5.5k Cas...
Call Girls Hyderabad | 9024918724 | Escort Service in Hyderabad Just 5.5k Cas...
manisha puri #S10
 
🔥High Class Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 70230594 🔝💃Independent Chandigar...
🔥High Class Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 70230594 🔝💃Independent Chandigar...🔥High Class Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 70230594 🔝💃Independent Chandigar...
🔥High Class Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 70230594 🔝💃Independent Chandigar...
AK47
 
Call Girls In Chennai 7339748667 BEST GIRL SERVICE IN FULL SAFE AND SECURE
Call Girls In Chennai 7339748667 BEST GIRL SERVICE IN FULL SAFE AND SECURECall Girls In Chennai 7339748667 BEST GIRL SERVICE IN FULL SAFE AND SECURE
Call Girls In Chennai 7339748667 BEST GIRL SERVICE IN FULL SAFE AND SECURE
tiya sharma
 
Call Girls In Coimbatore👯‍♀️ 7339748667 🔥 Safe Housewife Call Girl Service Ho...
Call Girls In Coimbatore👯‍♀️ 7339748667 🔥 Safe Housewife Call Girl Service Ho...Call Girls In Coimbatore👯‍♀️ 7339748667 🔥 Safe Housewife Call Girl Service Ho...
Call Girls In Coimbatore👯‍♀️ 7339748667 🔥 Safe Housewife Call Girl Service Ho...
giihuu300#S07
 
Call Girls in Mumbai (Maharashtra) call me [🔝9967824496🔝] Escort In Jaipur se...
Call Girls in Mumbai (Maharashtra) call me [🔝9967824496🔝] Escort In Jaipur se...Call Girls in Mumbai (Maharashtra) call me [🔝9967824496🔝] Escort In Jaipur se...
Call Girls in Mumbai (Maharashtra) call me [🔝9967824496🔝] Escort In Jaipur se...
rosankumar564363
 
一比一原版(leeds学位证书)英国利兹大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(leeds学位证书)英国利兹大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(leeds学位证书)英国利兹大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(leeds学位证书)英国利兹大学毕业证如何办理
eeqcxun
 
eCommerce vs mCommerce. Know the key differencespptx
eCommerce vs mCommerce. Know the key differencespptxeCommerce vs mCommerce. Know the key differencespptx
eCommerce vs mCommerce. Know the key differencespptx
E Concepts
 
❣Mature Women / Aunty Call Girl Chennai 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent C...
❣Mature Women / Aunty Call Girl Chennai 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent C...❣Mature Women / Aunty Call Girl Chennai 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent C...
❣Mature Women / Aunty Call Girl Chennai 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent C...
khansayyad1256
 
Singapore 2024 Event The Way Forward Slides
Singapore 2024 Event The Way Forward SlidesSingapore 2024 Event The Way Forward Slides
Singapore 2024 Event The Way Forward Slides
International Federation of Accountants
 
Hifi Chennai Call Girls ⌛ 7023059433 ⌛ Call Girls Service Available ♋ Chennai ♋
Hifi Chennai Call Girls ⌛ 7023059433 ⌛ Call Girls Service Available ♋ Chennai ♋Hifi Chennai Call Girls ⌛ 7023059433 ⌛ Call Girls Service Available ♋ Chennai ♋
Hifi Chennai Call Girls ⌛ 7023059433 ⌛ Call Girls Service Available ♋ Chennai ♋
anjali sharman06
 
The-PFMS-Revolution-Streamlining-Indias-Financial-Management.pptx
The-PFMS-Revolution-Streamlining-Indias-Financial-Management.pptxThe-PFMS-Revolution-Streamlining-Indias-Financial-Management.pptx
The-PFMS-Revolution-Streamlining-Indias-Financial-Management.pptx
cosmo-soil
 
🔥Jamshedpur Call Girls 🫱 7023059433 🫲 High Class Independent Escorts Service ...
🔥Jamshedpur Call Girls 🫱 7023059433 🫲 High Class Independent Escorts Service ...🔥Jamshedpur Call Girls 🫱 7023059433 🫲 High Class Independent Escorts Service ...
🔥Jamshedpur Call Girls 🫱 7023059433 🫲 High Class Independent Escorts Service ...
hema sharman06
 
🚺MIHIKA JAIN Call Girls In Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 9352988975 🔝💃Top Class Call G...
🚺MIHIKA JAIN Call Girls In Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 9352988975 🔝💃Top Class Call G...🚺MIHIKA JAIN Call Girls In Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 9352988975 🔝💃Top Class Call G...
🚺MIHIKA JAIN Call Girls In Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 9352988975 🔝💃Top Class Call G...
khalnayak pandey
 
Independent Call Girls Visakhapatnam 8800000000 Low Rate HIgh Profile Visakha...
Independent Call Girls Visakhapatnam 8800000000 Low Rate HIgh Profile Visakha...Independent Call Girls Visakhapatnam 8800000000 Low Rate HIgh Profile Visakha...
Independent Call Girls Visakhapatnam 8800000000 Low Rate HIgh Profile Visakha...
khannsohil539
 
GUIA_LEGAL_CHAPTER_4_FOREIGN TRADE CUSTOMS.pdf
GUIA_LEGAL_CHAPTER_4_FOREIGN TRADE CUSTOMS.pdfGUIA_LEGAL_CHAPTER_4_FOREIGN TRADE CUSTOMS.pdf
GUIA_LEGAL_CHAPTER_4_FOREIGN TRADE CUSTOMS.pdf
ProexportColombia1
 
Singapore Event 2024 IPSASB Update Slides
Singapore Event 2024 IPSASB Update SlidesSingapore Event 2024 IPSASB Update Slides
Singapore Event 2024 IPSASB Update Slides
International Federation of Accountants
 
Singapore 2024 Sustainability Reporting and Accountancy Education Slides
Singapore 2024 Sustainability Reporting and Accountancy Education SlidesSingapore 2024 Sustainability Reporting and Accountancy Education Slides
Singapore 2024 Sustainability Reporting and Accountancy Education Slides
International Federation of Accountants
 
Enhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impact
Enhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impactEnhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impact
Enhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impact
Alexander Belyaev
 
Tiểu luận: PURPOSE OF BUDGETING IN SME.docx
Tiểu luận: PURPOSE OF BUDGETING IN SME.docxTiểu luận: PURPOSE OF BUDGETING IN SME.docx
Tiểu luận: PURPOSE OF BUDGETING IN SME.docx
lamluanvan.net Viết thuê luận văn
 
🔥Verified Call Girls Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 8094342248 🔝💃Top Class Call Girl Se...
🔥Verified Call Girls Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 8094342248 🔝💃Top Class Call Girl Se...🔥Verified Call Girls Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 8094342248 🔝💃Top Class Call Girl Se...
🔥Verified Call Girls Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 8094342248 🔝💃Top Class Call Girl Se...
teenagarg #v08
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Call Girls Hyderabad | 9024918724 | Escort Service in Hyderabad Just 5.5k Cas...
Call Girls Hyderabad | 9024918724 | Escort Service in Hyderabad Just 5.5k Cas...Call Girls Hyderabad | 9024918724 | Escort Service in Hyderabad Just 5.5k Cas...
Call Girls Hyderabad | 9024918724 | Escort Service in Hyderabad Just 5.5k Cas...
 
🔥High Class Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 70230594 🔝💃Independent Chandigar...
🔥High Class Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 70230594 🔝💃Independent Chandigar...🔥High Class Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 70230594 🔝💃Independent Chandigar...
🔥High Class Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Call Us 🔝 70230594 🔝💃Independent Chandigar...
 
Call Girls In Chennai 7339748667 BEST GIRL SERVICE IN FULL SAFE AND SECURE
Call Girls In Chennai 7339748667 BEST GIRL SERVICE IN FULL SAFE AND SECURECall Girls In Chennai 7339748667 BEST GIRL SERVICE IN FULL SAFE AND SECURE
Call Girls In Chennai 7339748667 BEST GIRL SERVICE IN FULL SAFE AND SECURE
 
Call Girls In Coimbatore👯‍♀️ 7339748667 🔥 Safe Housewife Call Girl Service Ho...
Call Girls In Coimbatore👯‍♀️ 7339748667 🔥 Safe Housewife Call Girl Service Ho...Call Girls In Coimbatore👯‍♀️ 7339748667 🔥 Safe Housewife Call Girl Service Ho...
Call Girls In Coimbatore👯‍♀️ 7339748667 🔥 Safe Housewife Call Girl Service Ho...
 
Call Girls in Mumbai (Maharashtra) call me [🔝9967824496🔝] Escort In Jaipur se...
Call Girls in Mumbai (Maharashtra) call me [🔝9967824496🔝] Escort In Jaipur se...Call Girls in Mumbai (Maharashtra) call me [🔝9967824496🔝] Escort In Jaipur se...
Call Girls in Mumbai (Maharashtra) call me [🔝9967824496🔝] Escort In Jaipur se...
 
一比一原版(leeds学位证书)英国利兹大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(leeds学位证书)英国利兹大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(leeds学位证书)英国利兹大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(leeds学位证书)英国利兹大学毕业证如何办理
 
eCommerce vs mCommerce. Know the key differencespptx
eCommerce vs mCommerce. Know the key differencespptxeCommerce vs mCommerce. Know the key differencespptx
eCommerce vs mCommerce. Know the key differencespptx
 
❣Mature Women / Aunty Call Girl Chennai 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent C...
❣Mature Women / Aunty Call Girl Chennai 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent C...❣Mature Women / Aunty Call Girl Chennai 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent C...
❣Mature Women / Aunty Call Girl Chennai 💯Call Us 🔝 7737669865 🔝💃Independent C...
 
Singapore 2024 Event The Way Forward Slides
Singapore 2024 Event The Way Forward SlidesSingapore 2024 Event The Way Forward Slides
Singapore 2024 Event The Way Forward Slides
 
Hifi Chennai Call Girls ⌛ 7023059433 ⌛ Call Girls Service Available ♋ Chennai ♋
Hifi Chennai Call Girls ⌛ 7023059433 ⌛ Call Girls Service Available ♋ Chennai ♋Hifi Chennai Call Girls ⌛ 7023059433 ⌛ Call Girls Service Available ♋ Chennai ♋
Hifi Chennai Call Girls ⌛ 7023059433 ⌛ Call Girls Service Available ♋ Chennai ♋
 
The-PFMS-Revolution-Streamlining-Indias-Financial-Management.pptx
The-PFMS-Revolution-Streamlining-Indias-Financial-Management.pptxThe-PFMS-Revolution-Streamlining-Indias-Financial-Management.pptx
The-PFMS-Revolution-Streamlining-Indias-Financial-Management.pptx
 
🔥Jamshedpur Call Girls 🫱 7023059433 🫲 High Class Independent Escorts Service ...
🔥Jamshedpur Call Girls 🫱 7023059433 🫲 High Class Independent Escorts Service ...🔥Jamshedpur Call Girls 🫱 7023059433 🫲 High Class Independent Escorts Service ...
🔥Jamshedpur Call Girls 🫱 7023059433 🫲 High Class Independent Escorts Service ...
 
🚺MIHIKA JAIN Call Girls In Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 9352988975 🔝💃Top Class Call G...
🚺MIHIKA JAIN Call Girls In Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 9352988975 🔝💃Top Class Call G...🚺MIHIKA JAIN Call Girls In Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 9352988975 🔝💃Top Class Call G...
🚺MIHIKA JAIN Call Girls In Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 9352988975 🔝💃Top Class Call G...
 
Independent Call Girls Visakhapatnam 8800000000 Low Rate HIgh Profile Visakha...
Independent Call Girls Visakhapatnam 8800000000 Low Rate HIgh Profile Visakha...Independent Call Girls Visakhapatnam 8800000000 Low Rate HIgh Profile Visakha...
Independent Call Girls Visakhapatnam 8800000000 Low Rate HIgh Profile Visakha...
 
GUIA_LEGAL_CHAPTER_4_FOREIGN TRADE CUSTOMS.pdf
GUIA_LEGAL_CHAPTER_4_FOREIGN TRADE CUSTOMS.pdfGUIA_LEGAL_CHAPTER_4_FOREIGN TRADE CUSTOMS.pdf
GUIA_LEGAL_CHAPTER_4_FOREIGN TRADE CUSTOMS.pdf
 
Singapore Event 2024 IPSASB Update Slides
Singapore Event 2024 IPSASB Update SlidesSingapore Event 2024 IPSASB Update Slides
Singapore Event 2024 IPSASB Update Slides
 
Singapore 2024 Sustainability Reporting and Accountancy Education Slides
Singapore 2024 Sustainability Reporting and Accountancy Education SlidesSingapore 2024 Sustainability Reporting and Accountancy Education Slides
Singapore 2024 Sustainability Reporting and Accountancy Education Slides
 
Enhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impact
Enhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impactEnhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impact
Enhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impact
 
Tiểu luận: PURPOSE OF BUDGETING IN SME.docx
Tiểu luận: PURPOSE OF BUDGETING IN SME.docxTiểu luận: PURPOSE OF BUDGETING IN SME.docx
Tiểu luận: PURPOSE OF BUDGETING IN SME.docx
 
🔥Verified Call Girls Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 8094342248 🔝💃Top Class Call Girl Se...
🔥Verified Call Girls Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 8094342248 🔝💃Top Class Call Girl Se...🔥Verified Call Girls Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 8094342248 🔝💃Top Class Call Girl Se...
🔥Verified Call Girls Ahmedabad 💯Call Us 🔝 8094342248 🔝💃Top Class Call Girl Se...
 

14. Query Optimization in DBMS

  • 1. Chapter 14 Query Optimization
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. Pictorial Depiction of Equivalence Rules
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64. End of Chapter (Extra slides with details of selection cost estimation follow)
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70.
  翻译：