Here are the values of c in each case:
1. int a = 10, b = 2;
c = 12, 8, 20, 5
2. float a = 10, b = 2;
c = 12, 8, 20, 5
3. int a = 10; float b = 2;
c = 12, 8, 20, 5
The data types of the operands determine the result. For integer operands, the result is an integer. For floating point operands, the result is floating point.
This document provides an overview of data types in C programming, including:
1) It describes four main types of data types - fundamental, modifiers, derived, and user defined. Fundamental types include integer, character, float, void. Modifiers change properties of other types. Derived types include arrays and pointers.
2) It explains the integer, float, character, and void fundamental data types in more detail. Integer can be short, int, long. Float and double store numbers in mantissa and exponent. Character represents keyboard characters.
3) Common C data type sizes and value ranges are provided for integer, float, and character types along with their modifiers like short, long, signed, unsigned.
This document discusses different data types in C/C++ including character, integer, and real (float) data types. It explains that character data can be signed or unsigned and occupies 1 byte, integer data represents whole numbers using the int type, and float data represents decimal numbers. The document also covers numeric and non-numeric constants in C/C++ such as integer, octal, hexadecimal, floating point, character, and string constants.
Presentation on C Switch Case StatementsDipesh Pandey
The document presents information on C switch case statements including:
- The switch statement allows choosing from multiple selections by passing control to one of the case statements based on the value of an expression.
- The syntax includes a switch expression, cases with condition blocks ending in break, and an optional default block.
- A flowchart illustrates the flow of a switch case statement.
- Break statements end processing of a case and branch to the end, while default executes if no case matches and can appear anywhere.
This document discusses variables in C programming. It explains that variables are names that refer to memory locations where values can be stored and changed during program execution. It provides the syntax for declaring variables using different data types like int, float, double, and char. Rules for variable names are also outlined, such as starting with a letter or underscore and avoiding reserved words.
A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.
The document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as sequences of characters stored as character arrays that are terminated with a null character. It covers string literals, declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings, and common string manipulation functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strcat(). These functions allow operations on strings like getting the length, copying strings, comparing strings, and concatenating strings.
The document discusses the character set, keywords, and identifiers in the C programming language. It provides lists of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and special characters that are valid in C. It also lists and describes common keywords for data types, qualifiers, loop controls, user-defined types, jumping controls, and storage classes. Rules for writing identifiers are outlined, noting they must start with a letter, can include letters, digits, and underscores, and the first 31 characters are significant to the compiler.
This document provides an overview of data types in C programming, including:
1) It describes four main types of data types - fundamental, modifiers, derived, and user defined. Fundamental types include integer, character, float, void. Modifiers change properties of other types. Derived types include arrays and pointers.
2) It explains the integer, float, character, and void fundamental data types in more detail. Integer can be short, int, long. Float and double store numbers in mantissa and exponent. Character represents keyboard characters.
3) Common C data type sizes and value ranges are provided for integer, float, and character types along with their modifiers like short, long, signed, unsigned.
This document discusses different data types in C/C++ including character, integer, and real (float) data types. It explains that character data can be signed or unsigned and occupies 1 byte, integer data represents whole numbers using the int type, and float data represents decimal numbers. The document also covers numeric and non-numeric constants in C/C++ such as integer, octal, hexadecimal, floating point, character, and string constants.
Presentation on C Switch Case StatementsDipesh Pandey
The document presents information on C switch case statements including:
- The switch statement allows choosing from multiple selections by passing control to one of the case statements based on the value of an expression.
- The syntax includes a switch expression, cases with condition blocks ending in break, and an optional default block.
- A flowchart illustrates the flow of a switch case statement.
- Break statements end processing of a case and branch to the end, while default executes if no case matches and can appear anywhere.
This document discusses variables in C programming. It explains that variables are names that refer to memory locations where values can be stored and changed during program execution. It provides the syntax for declaring variables using different data types like int, float, double, and char. Rules for variable names are also outlined, such as starting with a letter or underscore and avoiding reserved words.
A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.
The document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as sequences of characters stored as character arrays that are terminated with a null character. It covers string literals, declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings, and common string manipulation functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strcat(). These functions allow operations on strings like getting the length, copying strings, comparing strings, and concatenating strings.
The document discusses the character set, keywords, and identifiers in the C programming language. It provides lists of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and special characters that are valid in C. It also lists and describes common keywords for data types, qualifiers, loop controls, user-defined types, jumping controls, and storage classes. Rules for writing identifiers are outlined, noting they must start with a letter, can include letters, digits, and underscores, and the first 31 characters are significant to the compiler.
What are variables and keywords in c++Abdul Hafeez
Hi I am Abdul Hafeez ,I made this videos for Beginner and intermediate students, they can easily understand basic structure of c++ programming.
In this lecture students can understand easily:
* what is variables in c++ Programming?
* variables and data types in c++ Programming
* how to declare variables in c++ Programming
* how to initialize variables in c++ Programming
* keywords in c programming
* keywords in c++ programming
* variables and data types in c++ Programming
* size of data types in c++ Programming
* range of data types in c++ programming
* how are variables stored in memory?
C++ tutorials in URDU - HINDI
Basic concepts and advance concepts
The document discusses various concepts related to functions in Python including defining functions, passing arguments, default arguments, arbitrary argument lists, lambda expressions, function annotations, and documentation strings. Functions provide modularity and code reusability. Arguments can be passed by value or reference and default values are evaluated once. Keyword, arbitrary and unpacked arguments allow flexible calling. Lambda expressions define small anonymous functions. Annotations provide type metadata and docstrings document functions.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
OpenGurukul : Language : C ProgrammingOpen Gurukul
C is a general-purpose programming language that has been widely used since the early 1970s. Some key points about C programming covered in the document include:
- C was developed in the early 1970s and has since become widely popular for system and application software development due to its portability, efficiency, and ability to access hardware.
- C programs are typically structured using functions, header files, type definitions, and main functions. Input/output is handled using functions like printf and scanf.
- C supports basic data types like integers, floats, characters and strings. Variables must be declared before use and can be initialized.
- The document provides examples of C programs and covers basic concepts like constants
The storage class determines where a variable is stored in memory (CPU registers or RAM) and its scope and lifetime. There are four storage classes in C: automatic, register, static, and external. Automatic variables are stored in memory, have block scope, and are reinitialized each time the block is entered. Register variables try to store in CPU registers for faster access but may be stored in memory. Static variables are also stored in memory but retain their value between function calls. External variables have global scope and lifetime across the entire program.
Type casting is converting a variable from one data type to another. It is done explicitly using a cast operator like (type_name). It is best to cast to a higher data type to avoid data loss as casting to a lower type may truncate the value. There are two types of casting in C - implicit casting which happens automatically during assignment, and explicit casting which requires a cast operator. Implicit casting is done when assigning a value to a compatible type while explicit casting is needed when types are incompatible.
An enumeration (enum) is a user-defined type (same as structure) that represents a group of constants. typedef is a keyword used to create alias name for the existing datatypes.
Data types in C include primary (fundamental) types like integers and floating-point numbers, as well as derived and user-defined types. Primary types include integers of various sizes (char, short, int, long) that can be signed or unsigned, and floating-point types like float, double, and long double. Integer types have size and value ranges that depend on the machine, such as 8-bit char from -128 to 127. Floating-point types have prescribed sizes and precision levels. User can define their own types using typedef to create new type names, or enum to define enumeration types with named values.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task. Functions make a program more modular and easier to debug by dividing a large program into smaller, simpler tasks. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Functions are called from within a program to execute their code.
A file is a collection of related data that a computer treats as a single unit. Files allow data to be stored permanently even when the computer is shut down. C uses the FILE structure to store attributes of a file. Files allow for flexible data storage and retrieval of large data volumes like experimental results. Key file operations in C include opening, reading, writing, and closing files. Functions like fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose() perform these operations.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines library functions, user-defined functions, and the key elements of functions like prototypes, arguments, parameters, return values. It categorizes functions based on whether they have arguments and return values. The document also explains how functions are called, either by value where changes are not reflected back or by reference where the original values are changed.
This document discusses key concepts in C programming including variables, data types, constants, keywords, comments, and rules for writing C programs. It defines variables as containers for storing data in memory locations. It describes predefined data types like char, int, float, and double as well as derived and user-defined data types. It also covers identifiers, declarations, initialization, keywords, constants, comments, and general rules for writing C programs.
This document discusses various control structures in C programming language including if, if-else, nested if-else, switch, break, continue and ternary operators. It provides syntax and examples for each control structure. The if statement is used for simple decisions while if-else is used for two-way decisions. Nested if-else allows for multiple conditions to be checked. Switch statement compares a value to multiple cases. Break and continue statements are used to control loops. The ternary operator provides a short-hand for if-else statements. In the end, contact details are provided to learn more about programming courses.
Pam, a project manager, initially dislikes the CMMI processes her company introduces but eventually wants to understand them better. However, her first experiences with process development, deployment, and appraisals are frustrating and negatively impact her project. The document outlines common reasons why project managers dislike the CMMI, such as unrealistic process requirements and evidence collection taking too much time. It advocates applying CMMI principles like ensuring processes are useful and appraisals don't hinder projects. Pam eventually realizes her struggles were just a dream and is able to apply CMMI in a practical way that improves her work.
The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) provides organizations with guidelines for improving their processes. It defines key process areas and maturity levels for activities like project planning, risk management, and configuration management. An organization is appraised against CMMI practices rather than certified. The appraisal determines their maturity level or capability level to identify improvement areas. CMMI uses both staged and continuous appraisal approaches.
What are variables and keywords in c++Abdul Hafeez
Hi I am Abdul Hafeez ,I made this videos for Beginner and intermediate students, they can easily understand basic structure of c++ programming.
In this lecture students can understand easily:
* what is variables in c++ Programming?
* variables and data types in c++ Programming
* how to declare variables in c++ Programming
* how to initialize variables in c++ Programming
* keywords in c programming
* keywords in c++ programming
* variables and data types in c++ Programming
* size of data types in c++ Programming
* range of data types in c++ programming
* how are variables stored in memory?
C++ tutorials in URDU - HINDI
Basic concepts and advance concepts
The document discusses various concepts related to functions in Python including defining functions, passing arguments, default arguments, arbitrary argument lists, lambda expressions, function annotations, and documentation strings. Functions provide modularity and code reusability. Arguments can be passed by value or reference and default values are evaluated once. Keyword, arbitrary and unpacked arguments allow flexible calling. Lambda expressions define small anonymous functions. Annotations provide type metadata and docstrings document functions.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
OpenGurukul : Language : C ProgrammingOpen Gurukul
C is a general-purpose programming language that has been widely used since the early 1970s. Some key points about C programming covered in the document include:
- C was developed in the early 1970s and has since become widely popular for system and application software development due to its portability, efficiency, and ability to access hardware.
- C programs are typically structured using functions, header files, type definitions, and main functions. Input/output is handled using functions like printf and scanf.
- C supports basic data types like integers, floats, characters and strings. Variables must be declared before use and can be initialized.
- The document provides examples of C programs and covers basic concepts like constants
The storage class determines where a variable is stored in memory (CPU registers or RAM) and its scope and lifetime. There are four storage classes in C: automatic, register, static, and external. Automatic variables are stored in memory, have block scope, and are reinitialized each time the block is entered. Register variables try to store in CPU registers for faster access but may be stored in memory. Static variables are also stored in memory but retain their value between function calls. External variables have global scope and lifetime across the entire program.
Type casting is converting a variable from one data type to another. It is done explicitly using a cast operator like (type_name). It is best to cast to a higher data type to avoid data loss as casting to a lower type may truncate the value. There are two types of casting in C - implicit casting which happens automatically during assignment, and explicit casting which requires a cast operator. Implicit casting is done when assigning a value to a compatible type while explicit casting is needed when types are incompatible.
An enumeration (enum) is a user-defined type (same as structure) that represents a group of constants. typedef is a keyword used to create alias name for the existing datatypes.
Data types in C include primary (fundamental) types like integers and floating-point numbers, as well as derived and user-defined types. Primary types include integers of various sizes (char, short, int, long) that can be signed or unsigned, and floating-point types like float, double, and long double. Integer types have size and value ranges that depend on the machine, such as 8-bit char from -128 to 127. Floating-point types have prescribed sizes and precision levels. User can define their own types using typedef to create new type names, or enum to define enumeration types with named values.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task. Functions make a program more modular and easier to debug by dividing a large program into smaller, simpler tasks. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Functions are called from within a program to execute their code.
A file is a collection of related data that a computer treats as a single unit. Files allow data to be stored permanently even when the computer is shut down. C uses the FILE structure to store attributes of a file. Files allow for flexible data storage and retrieval of large data volumes like experimental results. Key file operations in C include opening, reading, writing, and closing files. Functions like fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose() perform these operations.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines library functions, user-defined functions, and the key elements of functions like prototypes, arguments, parameters, return values. It categorizes functions based on whether they have arguments and return values. The document also explains how functions are called, either by value where changes are not reflected back or by reference where the original values are changed.
This document discusses key concepts in C programming including variables, data types, constants, keywords, comments, and rules for writing C programs. It defines variables as containers for storing data in memory locations. It describes predefined data types like char, int, float, and double as well as derived and user-defined data types. It also covers identifiers, declarations, initialization, keywords, constants, comments, and general rules for writing C programs.
This document discusses various control structures in C programming language including if, if-else, nested if-else, switch, break, continue and ternary operators. It provides syntax and examples for each control structure. The if statement is used for simple decisions while if-else is used for two-way decisions. Nested if-else allows for multiple conditions to be checked. Switch statement compares a value to multiple cases. Break and continue statements are used to control loops. The ternary operator provides a short-hand for if-else statements. In the end, contact details are provided to learn more about programming courses.
Pam, a project manager, initially dislikes the CMMI processes her company introduces but eventually wants to understand them better. However, her first experiences with process development, deployment, and appraisals are frustrating and negatively impact her project. The document outlines common reasons why project managers dislike the CMMI, such as unrealistic process requirements and evidence collection taking too much time. It advocates applying CMMI principles like ensuring processes are useful and appraisals don't hinder projects. Pam eventually realizes her struggles were just a dream and is able to apply CMMI in a practical way that improves her work.
The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) provides organizations with guidelines for improving their processes. It defines key process areas and maturity levels for activities like project planning, risk management, and configuration management. An organization is appraised against CMMI practices rather than certified. The appraisal determines their maturity level or capability level to identify improvement areas. CMMI uses both staged and continuous appraisal approaches.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Principles and Practices in Continuous Deployment at EtsyMike Brittain
This document discusses principles and practices of continuous deployment at Etsy. It describes how Etsy moved from deploying code changes every 2-3 weeks with stressful release processes, to deploying over 30 times per day. The key principles that enabled this are innovating continuously, resolving scaling issues quickly, minimizing recovery time from failures, and prioritizing employee well-being over stressful releases. Automated testing, deployment to staging environments, dark launches, and extensive monitoring allow for frequent, low-risk deployments to production.
Netflix uses machine learning and algorithms to power recommendations for over 69 million members across more than 50 countries. They experiment with a wide range of algorithms including regression, matrix factorization, deep neural networks, and more. Some lessons learned are to first build an offline experimentation framework with clear metrics, consider distribution from the start, and design production code to also support experimentation. The goal is to efficiently iterate experiments and smoothly implement successful models in production.
A Simple Introduction To CMMI For BeginerManas Das
This slide contain an overall idea about cmmi and how to get started with cmmi levels. Also it is very good PPT for students who are giving seminar in colleges.
The document discusses tuning SQL queries in Oracle databases. It begins by noting that while tools can help, there is no single process for tuning every query as each case depends on factors like the schema design, data distribution and how the optimizer chooses a plan. The document then provides a methodology for investigating and tuning a query with poor performance, including getting the execution plan, checking it visually, and identifying possible causes like stale statistics, missing indexes or inefficient SQL.
JavaScript allows for metaprogramming through manipulating programs as data. It relies on few but powerful constructs including working with functions, arguments, built-in types, and mechanisms like inheritance at runtime. The key building blocks are objects, numbers, strings, booleans, and undefined, with everything else being objects. Functions are objects that can return other functions, taking advantage of closures to refer to outer variables from inner functions. This flexibility allows for patching implementations, self-optimizing code, custom APIs, and domain-specific languages.
This document discusses managing agile projects using Scrum. It provides an overview of Scrum, including common roles, artifacts, and events like sprints, sprint planning, daily scrums, sprint reviews, and retrospectives. It also discusses how project management practices from PMBOK like scope, schedule, cost can be addressed in Scrum, with the product backlog, release planning, and tracking work remaining. The document aims to explain how to use Scrum for managing agile software development projects.
The document discusses process improvement in software engineering. It describes the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) which has 5 levels for process improvement: initial, repeatable, defined, managed, and optimizing. Each level is associated with better project management practices, quality levels, and key process areas. Moving from lower to higher levels results in fewer defects, higher defect removal rates, and better ability to predict and manage costs, quality, and personnel needs. The CMM provides a framework for organizations to assess and improve their software development processes.
Gear Cutting Presentation for Polytechnic College Students of Indiakichu
This presentation was made by me to supplement classroom lecture on Gear Cutting technology as part of the Machine Shop technology module for IV Semester of DME and DAE students of K Scheme. Useful for Polytechnic College Students of India.
This document discusses organizational communication. It defines organizational communication as communication among people within an organization for the purpose of achieving common goals through cooperation. It notes that organizational communication is a system of pathways through which messages flow and patterns of interaction among people in an organization. There are different types of communication in an organization, including formal downward, upward, horizontal, and informal communication. Upward communication flows from lower to higher levels, downward from upper to lower, and horizontal across peer levels. Organizational communication also occurs in different contexts like public, small group, interview, and brief encounters.
Capability maturity model cmm lecture 8Abdul Basit
The document discusses the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) which focuses on an organization's ability to consistently produce high-quality software products. It defines key terms like software process, maturity, and institutionalization. The CMM has five maturity levels from Initial to Optimizing. Each level focuses on key process areas and achieving process capability goals through defined implementation and infrastructure activities. The key process areas indicate what an organization must address to improve at each level.
The document introduces Edward de Bono's method of parallel thinking using six colored thinking hats. Each hat represents a different perspective or thought process: white for objective facts, red for emotions, black for caution, yellow for benefits, green for creative ideas, and blue for organization and control. The six hats method structures group discussions to consider an issue from different angles in a set sequence, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis that incorporates logic, creativity, and feelings. Applying the hats helps remove ego and confrontation from problem solving so groups can effectively generate, evaluate, and implement solutions.
This document discusses the evolution of cyber security and its growing importance. It covers how cyber security now impacts individuals, businesses, and geopolitics. The document also defines key cyber security terms and concepts, examines perspectives like threat management and information assurance, and argues that cyber security must take an integrated, holistic approach going forward. It concludes by noting that with modern society's growing digital interconnectedness, not taking a comprehensive view of cyber security may be the biggest risk.
The document provides an overview of root cause analysis (RCA) tools and processes. It defines RCA as a systematic process for identifying the root causes of problems in order to prevent recurrence. The document outlines the key concepts, types of causes, common tools like fishbone diagrams and 5 whys, and a 5-step DMAIC process for conducting RCA including defining the problem, measuring its scope, analyzing root causes, implementing solutions, and controlling effectiveness. The goal of RCA is to develop sustainable solutions by understanding underlying causes rather than just addressing symptoms.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
The document discusses agile transformation and cultural change using a lean approach to change management. It describes how organizational culture is like a memeplex that defends against foreign ideas like agility. It advocates using lean change management principles like minimal viable change to introduce agile practices and influence culture. The document recommends establishing a change coalition and change agents to drive transformation through initiatives like creating an inspiring vision, improving feedback, and measuring employee happiness. The overall approach presented is to transform culture, not just adopt practices, by focusing on people and why change is needed.
Evolution of Microsoft windows operating systemsSai praveen Seva
- Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It introduced the concept of using a mouse and iconic windows to drive a computer's graphical user interface.
- Early versions included Windows 1.0 in 1985, Windows 2.0 in 1987, and Windows 3.0 in 1990. Windows 3.0 became the first widely successful version.
- Later major releases included Windows 95 in 1995, Windows 98 in 1998, Windows 2000 in 2000, Windows XP in 2001, Windows Vista in 2007, Windows 7 in 2009, Windows 8 in 2012, and Windows 10 in 2015. Each new version built upon the previous with updated features, improved security, and new capabilities.
An Overview of User Acceptance Testing (UAT)Usersnap
What is User Acceptance Testing? Also known as UAT or UAT testing.
it's basically, a process of verifying that a solution works for the user.
And the key word here, is user. This is crucial, because they’re the people who will use the software on a daily basis. There are many aspects to consider with respect to software functionality. There’s unit testing, functional testing, integration testing, and system testing, amongst many others.
What Is User Acceptance Testing?
I’ll keep it simple; according to Techopedia, UAT (some people call it UAT testing as well) is:
User acceptance testing (UAT) is the last phase of the software testing process. During UAT, actual software users test the software to make sure it can handle required tasks in real-world scenarios, according to specifications. UAT is one of the final and critical software project procedures that must occur before newly developed software is rolled out to the market.
User acceptance testing (UAT), otherwise known as Beta, Application, or End-User Testing, is often considered the last phase in the web development process, the one before final installation of the software on the client site, or final distribution of it.
The document provides information on the C programming language, including its history, structure, and key concepts. It discusses how C was developed at Bell Labs in the 1970s and influenced by other languages. It also describes the basic structure of C programs, which typically include header files, main functions, and statements organized into functions. The document also covers important C concepts like data types, variables, constants, and tokens.
C programming Training in Ambala ! Batra Computer Centrejatin batra
Batra Computer Centre is An ISO certified 9001:2008 training Centre in Ambala.
We Provide C Programming Training in Ambala. BATRA COMPUTER CENTRE provides best training in C, C++, S.E.O, Web Designing, Web Development and So many other courses are available.
C is a general-purpose programming language developed at Bell Labs in the 1970s. It discusses the basics of C programming, including its history, structure, keywords, variables, data types, and provides an example "Hello World" program. The document provides an overview of the key elements of C for a beginner programmer to understand how to get started with C.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed at Bell Labs in the 1970s and influenced by other languages like BCPL. The core concepts covered include C's character set, keywords, basic program structure with main function, header files, data types, variables, constants, and declarations. An example "Hello World" C program is also given.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed at Bell Labs in the 1970s and is a general purpose language closely associated with UNIX. It then covers C's character set, keywords, basic program structure including header files and library functions, data types, variables, constants, and provides a simple "Hello World" example program.
C is a powerful, flexible and portable programming language created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It supports various data types and has a variety of operators to perform arithmetic, relational, logical and bitwise operations. C programs are compiled into machine-independent code that can run on a variety of hardware and operating system platforms. Key features of C include structured programming, functions, arrays and pointers.
This document provides an overview of C programming and data structures. It begins with an introduction to C language concepts like data types, variables, constants, I/O functions, operators, and control statements. It then discusses the history and evolution of C from earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL. The document outlines characteristics of C and its applications. It also covers topics like keywords, identifiers, data type sizes, variable naming rules, and comment syntax. Library functions for input/output like scanf and printf are explained. The different types of constants in C like integer, real, character, and string constants are defined along with their syntax rules.
The document discusses the basics of the C programming language. It covers topics like C program structure, header files, data types, variables, operators, and more. Some key points:
- C programs are made up of variables, functions, statements, and expressions. Functions enable breaking programs into smaller, more manageable modules.
- Common header files like stdio.h, conio.h, and math.h provide standard input/output functions and mathematical functions.
- C supports basic data types like int, char, float, and double, as well as derived types like pointers, arrays, structures, and unions.
- Operators in C include arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment
The document discusses data types in C programming. It covers the basic data types like int, float, char, etc. It also discusses variables, constants, keywords, operators and functions in C. The document provides examples of integer, real and character constants. It explains variable naming rules and different data types supported in C like char, short, int, float, double etc along with their sizes and ranges. It also provides a simple "Hello World" example C program.
C is a programming language created in 1972 at Bell Labs to design the UNIX operating system. It spread quickly due to its power and portability. In 1989, ANSI standardized C to resolve issues from different compiler versions. C is an excellent choice for first programs due to its efficiency, flexibility, portability, and ability to write system software and packages. It has a rich set of data types, operators, and functions and allows extending functionality with custom functions. Variables are names for memory locations that can hold different data types and values.
This document provides an overview of C programming, including getting started, keywords, identifiers, variables, constants, and data types. It explains that C is an efficient programming language widely used for system and application software. It also covers the basics of compilers, keywords, variables, constants, and different data types like integers, floats, characters, and more. The document is intended for beginners to provide a solid foundation of C programming concepts.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in C programming such as keywords, identifiers, data types, constants, variables, and operators. Key points include:
- Keywords are reserved words in C that have special meaning, while identifiers are names given to variables, functions, etc. Identifiers cannot be the same as keywords.
- There are different data types in C like int, char, float, etc. that determine the type of data a variable can hold.
- Constants cannot change value once defined, while the value of variables can change during program execution.
- Operators like unary, binary, and ternary are used to perform operations on operands. Unary operators require a single
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1. B E GINNING WITH THE
C The Stack
Overflow
Dennis M. Ritchie
2. INTRODUCTION
• C programming language
– Structured and disciplined approach to program design.
C is developed by Dennis Ritchie
C is a structured programming language
C supports functions that enables easy maintainability of code, by breaking
large file into smaller modules
Comments in C provides easy readability
C is a powerful language.
C programs built from
Variable and type declarations
Functions
Statements
Expressions
4. HEADER FILES
The files that are specified in the include section is
called as header file
These are precompiled files that has some functions
defined in them
We can call those functions in our program by
supplying parameters
Header file is given an extension .h
C Source file is given an extension .c
5. MAIN FUNCTION
This is the entry point of a program
When a file is executed, the start point is the main
function
From main function the flow goes as per the
programmers choice.
There may or may not be other functions written by
user in a program
Main function is compulsory for any C program
6. RUNNING A ‘C’ PROGRAM
Type a program
Save it
Compile the program – This will generate an exe file
(executable)
Run the program (Actually the exe created out of
compilation will run and not the .c file)
In different compiler we have different option for compiling
and running. We give only the concepts.
7. C LANGUAGE TOKENS
What are actually tokens?
The smallest individual units in a C program are
known as tokens. In a C source program, the basic
element recognized by the compiler is the "token."
A token is source-program text that the compiler
does not break down into component elements.
8. TOKEN TYPES IN ‘C’
C has 6 different types of tokens viz.
2.Keywords [e.g. float, int, while]
3.Identifiers [e.g. main, amount]
4.Constants [e.g. -25.6, 100]
5.Strings [e.g. “SMIT”, “year”]
6.Special Symbols [e.g. {, }, [, ] ]
7.Operators [e.g. +, -, *]
C programs are written using these tokens and the general syntax.
9. THE KEYWORDS
"Keywords" are words that have special meaning to the C compiler.
Their meaning cannot be changed at any instance.
Serve as basic building blocks for program statements.
All keywords are written in only lowercase.
10. KEYWORDS IN ANSI C
auto double register switch
break else return typedef
case enum short union
char etern signed unsigned
const float sizeof void
continue for static volatile
default goto struct while
do if int long
11. THE IDENTIFIERS
They are programmer-chosen names to represent parts of the program:
variables, functions, etc.
Cannot use C keywords as identifiers
Must begin with alpha character or _, followed by alpha, numeric, or _
Upper- and lower-case characters are important (case-sensitive)
Must consist of only letters, digits or underscore ( _ ).
Only first 31 characters are significant.
Must NOT contain spaces ( ).
13. ABOUT CONSTANTS
Constants in C are the fixed values that do not change during the
execution of a program.
CONSTANTS
Numeric constants Character constants
Real Single
Integer String
Constants Character
Constants Constants
Constants
14. CONSTANTS EXAMPLES
Integer Constants
Refers to sequence of digits such as decimal integer, octal integer and
hexadecimal integer.
Some of the examples are 112, 0551, 56579u, 0X2 etc.
Real Constants
The floating point constants such as 0.0083, -0.78, +67.89 etc.
Single Character Constants
A single char const contains a single character enclosed within pair of single
quotes [ ‘ ’ ]. For example, ‘8’, ‘a’ , ‘i’ etc.
String Constants
A string constant is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes [ “ ” ];
For example, “0211”, “Stack Overflow” etc.
15. DECLARATIONS
Constants and variables must be declared before they can
be used.
A constant declaration specifies the type, the name and
the value of the constant.
any attempt to alter the value of a variable defined
as constant results in an error message by the compiler
A variable declaration specifies the type, the name and
possibly the initial value of the variable.
When you declare a constant or a variable, the compiler:
1. Reserves a memory location in which to store the value
of the constant or variable.
2. Associates the name of the constant or variable with
the memory location.
16. WHAT ARE VARIABLES IN C?
A Variable is a data name that is used to store any data value.
Variables are used to store values that can be changed during the
program execution.
Variables in C have the same meaning as variables in algebra. That is,
they represent some unknown, or variable, value.
x=a+b
z + 2 = 3(y - 5)
Remember that variables in algebra are represented by a single
alphabetic character.
17. NAMING VARIABLES
Variables in C may be given representations containing multiple
characters. But there are rules for these representations.
Variable names in C
May only consist of letters, digits, and underscores
May be as long as you like, but only the first 31 characters are
significant
May not begin with a number
May not be a C reserved word (keyword)
Should start with a letter or an underscore(_)
Can contain letters, numbers or underscore.
No other special characters are allowed including space.
18. NAMING CONVENTIONS
C programmers generally agree on the following conventions for
naming variables.
Begin variable names with lowercase letters
Use meaningful identifiers
Separate “words” within identifiers with underscores or mixed
upper and lower case.
Examples: surfaceArea surface_Area
surface_area
Be consistent while naming the variables!
Use all uppercase for symbolic constants (used in #define
preprocessor directives).
Examples:
#define PI 3.14159
#define AGE 52
19. CASE SENSITIVITY
C is a case sensitive language.
It matters whether an identifier, such as a variable name,
is uppercase or lowercase.
Example:
area
Area
AREA
ArEa
are all seen as different variables by the compiler.
20. DECLARING VARIABLES
Before using a variable, you must give the compiler some
information about the variable; i.e., you must declare it.
The declaration statement includes the data type of the
variable.
Examples of variable declarations:
int length ;
float area ;
21. DECLARATION (CONTD.)
Variables are not automatically initialized. For example, after
declaration
int sum;
the value of the variable sum can be anything (garbage).
Thus, it is good practice to initialize variables when they are declared.
Once a value has been placed in a variable it stays there until the
program alters it.
22. DATA TYPES IN ‘ANSI C’
There are three classes of data types here::
Primitive data types
int, float, double, char
Aggregate OR derived data types
Arrays come under this category
Arrays can contain collection of int or float or char or double data
User defined data types
Structures and enum fall under this category.
23. DATA TYPES- DIFFERENT ATTRIBUTES
Type Size Representation Minimum range Maximum range
char, signed char 8 bits ASCII -128 127
unsigned char bool 8 bits ASCII 0 255
short, signed short 16 bits 2's complement -32768 32767
unsigned short 16 bits Binary 0 65535
int, signed int 16 bits 2's complement -32768 32767
unsigned int 16 bits Binary 0 65535
long, signed long 32 bits 2's complement -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
unsigned long 32 bits Binary 0 4,294,967,295
float 32 bits IEEE 32-bit 1.175495e-38 3.4028235e+38
double 32 bits IEEE 32-bit 1.175495e-38 3.4028235e+38
long double 32 bits IEEE 32-bit 1.175495e-38 3.4028235e+38
24. DATA TYPES : 1- INTEGER
An integer type is a number without a fractional part.
Represents a signed integer of typically 4 or 8 bytes (32 or
64 bits).
Precise size is machine-dependent.
Designed to hold whole numbers
Can be signed or unsigned:
12 -6 +3
Available in different sizes (number of bytes): short int,
int, and long int
Size of short int ≤ size of int ≤ size of long int
25. DECLARATION OF INTEGER VARIABLES
Declarations tell the compiler what variable names will
be used and what type of data each can handle (store).
Variables of integer type can be defined
- On separate lines:
int length;
int width;
unsigned int area;
- On the same line:
int length, width;
unsigned int area;
26. DATA TYPE: 2- CHARACTER
Represents a single byte (8 bits) of storage.
Used to hold characters like ‘d’ or ‘x’ etc..
Can be signed or unsigned
Internally char is just a number
Numerical value is associated with character via a character set.
ASCII character set used in ANSI C
Numeric value of character is stored in memory:
MEMORY:
CODE:
letter
char letter;
letter = 'C'; 67
28. CHARACTER DATA
A variable or a constant of char type can hold an ASCII character.
When initializing a constant or a variable of char type, or when changing
the value of a variable of char type, the value is enclosed in single
quotation marks.
Examples:
const char star = '*';
char letter, one = '1';
29. DATA TYPES: 3- FLOATING-POINT
A floating-point type is a number with a fractional part
Represent typically 32 bit real numbers.
Designed to hold real numbers
12.45 -3.8
All numbers are signed.
Available in different sizes (number of bytes): float,
double, and long double
Size of float ≤ size of double
≤ size of long double
30. DECLARATION OF FLOATING POINT
VARIABLES
Variables of floating point type can be defined:
- On separate lines:
double x;
float y;
long double z;
- On the same line:
double x, y;
float y , e;
long double z , r;
31. QUICK RESPONSE!
Question:
char ch= ‘A’;
what is the difference between:
1. printf(“%c”, ch);
3. printf(“%d”, ch);
35. ABOUT Operators and expressions
• They decide the semantics of expression
• Meaning of operator given in language system.
• Expressions are formed by combining variables with operators and
ALWAYS return a single value in C.
i = 5;
i < j;
a = (a < b);
C supports a rich set of
operators that allow the
programmer to
manipulate variables
37. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Used for performing numeric calculations
• Arithmetic calculations
• Use * for multiplication and / for division
• Integer division truncates remainder
• 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
• Modulus operator(%) returns the remainder
• 7 % 5 evaluates to 2
• Operator precedence
• Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e., multiplication
before addition)
• Use parenthesis when needed
• Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c
• Do not use: a + b + c / 3
• Use: (a + b + c ) / 3
38. Arithmetic Operators (Contd.)
• Arithmetic Operators::
C operation Arithmetic Algebraic C expression
operator expression
Addition + f+7 f + 7
Subtraction - p–c p - c
Multiplication * bm b * m
Division / x/y x / y
Modulus % r mod s r % s
39. Arithmetic Operators (Contd.)
• RULES OF OPERATOR PRECEDENCE::
Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there
are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level” (i.e.,
not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication,Divi Evaluated second. If there are several, they are
sion, Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.
40. Arithmetic (summary)
• Five simple binary arithmetic operators
• + “plus” c = a + b
• - “minus” c = a - b
• * “times” c = a * b
• / “divided by” c = a/b
• % “modulus” c = a % b
Q. What are the values of c in each case above if
1. int a = 10, b = 2;
2. float a = 10, b = 2;
3. int a = 10; float b = 2; ??
41. Relational Operators
Six basic operators for comparison of values in C. These are
typically called relational operators:
1. > “greater than”
2. < “less than”
3. >= “greater than or equal to”
4. <= “less than or equal to”
5. == “is equal to”
6. != “is NOT equal to”
• A relational operator compares two values of C built
in data types such as char, int, float
• Relational operators return Boolean values:
• 0 if relation is FALSE
• 1 if relation is TRUE
42. Relational (contd.)
Standard algebraic C equality or Example of C Meaning of C
equality operator or relational condition condition
relational operator operator (Syntax) Taking 2 variables
‘x’ and ‘y’
Equality Operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
NOT = != x != y x is not equal to y
Relational Operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y
>= >= x >= y x is greater than or
equal to y
<= <= x <= y x is less than or
equal to y
44. Relational Operator Compliments
• Among the six relational operators, each one is the
compliment of another operator such as,
> is compliment of <=
< is compliment of >=
== is compliment of !=
45. LOGICAL OPERATORS
• Logical Operators are used to create compound expressions
• There are three logical operators in C
1. || “logical OR”
♦ A compound expression formed with || evaluates to 1 (true) if
any one of its components is true
2. && “logical AND”
♦ A compound expression formed with && evaluates to true if
all of its components are true
3. ! “logical NOT” is used to define a compliment of any given
expression or value or variable
Logical operators, like relational operators, are typically used in
conditional expressions
1. if ( (a == 1) && (b < 3) || (c == 1) ) etc.
• However, these can also be used in regular expressions
46. Logical operator- Truth Table
Operand-1 Operand-2 Op1 && Op2 Op1 | | Op2
(Op1) (Op2) (Logical AND) (Logical OR)
Non-zero value Non-zero value 1 1
Non-zero value 0 0 1
0 Non-zero value 0 1
0 0 0 0
Some examples of Logical operators can be::
2.if( age> 55 && salary < 1000)
3.If (number <0 || number >1000)
47. Relative Precedence
• The relative precedence of the relational as well as
logical operators is as follows::
• HIGHEST !
> >= < <=
== !=
&&
• LOWEST ||
48. ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
• The operator symbol is the equal sign ( = )
• The expression on the right-hand side is evaluated and assigned to
the left-hand variable.
int x = 9;
• Assignment operators are used to assign the result of an expression
to a variable. C provides the facility of shorthand assignment
operators of the form::
variable op= expression
• Some examples are::
x= x+y can be written as x+=y
a=a*(n+1) can be written as a *= n+1
z= z%d can be written as z%=d
49. INCREMENT/DECREMENT OPERATORS
• In C, we have 2 very useful operators called the
increment & decrement operators:
• Increment : ++ adds 1 to the operand
• Decrement : -- subtracts 1 from the operand
• Both the operators are unary and take the following
form::
++x; OR x++;
--y; OR y--;
50. Rules for ++ and – – operators
• ++ and – – are unary operators; they require variable as their
operands.
• When postfix ++ (or – –) is used with a variable in an exp., the
expression is evaluated first using the original value of the
variable and then the variable’s value is accordingly
incremented or decremented.
• When prefix ++ (or – –) is used with a variable in an exp.,
firstly, the variable’s value is accordingly incremented or
decremented and then the expression is evaluated using the
new value of the variable.
• The precedence and associativity if ++ & – – are same as that
of unary + and unary –.
51. CONDITIONAL OPERATORS
• The operators ? and : are called conditional operators as
they are used to test the conditions in the conditional
expressions.
• Conditional expression ::
• Format: <Expression 1> ? <Expression 2> : <Expression 3>
• Example:
x ? y : z
Test Condition True expression False expression
52. Use of Conditional Operators
Now consider these
Consider the
statements:
following statements:
a=80;
a= 80; b=95;
b= 95; z= (a>b) ? a : b;
if(a>b)
z=a;
else Both the statements are
resulting the same values.
z=b; This is an example of
usage of conditional
expressions
53. BITWISE OPERATORS
• Perform bitwise logical operations across individual bits of a value.
• AND &
• OR | x : 1 0 1 0 (binary)
• XOR (exclusive OR) ^ y : 1 1 0 0 (binary)
• NOT ~ x & y : 1 0 0 0 (binary)
(1’s complement)
x | y : 1 1 1 0 (binary)
• Shifts are bitwise operators x ^ y : 0 1 1 0 (binary)
• SHIFT LEFT << ~x : 0 1 0 1 (binary)
• SHIFT RIGHT >>
x << y shift x y-places to the left (add zeros)
x >> y shift x y-places to the right (sign extend)
54. THE COMMA ( , ) OPERATOR
• This operator is used to link the related expressions together
• A comma-linked expression is evaluated from left to right &
the value of the right most expression is the value of combined
expression. Say,
val = ( x=10, y=5, x+y)
x is firstly assigned the value as 10, then y is assigned as 5 and then 15
(10+5) is being assigned to the val
• This operator is used in for loops, while loops etc.
• FOR loop
for(i=0, j=1; i<=10 ; i++, j++);
• WHILE loop
while(c =getchar(), c!= ‘20’)
• Interchanging values
z=a, a=b, b=z;
55. THE SIZEOF OPERATOR
• The sizeof operator is used with an operand to return the
number of bytes the operand occupies. The operand may be a
variable, a constant or a data type qualifier.
• It’s a compile time operator.
• Mainly used to find the length of arrays and structs when their
sizes are unknown.
• Also used to allocate memory spaces dynamically to different
variables while any program execution.
• For example::
k= sizeof (sum);
j= sizeof(long int);
w= sizeof(32767);
56. Rules of Precedence & Associativity
• Precedence rule decides the order in
which different operators are
applied.
• Associativity rule decides the order in
which multiple occurrences of the
same operator are applied.
57. OPERATOR PRECEDENCE/ASSOCIATIVITY
OPERATORS (precedence from HIGHER to LOWER) ASSOCIATIVITY
( ) [ ] -> . left to right
! ~ ++ -- + - * & (type) sizeof right to left
* / % left to right
+ - left to right
<< >> Bitwise left to right
< <= > >= Relational left to right
== != Relational left to right
& Bitwise left to right
^ Bitwise left to right
| Bitwise left to right
&& Logical left to right
|| Logical left to right
?: right to left
= += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= right to left
, left to right