The document provides information about plastics used as building materials. It discusses the introduction to plastics, their chemical composition and properties. It describes various plastic forming processes like extrusion, injection moulding, blow moulding and compression moulding. It also talks about the classification of plastics into thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. Thermoplastics can be reshaped upon heating while thermosets and elastomers cannot. The document provides details on the typical manufacturing process of plastics from raw materials to the final products.
PVC is the third most widely used plastic. It was accidentally discovered in the 19th century when a white solid formed in flasks of vinyl chloride exposed to sunlight. PVC is produced via suspension or emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. It has a linear structure and atactic stereochemistry. PVC has applications in pipes, cables, flooring and more due to its low cost, durability and resistance to chemicals and corrosion. However, it has disadvantages like difficulty recycling and sensitivity to heat and UV degradation.
This document discusses polymer matrix composites, which consist of a polymer matrix combined with fibrous reinforcement. It describes the different types of polymer matrices - thermosetting and thermoplastic resins. Thermosetting resins like epoxy, polyester and phenolic polymers form cross-linked networks and do not melt when heated, while thermoplastic polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene and nylon soften when heated. The properties and uses of various thermosetting and thermoplastic resins are outlined. The role of the polymer matrix in a composite is also summarized - to hold fibers together, protect them, distribute loads evenly and enhance mechanical properties.
This document discusses fundamentals of polymer engineering, specifically polymer additives and blends. It defines additives as any substance added in small amounts to polymers to improve properties, facilitate processing, or reduce costs. Common additives include stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Fillers extend materials at low cost and can improve mechanical properties when well-dispersed. Polymer blends combine two or more polymers and offer benefits like extended temperature ranges, lighter weight, and improved toughness or barrier properties compared to the individual polymers. The classifications, functions, and examples of additives and blends in various polymer applications are covered in detail.
People working in plastics industry come across the word "Engineering plastics" a lot. So we have decided to share some information about this very topic
This document discusses wood plastic composites (WPCs). It provides details on their composition, manufacturing process, properties, applications and advantages. WPCs are made from wood flour/fibers combined with thermoplastics using an extrusion process. They have properties similar to wood but are more durable, weather resistant and require no painting. Common applications include decking, railings and outdoor furniture due to their sustainability and durability.
High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from ethylene monomer. HDPE geomembranes are made from polyethylene resin, carbon black, and additives. Although HDPE is less flexible than LLDPE, it provides higher strength and can withstand higher temperatures. Common uses of HDPE include waterproof membranes for basements, roofs, tunnels, pools, and pond liners. HDPE has high elongation, puncture resistance, tensile strength, and resistance to chemicals, corrosion, and UV light. Properties are tested through methods like tensile testing, MVTR, and peel adhesion tests.
This document discusses fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials and their use in strengthening structures. It provides definitions of composites and FRP composites. It describes the advantages of composites over traditional materials such as corrosion resistance, high strength to weight ratio, and design flexibility. The key constituents of composites are described as the resin, reinforcements, and fillers. Various resin and fiber types are discussed and compared in terms of their properties. The document outlines different manufacturing processes and how composites can be tailored for specific structural applications by adjusting variables like fiber type, orientation, and resin selection.
PVC is the third most widely used plastic. It was accidentally discovered in the 19th century when a white solid formed in flasks of vinyl chloride exposed to sunlight. PVC is produced via suspension or emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. It has a linear structure and atactic stereochemistry. PVC has applications in pipes, cables, flooring and more due to its low cost, durability and resistance to chemicals and corrosion. However, it has disadvantages like difficulty recycling and sensitivity to heat and UV degradation.
This document discusses polymer matrix composites, which consist of a polymer matrix combined with fibrous reinforcement. It describes the different types of polymer matrices - thermosetting and thermoplastic resins. Thermosetting resins like epoxy, polyester and phenolic polymers form cross-linked networks and do not melt when heated, while thermoplastic polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene and nylon soften when heated. The properties and uses of various thermosetting and thermoplastic resins are outlined. The role of the polymer matrix in a composite is also summarized - to hold fibers together, protect them, distribute loads evenly and enhance mechanical properties.
This document discusses fundamentals of polymer engineering, specifically polymer additives and blends. It defines additives as any substance added in small amounts to polymers to improve properties, facilitate processing, or reduce costs. Common additives include stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Fillers extend materials at low cost and can improve mechanical properties when well-dispersed. Polymer blends combine two or more polymers and offer benefits like extended temperature ranges, lighter weight, and improved toughness or barrier properties compared to the individual polymers. The classifications, functions, and examples of additives and blends in various polymer applications are covered in detail.
People working in plastics industry come across the word "Engineering plastics" a lot. So we have decided to share some information about this very topic
This document discusses wood plastic composites (WPCs). It provides details on their composition, manufacturing process, properties, applications and advantages. WPCs are made from wood flour/fibers combined with thermoplastics using an extrusion process. They have properties similar to wood but are more durable, weather resistant and require no painting. Common applications include decking, railings and outdoor furniture due to their sustainability and durability.
High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from ethylene monomer. HDPE geomembranes are made from polyethylene resin, carbon black, and additives. Although HDPE is less flexible than LLDPE, it provides higher strength and can withstand higher temperatures. Common uses of HDPE include waterproof membranes for basements, roofs, tunnels, pools, and pond liners. HDPE has high elongation, puncture resistance, tensile strength, and resistance to chemicals, corrosion, and UV light. Properties are tested through methods like tensile testing, MVTR, and peel adhesion tests.
This document discusses fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials and their use in strengthening structures. It provides definitions of composites and FRP composites. It describes the advantages of composites over traditional materials such as corrosion resistance, high strength to weight ratio, and design flexibility. The key constituents of composites are described as the resin, reinforcements, and fillers. Various resin and fiber types are discussed and compared in terms of their properties. The document outlines different manufacturing processes and how composites can be tailored for specific structural applications by adjusting variables like fiber type, orientation, and resin selection.
Polyurethane is a polymer made from organic units joined by urethane links. It is formed through an exothermic reaction between compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups (such as diols or polyols) and isocyanates with multiple isocyanate groups. The properties of polyurethanes, such as strength, flexibility, and toughness, can be tailored for different applications through adjustments to the molecular structure or crosslinking ratio. Common uses include coatings, adhesives, elastomers, and foams.
PVC is formed from chlorine produced through electrolysis of salt water and ethylene from oil. This reaction forms ethylene dichloride which is then polymerized to form polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. PVC has a variety of uses including pipes, window frames, wire insulation, vinyl records, and more. Nylon 6,6 is formed through condensation polymerization of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid under pressure and high heat. Nylon 6 is formed by heating caprolactum with water at high temperature. Both are used in textiles, brushes, tires, and other applications requiring strength and durability.
Polyurethane is a light weight, flexible and thermally insulating material with low density. It is produced through the reaction of polyisocyanate with polyol, forming urethane linkages. Polyurethane exists as both a thermoset polymer and thermoplastic. It has considerable physical properties like low density, flexibility, chemical stability, and acts as a thermal or electrical insulator. Major applications include use in building insulation, automobiles, marine boats, refrigerators, furniture, footwear, and adhesives.
The document provides an overview of plastic materials, their properties, classifications, and applications. It discusses the different types of plastics including thermoplastics, thermosets, crystalline and amorphous polymers. Common plastic materials like polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon and their properties are described. Factors to consider for plastic material selection like mechanical requirements, chemical environment, processing methods and part design are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, including common fiber and resin types, manufacturing processes, applications, and FDOT specifications and initiatives. It describes pultrusion and vacuum infusion as the predominant manufacturing processes, lists national design specifications, and outlines accepted FDOT applications such as structural shapes, reinforcing bars, prestressing strands, and bridge projects using FRP composites.
The document provides an introduction to plastics, including their classifications and common types. It discusses thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Thermoplastics can be remelted and remolded, while thermosetting plastics solidify permanently after heating. Common thermoplastics include polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic), polycarbonate, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Common thermosetting plastics are bakelite, epoxy resin, melamine formaldehyde, and urea-formaldehyde. The document provides examples of applications for various plastics.
This topic relates to polymer structure and types of plastic. It also explains the usage and mechanical properties of thermo plastic, thermosetting plastic and the process of making plastic products.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used thermoplastic with applications in construction, packaging, wire insulation, and more. It is produced through suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. Key properties include resistance to chemicals and moisture, as well as being lightweight and inexpensive. PVC requires additives like plasticizers and stabilizers to achieve desired material properties for different applications. Common processing methods for PVC include injection molding, extrusion, and calendaring.
Additives of Polymer, Additives of plastic, Improve properties of Plastic, Ty...Jaynish Amipara
additives of plastic.
uses of filler in plastic.
types of a heat stabilizer.
types of lubricant.
types of plasticizer in plastic.
plastic in antioxidant.
This document provides a summary of a Rapra Review Report on polymers used in building and construction. It begins with an introduction to the structure and contents of Rapra Review Reports. The report discussed contains a literature review on the topic commissioned from an expert, references and abstracts from relevant documents, and an index of the abstracts. It provides information on accessing the full text of the referenced documents via the Rapra Document Delivery Service. The document aims to give readers an overview of the information contained in the Rapra Review Report on polymers in building and construction.
Plastics ( manufacture, types,application,examples)Akhil Krishnan G
Plastics are synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable and consist of large chain-like molecules containing carbon. Plastics are less brittle than glass, corrosion resistant, light weight, and can be easily formed into complex shapes. Common plastics include thermoplastics, which can be remolded, and thermosetting plastics, which solidify permanently after heating. Plastics are manufactured through polymerization of monomers, compounding with additives, and molding techniques like injection molding, compression molding, and extrusion. Recent developments include bulletproof polymers, implantable medical polymers, and flexible plastic screens.
Plastics are widely used in building construction and materials. They are used for roofing materials, cladding panels, sound and thermal insulation, decorative laminates, adhesives and sealants, and more. Plastics provide advantages over traditional materials like being lightweight, resistant to rot and weather, and requiring little maintenance. Common plastics used in buildings include polycarbonate, PVC, polystyrene, and foams for insulation. While plastics have advantages, they can also soften at high temperatures or become brittle in cold.
FRP is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers or particles. The reinforcing materials improve the strength and elasticity of the polymer. Fiber reinforced plastics specifically use fiber reinforcement. Common fiber types include glass, carbon, and aramid fibers. The properties of the FRP depend on the properties of the fibers and matrix, their relative volumes, fiber length and orientation. FRPs are used in applications requiring high strength, stiffness, stability and resistance to heat, chemicals and abrasion.
Thermoplastics are polymers that become moldable above a certain temperature and harden upon cooling. Injection molding is a common molding process where thermoplastic is heated, injected into a mold under high pressure, and solidifies. It is used for mass production of parts with complex shapes and high accuracy like toys, containers, and automobile parts. Blow molding uses air pressure to inflate hot plastic into a mold, while thermoforming shapes heated plastic sheets over molds using vacuum or pressure forming. Both processes are used to make packaging and large plastic items.
The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its manufacturing process, properties, applications, and specifications. Some key points:
- PVC is made from salt and oil/gas and was first commercially produced in the 1920s. It has properties like durability, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation that make it suitable for many applications.
- Common PVC applications include pipes, flooring, cables, furniture, and construction materials. Specific uses outlined include water pipes, electrical conduits, roofing, and plumbing fittings.
- PVC comes in variants like UPVC and CPVC that are used for different applications based on their properties like heat and pressure resistance.
- Indian Standards
This document discusses glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), which is a composite material made of plastic reinforced with glass fibers. GFRP consists of thermosetting resins and glass fibers. It provides benefits such as high strength, light weight, resistance, design flexibility, seamless construction, low maintenance and durability. The document describes the constituents of GFRP composites including resins, reinforcements, fillers and additives. It also discusses fiber geometry, manufacture, applications and advantages of using GFRP in architectural applications such as roofs.
This document discusses the polymer polysulfone. It provides an introduction to polysulfone, describing its synthesis via polysulfonylation and polyetherification reactions. It discusses the production of major commercial polysulfones by Union Carbide, ICI, and 3M. The properties of polysulfone are summarized, including its high heat resistance, toughness, and chemical resistance. Applications are in electrical components, medical devices, automotive parts, and more due to these desirable properties. The advantages and few limitations of polysulfone are also outlined.
This document discusses various plastic processes used in manufacturing. It begins with an introduction to polymers and thermoplastics versus thermosets. It then provides details on common plastic processing techniques like injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and others. Specific plastic materials used in each process are identified. Secondary processes like welding and fabrication are also discussed. The document serves to outline the major industrial methods for producing plastic goods from raw polymers.
Plastics are polymeric materials that are lightweight, durable, and resistant to corrosion. They can be molded into various shapes and are used widely in engineering applications. Plastics are classified as thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled, and thermoset plastics, which harden permanently after heating. Common plastics are made from polymers of materials like vinyl, polyester, and urethane. Plastics have properties like low weight and resistance to heat and electricity that make them useful for applications in industries like construction, automotive, and electronics manufacturing.
Plastics can be used as building materials due to their beneficial properties such as strength, durability, resistance to water and corrosion, and low cost. There are two main types of plastics - thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled and can be repeatedly reformed, and thermosetting plastics, which permanently harden during heating and cannot be remelted or remolded. Common applications of plastics in construction include pipes, cables, flooring, roofing, windows, and structural plastic composites reinforced with fibers.
This document discusses various thermoplastics, their properties, and common uses. Thermoplastics are plastics that can be remelted and remolded if heated again. Examples discussed include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), commonly used in pipes, cables, and clothing; polyethylene, with applications in bottles, bags, and films; and polypropylene and polymethyl methacrylate (Perspex), both used in a variety of products and packaging.
Polyurethane is a polymer made from organic units joined by urethane links. It is formed through an exothermic reaction between compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups (such as diols or polyols) and isocyanates with multiple isocyanate groups. The properties of polyurethanes, such as strength, flexibility, and toughness, can be tailored for different applications through adjustments to the molecular structure or crosslinking ratio. Common uses include coatings, adhesives, elastomers, and foams.
PVC is formed from chlorine produced through electrolysis of salt water and ethylene from oil. This reaction forms ethylene dichloride which is then polymerized to form polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. PVC has a variety of uses including pipes, window frames, wire insulation, vinyl records, and more. Nylon 6,6 is formed through condensation polymerization of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid under pressure and high heat. Nylon 6 is formed by heating caprolactum with water at high temperature. Both are used in textiles, brushes, tires, and other applications requiring strength and durability.
Polyurethane is a light weight, flexible and thermally insulating material with low density. It is produced through the reaction of polyisocyanate with polyol, forming urethane linkages. Polyurethane exists as both a thermoset polymer and thermoplastic. It has considerable physical properties like low density, flexibility, chemical stability, and acts as a thermal or electrical insulator. Major applications include use in building insulation, automobiles, marine boats, refrigerators, furniture, footwear, and adhesives.
The document provides an overview of plastic materials, their properties, classifications, and applications. It discusses the different types of plastics including thermoplastics, thermosets, crystalline and amorphous polymers. Common plastic materials like polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon and their properties are described. Factors to consider for plastic material selection like mechanical requirements, chemical environment, processing methods and part design are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, including common fiber and resin types, manufacturing processes, applications, and FDOT specifications and initiatives. It describes pultrusion and vacuum infusion as the predominant manufacturing processes, lists national design specifications, and outlines accepted FDOT applications such as structural shapes, reinforcing bars, prestressing strands, and bridge projects using FRP composites.
The document provides an introduction to plastics, including their classifications and common types. It discusses thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Thermoplastics can be remelted and remolded, while thermosetting plastics solidify permanently after heating. Common thermoplastics include polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic), polycarbonate, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Common thermosetting plastics are bakelite, epoxy resin, melamine formaldehyde, and urea-formaldehyde. The document provides examples of applications for various plastics.
This topic relates to polymer structure and types of plastic. It also explains the usage and mechanical properties of thermo plastic, thermosetting plastic and the process of making plastic products.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used thermoplastic with applications in construction, packaging, wire insulation, and more. It is produced through suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. Key properties include resistance to chemicals and moisture, as well as being lightweight and inexpensive. PVC requires additives like plasticizers and stabilizers to achieve desired material properties for different applications. Common processing methods for PVC include injection molding, extrusion, and calendaring.
Additives of Polymer, Additives of plastic, Improve properties of Plastic, Ty...Jaynish Amipara
additives of plastic.
uses of filler in plastic.
types of a heat stabilizer.
types of lubricant.
types of plasticizer in plastic.
plastic in antioxidant.
This document provides a summary of a Rapra Review Report on polymers used in building and construction. It begins with an introduction to the structure and contents of Rapra Review Reports. The report discussed contains a literature review on the topic commissioned from an expert, references and abstracts from relevant documents, and an index of the abstracts. It provides information on accessing the full text of the referenced documents via the Rapra Document Delivery Service. The document aims to give readers an overview of the information contained in the Rapra Review Report on polymers in building and construction.
Plastics ( manufacture, types,application,examples)Akhil Krishnan G
Plastics are synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable and consist of large chain-like molecules containing carbon. Plastics are less brittle than glass, corrosion resistant, light weight, and can be easily formed into complex shapes. Common plastics include thermoplastics, which can be remolded, and thermosetting plastics, which solidify permanently after heating. Plastics are manufactured through polymerization of monomers, compounding with additives, and molding techniques like injection molding, compression molding, and extrusion. Recent developments include bulletproof polymers, implantable medical polymers, and flexible plastic screens.
Plastics are widely used in building construction and materials. They are used for roofing materials, cladding panels, sound and thermal insulation, decorative laminates, adhesives and sealants, and more. Plastics provide advantages over traditional materials like being lightweight, resistant to rot and weather, and requiring little maintenance. Common plastics used in buildings include polycarbonate, PVC, polystyrene, and foams for insulation. While plastics have advantages, they can also soften at high temperatures or become brittle in cold.
FRP is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers or particles. The reinforcing materials improve the strength and elasticity of the polymer. Fiber reinforced plastics specifically use fiber reinforcement. Common fiber types include glass, carbon, and aramid fibers. The properties of the FRP depend on the properties of the fibers and matrix, their relative volumes, fiber length and orientation. FRPs are used in applications requiring high strength, stiffness, stability and resistance to heat, chemicals and abrasion.
Thermoplastics are polymers that become moldable above a certain temperature and harden upon cooling. Injection molding is a common molding process where thermoplastic is heated, injected into a mold under high pressure, and solidifies. It is used for mass production of parts with complex shapes and high accuracy like toys, containers, and automobile parts. Blow molding uses air pressure to inflate hot plastic into a mold, while thermoforming shapes heated plastic sheets over molds using vacuum or pressure forming. Both processes are used to make packaging and large plastic items.
The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its manufacturing process, properties, applications, and specifications. Some key points:
- PVC is made from salt and oil/gas and was first commercially produced in the 1920s. It has properties like durability, chemical resistance, and electrical insulation that make it suitable for many applications.
- Common PVC applications include pipes, flooring, cables, furniture, and construction materials. Specific uses outlined include water pipes, electrical conduits, roofing, and plumbing fittings.
- PVC comes in variants like UPVC and CPVC that are used for different applications based on their properties like heat and pressure resistance.
- Indian Standards
This document discusses glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), which is a composite material made of plastic reinforced with glass fibers. GFRP consists of thermosetting resins and glass fibers. It provides benefits such as high strength, light weight, resistance, design flexibility, seamless construction, low maintenance and durability. The document describes the constituents of GFRP composites including resins, reinforcements, fillers and additives. It also discusses fiber geometry, manufacture, applications and advantages of using GFRP in architectural applications such as roofs.
This document discusses the polymer polysulfone. It provides an introduction to polysulfone, describing its synthesis via polysulfonylation and polyetherification reactions. It discusses the production of major commercial polysulfones by Union Carbide, ICI, and 3M. The properties of polysulfone are summarized, including its high heat resistance, toughness, and chemical resistance. Applications are in electrical components, medical devices, automotive parts, and more due to these desirable properties. The advantages and few limitations of polysulfone are also outlined.
This document discusses various plastic processes used in manufacturing. It begins with an introduction to polymers and thermoplastics versus thermosets. It then provides details on common plastic processing techniques like injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and others. Specific plastic materials used in each process are identified. Secondary processes like welding and fabrication are also discussed. The document serves to outline the major industrial methods for producing plastic goods from raw polymers.
Plastics are polymeric materials that are lightweight, durable, and resistant to corrosion. They can be molded into various shapes and are used widely in engineering applications. Plastics are classified as thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled, and thermoset plastics, which harden permanently after heating. Common plastics are made from polymers of materials like vinyl, polyester, and urethane. Plastics have properties like low weight and resistance to heat and electricity that make them useful for applications in industries like construction, automotive, and electronics manufacturing.
Plastics can be used as building materials due to their beneficial properties such as strength, durability, resistance to water and corrosion, and low cost. There are two main types of plastics - thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled and can be repeatedly reformed, and thermosetting plastics, which permanently harden during heating and cannot be remelted or remolded. Common applications of plastics in construction include pipes, cables, flooring, roofing, windows, and structural plastic composites reinforced with fibers.
This document discusses various thermoplastics, their properties, and common uses. Thermoplastics are plastics that can be remelted and remolded if heated again. Examples discussed include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), commonly used in pipes, cables, and clothing; polyethylene, with applications in bottles, bags, and films; and polypropylene and polymethyl methacrylate (Perspex), both used in a variety of products and packaging.
This document discusses plastics, polymerization, and resin. It defines plastics and polymerization as the process of combining monomers into polymers. It describes four types of polymer structures and three methods of polymerization. Plastics are classified based on heating behavior, structure, and physical properties. Key properties of plastics discussed include chemical resistance, durability, electrical insulation, and recycling. The document also provides an introduction to resins, describing them as organic compounds used to manufacture plastics, paints, and other materials.
Plastics are polymers made from organic materials that can be molded when heated and pressurized. There are two main types: thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled, allowing them to be reshaped; and thermosetting plastics, which harden permanently after molding. Plastics have a variety of uses and properties including being lightweight, corrosion resistant, and easy to work with. They are made through processes like extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, and blow molding. Common plastics include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, and reinforced plastics.
The document discusses the origins and properties of plastics. It describes how plastics are made from polymers formed by linking monomers together. It classifies plastics as either thermoplastics, which can be remelted, or thermosettings, which can only be melted once. The document outlines several processes for working with plastics, including blending, calendaring, molding techniques like injection and blow molding, and recycling plastics.
This document provides information on polymers and plastics. It defines a polymer as being made up of chains of many links. Plastics are polymers where the chains come together to form long chains. The simplest example given is polyethylene, made from ethylene molecules reacting to form chains. Polymers can be made into various products like plastic bottles, sleeping bags, and eyeglasses. The document discusses polymer properties, types including thermoplastics and thermosets, and synthesis methods like chain polymerization. It also covers topics like polymer crystallization, glass transition temperatures, solvent interactions, processing methods like extrusion, and blending of polymers.
The document discusses different types and properties of plastics. It is divided into sections by different students. Student One discusses raw materials used to make polymers and different molding methods like thermocompression and extrusion molding. Student Two talks about synthesizing basic polymers and additives that give plastics new qualities, and various molding processes like injection, foaming, and vacuum forming. Student Three explains physical properties including electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, density, and melting points. It also discusses mechanical properties like traction, compression, bending, and hardness. Chemical properties like permeability, solubility, and combustibility are presented. Biological properties including recyclability, toxicity, and biodegradability are covered. Finally, Student Four introduces
This document discusses various manufacturing processes for plastic components. It begins by explaining what plastics are, how they are made from polymers, and the different types of plastics including thermoplastics and thermosets. It then covers several common plastic manufacturing processes like compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, blow molding, and extrusion. For each process, it provides details on how the process works, suitable materials, advantages and disadvantages, and common applications. It also discusses defects that can occur in injection molding and additives that are often included with plastics.
Plastics and Rubbers-Introduction, Types, Uses and ExamplesAnsh Agarwal
This document provides information on plastics and rubbers, including their composition, classification, and common types. It discusses thermoplastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, and ABS, as well as thermosetting plastics like phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, and polyurethane. Common rubbers like natural rubber and synthetic rubbers are also outlined. The document aims to inform the reader about the basic properties and applications of important plastic and rubber materials.
This document provides information on different types of plastics, including their composition, methods of polymerization, and common examples. It discusses the two main types of plastics - thermoplastics and thermosets. For thermoplastics, it describes how they are formed and provides examples like ABS, PMMA, polyesters, polyethylene, and polystyrene. It also discusses specific polymer materials like polycarbonates, polyamide-imides, polyoxymethylene, and polyphenylene oxide, highlighting their properties and applications.
Plastics are polymers that can be molded into various shapes. There are two main types: thermoplastics, which can be reshaped upon heating, and thermosetting plastics, which permanently harden during molding. Common thermoplastics include polyethylene, PVC, and nylon, while popular thermosetting plastics include bakelite, melamine, and epoxy. Plastics are used in a wide range of applications from piping to electronics due to their lightweight, corrosion resistance, and low cost compared to other materials. Fiber reinforced plastics combine polymers with fibers for increased strength.
This document provides an overview of composite materials, including:
- A history of composites dating back thousands of years including ancient uses of straw/mud bricks and wood/bamboo.
- Advantages of composites like higher strength and stiffness than metals but lower density.
- Definitions of composites as consisting of two phases - a matrix and reinforcement. Common matrix materials include polymers, metals, and ceramics.
- Types of reinforcements like fibers, particles, and different fiber materials including glass, carbon, and Kevlar.
- Manufacturing processes for composites.
The document discusses plastics and polymers. It begins by defining plastics and polymers, noting they are made up of chains of monomers linked together. It then describes the different types of polymers like natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic. It explains the polymerization process and different methods like addition, condensation, and co-polymerization. The document also discusses key plastic types like thermoplastics and thermosets. It provides a timeline of important developments in the plastics industry. In summary, the document provides an overview of plastics and polymers, including their composition, production methods, types, and history.
This document discusses different types of plastics used in construction, their properties, and applications. It outlines several families of plastics like acrylic, composites, expanded polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride. Plastics are described as strong, lightweight materials that are durable, weather resistant, and don't corrode. The document also examines various polymers used in construction and their applications, including flooring, windows, pipes, seals, and insulation. It provides examples of specific plastics like epoxy, polyethylene, polycarbonate, and their construction uses.
This document discusses polymer matrix composites. It covers types of polymer matrices including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Processing techniques for both thermoset and thermoplastic matrix composites like hand layup, filament winding, injection molding are described. The functions and desired properties of the polymer matrix are explained. Comparison of various polymer matrices and the effect of temperature on thermoplastics are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of plastics including thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. It describes the main types of plastics like PETE, HDPE, PVC, and others. It also discusses how plastics are widely used in engineering applications like in cars, where plastics make up around 162kg and help reduce the weight. Common plastic processing methods like extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, rotational molding, compression molding, and casting are explained along with their applications. Both advantages like low cost and weight reduction and disadvantages like producing toxic fumes when burned and being non-biodegradable are highlighted.
Polymeric materials are formed by joining many small monomer units together through chemical reactions. They have properties like low density, good corrosion resistance, and mouldability. There are three main types of polymerization reactions: addition, copolymerization, and condensation. Polymeric materials can be formed into fibers, coatings, foams, and used as adhesives through various production techniques. Common polymers include polyethene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylon 6,6, and teflon.
This document discusses various types and processing techniques for polymer matrix composites. It begins by describing hand layup and sprayup techniques for composites, as well as other processes like filament winding, pultrusion, resin transfer molding, and autoclave molding. It then discusses thermoplastic matrix composites and techniques like injection molding, film stacking, and tape laying. The document provides information on glass fiber/polymer interfaces, mechanical properties, and applications of polymer matrix composites.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
Plastic is a general term for synthetic polymers that can be molded into solid objects. The first plastic, Parkesine, was created in 1862 from cellulose. Plastics are made from polymers formed through addition, condensation, or addition polymerization reactions from raw materials like monomers, plasticizers, and fillers. The two main types are thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled, and thermoset plastics, which harden permanently after heating. Common plastics include polyethylene, PVC, PVA, and bakelite. Plastics are used widely due to properties like light weight, corrosion resistance, strength, and insulation.
This document provides background information on the School of Architecture, Building and Design at Taylor's University. It discusses the history of the school, originally established in 1998 as the School of Built Environment, offering diploma programs in architectural technology, quantity surveying, and building technology and management. The document outlines key developments, including partnerships formed with the University of Melbourne in 2000 and 2001 to provide degree pathways for diploma graduates. It also notes the relocation of the school to the main Taylor's campus in 2012 to accommodate its increased size and programs.
This document provides a history of the School of Architecture, Building and Design (SABD) at Taylor's University. It details the establishment and evolution of SABD and its programmes over time, including achieving accreditation from various professional bodies. Key developments include launching diploma programmes in 1998, establishing partnerships with overseas universities, receiving full accreditation for programmes, renaming and expanding the scope of SABD, and introducing degree programmes culminating in a Master of Architecture programme in 2013. The history shows SABD's growth from initially offering diploma courses to becoming a school providing a full suite of built environment programmes up to postgraduate level.
This document discusses fire protection systems for Building Services Two (BLD60503). It outlines various fire protection measures that have been implemented, including installing fire stops between ducting and walls or floor slabs, at door frames, spraying fire barriers on steel beams, and applying fire barrier membranes on roof walls. The document was prepared by Tan Hee Chai and focuses on fire protection for a single building.
The document discusses relationship management in the construction supply chain. It explains that (1) maintaining strong relationships with subcontractors and suppliers is important for contractors to control costs and ensure quality work is done on time, (2) factors like specialization and outsourcing mean contractors rely heavily on subcontractors, and (3) with fewer subcontractors and suppliers, strong relationships are even more crucial for success.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
Escalators can be arranged in several configurations to efficiently transport passengers between floors. A single escalator arrangement is inexpensive but allows travel in only one direction, while parallel escalators maximize passenger flow and comfort by allowing two-way travel. Multi-level arrangements like scissor and criss-cross configurations provide continuous bidirectional traffic and are most suitable for high-traffic buildings. The optimal escalator configuration depends on factors like passenger volume, traffic patterns, and space restrictions.
An escalator is a moving staircase that transports people between floors. It consists of a metal truss structure with tracks that guide metal steps in a continuous loop powered by an electric motor. The steps move at around 1-2 feet per second and have a maximum incline of 30 degrees. Escalators have platforms at the top and bottom where the curved tracks guide the flat steps back into a staircase formation. Additional components include handrails, exterior panels, safety devices, and control systems. Escalators can efficiently move large numbers of people and are used to direct traffic flow in buildings.
BS 2 Group assignment brief question august 2016Est
1. The document provides guidelines for a group assignment requiring students to complete a building services case study on a completed shopping complex.
2. It outlines 8 guidelines that must be strictly followed, including word count limits, use of footnotes and a bibliography, submission deadlines and templates, and penalties for late submissions.
3. The assignment objectives are to expose students to real-life building services systems through a case study, demonstrate understanding of compliance with local requirements, and appreciate challenges of installing different systems. Students must study and explain the mechanical ventilation, fire protection, vertical transportation, and electrical systems.
1. Variable air volume (VAV) systems use VAV boxes connected to thermostats to control the temperature in spaces by varying the volume of air delivered. As a space requires more cooling, the VAV box damper opens to allow more air flow.
2. Key components of a VAV system include air handling units with mixing boxes, filters, cooling/heating coils and fans to condition air, VAV boxes with dampers to control air volume, and diffusers to deliver air to spaces.
3. VAV systems offer efficient individual temperature control and flexibility but can have issues with low air velocity at low flow rates. Adding fans or reheat coils to VAV boxes helps address this disadvantage.
1. The document discusses supply chain management (SCM) in the construction industry. It describes SCM as an approach that aims to integrate and synchronize processes across interdependent organizations to improve customer value.
2. SCM principles that could benefit the construction industry are discussed, including transparency, trust, and efficiency across the supply chain. Benefits include improved value for clients, more competitive subcontractors, and assurance of business continuity.
3. The construction supply chain involves many stakeholders like subcontractors, designers, and material/equipment suppliers. Characteristics of construction supply chains are that they are highly non-linear with many linkages and information flows required.
The document discusses Building Information Modeling (BIM) and its various dimensions ranging from 3D to 7D modeling. It provides details on the services, software, advantages and disadvantages of each dimension. The 3D model refers to visualization and clash detection. 4D adds a time component for construction planning and scheduling. 5D enables cost estimation and quantity take-off. 6D performs energy consumption analysis during design and operation. 7D covers facility management. The document is a group project report submitted by students for their Construction Supply Chain Management course that analyzes how each BIM dimension benefits supply chain management.
This document provides details on a proposed mixed development project called TU Centrum by TU Property Development Group Berhad. It includes the following key points:
1) TU Centrum will be located next to One Utama Shopping Mall and consist of shop offices and serviced apartments across 6 blocks.
2) The target market segments for the serviced apartments are identified as households with 2-6 members who are married or divorced with incomes of RM5,000-8,000 based on an analysis of household size, marital status and income.
3) The development aims to meet housing demand in the area and achieve sales of RM20 million for the serviced residences within one year.
This document provides information about Yanyan Corporation Sdn Bhd, including its vision, mission, goals and organisational structure. It outlines the company's focus on luxury, convenience and being environmentally friendly. The document also includes job descriptions for various roles within the company's administration, accounting, contract and project management departments.
This document discusses human resource management and recruitment. It poses three questions: 1) the advantages and disadvantages of internal vs external recruitment; 2) why organizations prefer promoting from within; 3) whether the construction industry prefers internal or external recruitment. It also lists a reading on Southwest Airlines' use of recruitment tools and a case study on its corporate culture.
MS Case study development for entrepreneur mark zuckerbergEst
Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 while a student at Harvard University. Facebook rapidly gained popularity at Harvard and other colleges. Zuckerberg dropped out of Harvard to focus on Facebook full-time, and by age 23 had become the world's youngest self-made billionaire due to Facebook's success. Zuckerberg demonstrated entrepreneurial skills from a young age through his passion for programming and ability to transform ideas into opportunities, like creating Facebook to help students connect. He successfully tested and expanded Facebook while maintaining focus on his vision of connecting people worldwide through the platform.
This document discusses leadership and motivation. It defines leadership as a social influence process that causes others to achieve organizational goals. Effective leadership involves creating a vision, communicating that vision, and setting an example to inspire others. The document compares managing, which focuses on tasks, to leading, which focuses on gaining commitment. It examines different leadership styles and approaches, including trait, behavioral, power-based, situational, empowering, and transformational leadership. The document also defines motivation and discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs and McClelland's theory of achievement, power, and affiliation needs as approaches to motivate employees.
Here are some common communication ways that project managers and site supervisors in the construction industry use:
- Face-to-face meetings and discussions on site to coordinate work and resolve issues.
- Two-way radios to communicate with workers across loud work sites.
- Written communications like emails, reports, meeting minutes to document instructions, decisions and progress.
- Drawing and schematics to convey design and technical details.
- Online project management software to share schedules, tasks, documents with all stakeholders.
- Teleconferences and video calls to coordinate with remote teams and clients.
- Notice boards to display notices, updates and safety instructions for all on-site workers.
- Using
The document outlines a group project for a management science class. Students are to imagine starting a construction company with RM 1 million in capital along with 4 friends. They must:
1) Create a vision, mission statement, and goals for the short, mid, and long-term along with an organizational chart listing job roles.
2) Develop selection criteria for 3 management trainee positions and propose at least 3 interview activities to test candidates against the criteria.
3) Suggest how the company will utilize IT and information management skills to gain competitive advantages.
Company Profile of Tempcon - Chiller Manufacturer In Indiasoumotempcon
This is the company profile of Tempcon - chiller manufacturer in India. Tempcon manufactures water cooled and air cooled chillers and industrial AC. The company has been in the business since 1983.
website: https://www.tempcon.co.in/
2. • INTRODUCTION TO PLASTICS.
• PROPERTIES & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PLASTICS.
• FORMING PROCESSES (Explanations & Videos)
• TESTING PROCESSES.
• APPLICATION OF PLASTIC MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION.
• ONLINE QUIZ! SELF-ASSESSMENT
• TUTORIALS
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
2
3. WHAT IS PLASTIC?
• Derived from GREEK word
“PLASTIKOS” = able to be shaped
or molded.
• A PLASTIC material is any of a
wide range of synthetic or semi-
synthetic organic solids that can
be shaped or molded into any
form: some are naturally occurring,
but most are man-made.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
3
4. WHAT IS PLASTIC MADE OF?
• The raw material is OIL.
• Produced from petrochemical products.
• There are some other raw materials that can be used:
coal, natural gas, various organic materials such as
sugar and oils.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
4
PLASTIC
GRANULES
5. WHAT IS PLASTIC?
• A substance that contains natural or synthetic high
molecular organic material
• A petrochemical product-derived from petroleum
• Can be liquefied thus cast in specific molds
• Can imitate the appearance of wood, glass, metal
etc
• Decorative items and accessories have been
eventually being replaced by plastics instead of glass
to lowered the manufacturing cost
• Appearances are similar to glass but there are great
differences between their properties.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
5
6. PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC
• Non-load bearing materials.
• Not subject to corrosion. Therefore always be a replacement for
some other materials.
• Degraded by sunlight exposure. Hence, reduce mechanical
strength.
• Flammable unless treated.
• Inexpensive to produce.
• Lighter than other materials of comparable strength e.g wood,
metal (iron or steel) etc.
• Low density materials: from 0.9-2.2g/cm.
• Polythene & polystyrene are among the lightest.
• Low tensile strength e.g the resistance to pulling force is weak.
• 20% of plastic production used in building industry. E.g: 40%
PVC (Polyvinyl chloride – has high embodied energy content)
used in pipes, cladding, electrical cable insulation, windows,
doors and flooring.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
6
7. PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC
• Elongate up to 500% without fracturing
• Low compressive strength yet glass-fiber-reinforced
plastics resist compressive force more than steel
• Hardest plastic is softer than the softest metal yet the
penetration resistant can be enhanced by
reinforcing glass fibers
• Resistance impact varies e.g. rigid polymers i.e.
polystyrene and acrylics are brittle and fracture easily
• Flexible plastic e.g polyvinyl and polyethylene have
high impact strength
• Low melting temperatures but high coefficient of
expansion
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
7
8. PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC
• Deforming capacity: Materials like iron cannot be
deformed as easy as plastic. Hence plastic is more
flexible.
• Atmospheric resistance: Resists to humidity, high and
low temperatures.
• Chemical resistance: Chemically inert, hence substances
like soap , water acid can be stored in plastic containers.
• Recyclability: Plastic can be re-used.
• Impermeability to light, water and gases.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
8
9. • Composed of repeating units of short carbon compounds
called ‘monomers’ that link together to form a larger
molecule called a ‘polymer’
• Various types of monomers can be combined in many
different arrangements to make infinite variety of plastic –
which all have different chemical properties.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
9
10. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
• The manufacture of plastic involves: polymerization of
ethylene monomer (colorless gas) - @ high pressure
200 degree Celsius – converted into – clear polymer
polyethylene or polythene
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
10
12. CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTIC
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
12
THERMOPLASTICS
• Can be heated and
shaped many times.
• Will soften when is
heated and can be
shaped when hot.
• Will harden when cooled,
but can be reshaped
because it has no link
between polymer chains.
• Example: ABS
(acrylonitrile
butadienestyrene), Nylon
(polyamide), acrylic
(polymethyl methacrylate),
uPVC (polyvinyl chloride),
polystyrene, polypropylene
and cellulose acetate
THERMOSETTING
• Can only be heated and
shaped once.
• If re-heated they cannot
soften as polymer chains
are interlinked.
• Fixed molecular structure
that cannot be reshaped by
heat or solvents that are
joined by adhesives.
• Example: Epoxy resin,
melamine formaldehyde,
polyester resin and urea
formaldehyde.
ELASTOMER
• Elasticity
• Plastic in which hellical /
zig-zag molecular chains
are free to straighten
when the material is
stretched and recover
when the load is taken
away
• Example: natural rubber,
neoprene.
13. THERMOPLASTIC
• Linear or slightly branched molecules
• Do not chemically bond with each other when
heated
• Can be heated, cooled, softened and hardened
repeatedly like candle wax
• Can be remolded and reused
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
13
14. THERMOSET
• Consists of chain molecules that chemically bonded, or cross-linked
with each other when heated.
• Cannot be remolded once cured.
• Used to make heat-resistant products
• Example: a) phenol formaldehyde: decorative laminates; b) melamine
formaldehyde: laminates for working surfaces and doors, molded electrical
components, WC seats; c) urea formaldehyde: decorative laminates; d)
glass-reinforced polyester (GRP): cladding & roofing panels, cold water
tanks, spa baths, garage doors, decorative tiles and panels.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
14
16. ELASTOMER
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
16
• Natural rubber added with
sulfur to ensure that elastomer
materials return to its original
form when applied stress is
removed
• Also known as elastomeric
• Example:
a) Rubber: floorings, door seals,
anti-vibration beatings
b) Neoprene: glazing seals, gaskets
c) Elastomer: glazing seals,
gaskets, single-ply roofing
systems
d) Butyl rubber: sheet liners to
water features and land-fill
sites
e) Nitrile rubber: tile & sheet
flooring
18. THERMOPLASTIC vs THERMOSET
THERMOPLASTIC
• These are made from polymers without
cross-linking between their chains.
• The intermolecular forces between the
chains are relatively weak (compared to
thermosets with covalent cross-links).
• The attractive forces in the thermoplastics
can be broken down by warming.
• The chains are able to move over each
other and the polymer can be deformed.
• On cooling, the weak forces between the
polymer reform and the thermoplastic
holds its new shape.
• Examples of thermoplastics are polythene
and nylon.
THERMOSET
• These polymers have lots of cross-
linking between the different polymer
chains.
• These cross-links make the chains
much stronger than in thermoplastics.
• The attractive forces cannot be broken
by warming.
• The chains cannot move relative to
each other and the polymer cannot
change shape.
• If heated, the polymer just chars and
burns. Bakelite is an example of a
thermoset.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
18
19. THERMOPLASTIC vs THERMOSET
THERMOPLASTICS
• They will burn when excessive
heat is applied because their
melting point is simply too high to
reach.
• The materials degrade and
decompose before they can reach
temperatures high enough to melt.
• Commonly utilized in automated
equipment and high volume
applications.
• Thermoplastics are easier to work
with than thermoset materials.
• They can also be easily stripped if
an application requires.
THERMOSET
• Irreversibly molded.
• Thermosets are great solutions
for high temperature
applications or for circuits at
risk for overload.
• High temperature ratings make
them more likely to function if an
application overheats suddenly.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
19
20. HOW PLASTIC IS MADE OF?
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
20
• The melted plastic is poured into a mold.
• When the plastic becomes cooler, it takes the shape.BLENCH
• Air or gas is injected into a plastic mass to form
bubbles in order to make it lighter.
• Eg: mattresses, sponges, bike helmets.
SKIM
• The plastic is passed through the rollers called
calenders until it becomes into thin sheets.
• Eg: files
CALENDER
• Plastic is given shape by introducing it into a mold
by either high or low pressure.MOULDING
21. PRODUCTION PROCESSES
THERMOPLASTICS
• Raw materials
(gas, liquid,
powder,
granules)
• Formed into
extrusion or
sheet.
• Reformed into
finished product.
THERMOSETTING
PLASTICS
• Partially
polymerized
material; or
• Directly from
resin and
hardened mix.
FOAMED
PLASTICS
• Blown with
internally
generated gas; or
• Produced by a
vacuum process.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
21
22. TYPICAL MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Conveys petroleum to a refinery
• Refine raw oil and natural gas into ethane, propane & other
petrochemical products
• Break ethane & propane into ethylene & propylene in a high
temperature furnace
• Ethylene can be converted into clear polyethylene under high
pressure at 200 degree Celcius (polymerization process)
• Combine ethylene or propylene with catalyst in a reactor to
produce “fluff”, a powdered material.
• Combine “fluff” with additives in a continuous blender
• Melt the polymer in an extruder
• Cool the melted plastic
• Cut the product into tiny pellets in a pelletizer
• Send to customer
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
22
24. EXTRUSION FORMING PROCESS
• Plastic pellets are placed in a feed
hopper which feeds into the
system.
• A turning screw pushes the plastic
into the barrel where heaters
increase the temperature and a
melted polymer is obtained.
• The melted plastic is forced
through a shaping die.
• Depending on the particular shape
of this element, a continuous shape
is formed and pulled out of the
extrusion machine.
• Solidification by cooling.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
24
25. EXTRUSION FORMING PROCESS
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
25
TYPICAL DIAGRAM OF EXTRUSION FORMING PROCESS
Using this processing it is possible to produce a wide range of different
forms of plastic, such as tubes, sheets and films, structural parts, etc.
27. INJECTION MOULDING PROCESS
• Plastics pellets flows, due to gravity,
from the feed hopper onto a turning
screw.
• It is converted into a melted plastic by
the action of heaters situated along the
barrel.
• The screw moves the molten plastic
forward, forcing the plastic through a
gate into the cooled mold.
• The mold is opened once the plastic has
solidified and the piece is pushed from
the mold by automatic ejector pins.
• After we get the manufactured piece,
the mold is closed and clamped and the
process begins again.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
27
29. INJECTION MOLDING
ADVANTAGES
• High production rates
are possible.
• (A typical cycle time for a
3mm thick part would
about 40 seconds)
• Injections molding allows
you to produce products
with a good finish to a
good consistent quality
DISADVANTAGES
• Very expensive
to set up - the
tools (the dies or
molds) are
produced to a
high degree of
accuracy and
surface finish
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
29
30. COMPRESSION MOULDING
• In compression moulding, plastics
pellets, sometimes called
moulding powder, are placed in
the feed hopper and pushed to
the gate by the action of the
turning screw.
• It is heated and compressed
while it passes through the
barrel.
• After the gate, the molten charge
is quickly transferred to a press
where it is moulded while still
hot.
• The part is removed after
sufficient cooling.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
30
31. EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING
• Plastic grocery bags, bottles and
similar items are made using
this processing.
• As in compression processing,
plastic pellets are melted and
the plastic is forced through a
gate into the blow pin camera.
• The plastic substance is
expanded and cooled by being
made to flow around a
massive air bubble.
• After a few seconds, the mould
is opened and the
manufactured product is
ready.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
31
32. VACUUM FORMING
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
32
• Vacuum forming is used to make
simple moulds using thin sheets of
thermoplastic.
• High impact polystyrene sheet is
what is used in school (HIPS). PVC
can also be used.
• A mould is created from wood or
epoxy resin and this is placed on
the table (platten) of the vacuum
forming machine.
• The sheet plastic is heated until it
becomes soft.
• The table with your mould on is
lifted into position and a vacuum
is used to draw the plastic over the
mould.
• Vacuum forming only works with
thin plastics and moulds with no
undercuts.
• The plastic can then be trimmed
to the required shape
33. VACUUM FORMING
• Vacuum forming is a popular
deforming process.
• Vacuum forming works by
removing air, thereby creating
a partial vacuum underneath
a soft and flexible
thermoplastic sheet and
allowing atmospheric
pressure to push the plastic
down onto a mold.
• The vacuum forming process
may start with a ‘blow’ that
stretches the plastic or it may be
started by raising the mold, on
the plate, to create a draping
form.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
33
34. SHORT VIDEO ON PLASTIC FORMING
PROCESSES
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
34
36. TENSILE TESTING
• Measures force to break a specimen, plastic and the
extent to which specimen stretches or elongates to the
breaking point.
• Produce a stress-strain diagram to determine tensile
modulus.
• Depends on temperature
• Using extensometer
• Results are:
• A) tensile strength at yield and break
• B) tensile modulus
• C) strain
• D) elongation & % elongation at yield
• E) elongation & % elongation at break
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
36
37. FLAMMABILITY TESTING
• Determine rate of burning
• Used for production control, QC and
materials comparison
• Cannot be used as a criterion for fire
hazard
• Procedures:
a) Place a specimen either horizontal or
vertical in a test chamber
b) Apply a flame form a Bunsen burner for
a specified time
c) Measure the time or distance the flame
spreads.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
37
38. HARDNESS TESTING
• Hardness is tested by forcing a round
rod into the plastic surface
• Conducted on a Rockwell hardness tester
or a Shore durometer tester
• The test results in each case are a measure
of how far the indenter penetrates into the
sample
• Procedures:
a) Place specimen on a hard flat surface
b) Indentor pressed into the specimen
making sure it is parallel to the surface
c) Read the hardness within 1 second or as
specified by customers
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
38
39. IMR TESTING
• IMR is a testing where few labs
possess the capability to analyze
both metals and plastics at one
time.
• Produce testing and failure
analysis.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
39
40. OTHER TESTING
OXYGEN INDEX TESTING
• Determines minimum
concentration of oxygen
in an oxygen/ nitrogen
mixture that supports a
flaming burn in
specimen
COLD BEND TESTING
• Measures plastic resistance
to cracking when being bent
in a cold environment
• Evaluates plastics insulation
on electrical wires
• Specimen is placed in a cold
chamber i.e freezer for 4
hours then examined for
cracks
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
40
41. OTHER TESTING
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY (SEM)
• Evaluates surface
irregularities or fracture
• Measures thickness
• Coats specimen with gold,
place in vacuum chamber
for computer monitor
reviewing and take
Polaroid photos for
permanent record.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
41
42. PLASTIC IN CONSTRUCTION
• Plastics are used in a growing range of application in the
construction industry.
• Can be designed and engineered to respond to particular
design conditions. For instance they may especially require
to be durable, strong or waterproof to suit a particular
project.
• The possibility of these materials are ever growing and our
natural resources are in short supply, and hence they could
increasingly be important in reducing the amount of raw
materials used.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
42
43. EDEN PROJECT
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
43
• The Eden Project is a visitor
attraction situated in Cornwall
United Kingdom.
• These artificial biomes house
thousands of plant species
collected from all over the
world.
• This structure consists of
hundreds of hexagonal and
pentagonal cells that are made
by plastic (ETFE – Ethylene
tetrafluoroethylene) that are
supported by steel frames.
• These plastic cells help the
dome withstand high
temperature and also allows
light into the spaces.
44. WATER CUBE
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
44
• Was built in 2008 to
house the water events
for the Olympics games
in Beijing.
• Cells are plastic,
framed with steel and
concrete.
• The material is
transparent, and fills
the space with light.
45. KUNSTHA, US
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
45
• This is an art
museum located in
Austria.
• Its formwork is
reinforced concrete
box that is covered
in blue plastic,
creating an organic
shape.
• At night the lights
are carefully lit to
exaggerate the
unusual shape.
46. ECOARK
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
46
• The EcoArk building is a
movable fashion pavilion.
• The structure features walls
made entirely of plastic
bottles called POLLI-Bricks.
• Just a small amount of silicone
is used to make a bond
between the bottles.
47. XILE TUNNEL
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
47
• Xile is a plastic tunnel that connects two dark, industrial halls in
Belgium.
• The tunnel is strikingly bright, foldable, expandable and
environmentally friendly which can be used indoors or outdoors.
48. PLASTIC HOUSE POLAND
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
48
• This is a house situated in Poland
that is clad entirely in Thermopian –
a plastic material typically used in
roofing applications and favored for
its high thermal and insulating
properties.
49. PLASTIC HOUSE
IN JAPAN
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
49
• The architect who
designed this house
does not believe that
we should allow the
choice of modern
materials to mislead
us, and hence this
house features two
materials commonly
used in traditional
japanese archirecture
–bamboo and rice
paper.
• The plastic urethane
panels used were
chosen for their
flexibilty and visual
qualities which are
similar to the
traditional rice paper.
50. EXHIBITION BOOTH – PVC PIPES
• This exhibition design was showcased at the Danish design
centre, Copenhagen.
• It was constructed using PVC pipes and acted as a stage for the
exhibits.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
50
55. THERMOPLASTIC PRODUCTS:
PUSH-FIT PLASTIC FITTINGS
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
55
• Whilst the bulk of the
materials used are
thermoplastics, such as PVC
(polyvinyl chloride), ABS
(acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene terpolymer) and
polypropylene, without the
use of rubber O-rings and
compression gaskets push-
fit systems would be
impractical.
56. THERMOPLASTIC PRODUCTS:
POLYTHYLENE PIPES
• With potable water distribution,
polyethylene pipes are now widely used.
• Pipes are available in diameters from a
nominal 8 mm bore up to 1000 mm and
above, made from specially developed
grades of MDPE (medium density
polyethylene) which meet a range of
water industry specifications .
• One advantage of plastic pipes over more
traditional materials is that in the smaller
diameter sizes they are available in
continuous lengths of up to 100m or even
250m in some cases.
• This reduces the number of joints needed
and hence the number of potential leaks.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
56
57. THERMOPLASTIC PRODUCTS:
PLASTIC PIPES
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
57
• Plastic pipes have a
smoother bore than
their metal
counterparts, flow
rates can be
increased and scale
formation is reduced.
• Plastic pipes also
offer advantages in
corrosion resistance.
58. THERMOPLASTIC - PRODUCTS
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
58
• For underground potable
water distribution pipes
are coloured blue.
• This enables the contents
of a buried pipe to be
immediately identified on
a construction site.
• Above ground black
coloured polyethylene is
used to ensure adequate
UV stability.
59. THERMOPLASTIC PRODUCTS:
CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE
• Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) is made from
normal polyethylene by, for example, crosslinking it
using a peroxide catalyst.
• The cross-linking raises the thermal stability of the
material under load. Thus, the resistance to
environmental stress cracking, creep, and slow
crack growth are greatly improved over
polyethylene.
• PEX pipe is approved for potable hot- and cold-
water plumbing systems and hot-water (hydronic)
heating systems in all model plumbing and
mechanical codes across the U.S. and Canada.
• PEX piping systems are durable, provide security
for safe drinking water, and use reliable
connections and fittings. There are currently about
ten domestic producers of quality PEX piping.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
59
60. THERMOPLASTIC PRODUCTS:
ROOFING SYSTEM
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
60
• Corrugated plastic sheeting has
been used for roofing in
conservatories and buildings
where transparent panels have
been required.
• However, in more recent times
double and triple walled
polycarbonate sheeting has
become increasingly used.
• This provides not only diffuse
daylight for illumination but also
heat insulation and hence reduced
heating costs.
63. EXAMPLE: ELASTOMER MODIFIED ASPHALT
WATERPROOFING MATERIAL
• Both have the reliability of original asphalt
waterproof, and also have elasticity of the rubber
• Good resistance to high and low temperature
performance, it can adapt to all the year round;
• Waterproof layer with high strength, durability,
resistance to chromium, tear resistance, fatigue
resistance;
• With good extensibility and high ability to bear
cracks at the base plane;
• Remain good performance at low temperatures,
even in cold weather;
• The lap joint can use hot melting method, the
seam sealing is reliable.
• Scope of application
• Applicable to industrial and civil architecture
roofing and underground waterproofing
engineering, the paint is suitable for low
temperature environment of building waterproof
project.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
63
64. ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
• Corrosion resistance
• Good thermal and electrical insulators (has high
resistance to heat & protects electric cable cores etc)
• Easily mold into desired shapes
• Variety of choices: appearances, colors &
transparencies
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
64
65. DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
• Non-biodegradable – Take long time to decay. (Biodegradation
of plastic takes up to 500-1000 years)
• Cost of recycling – It can be very costly.
• Environmental damage – release toxic gases over time and after
burning.
• Less dimensional stability over a period of time – Creep effect
: the deformation under load over time of plastic makes them not
suitable for heavy equipment yet some reinforced plastic resins
are sued for light-machine bases
• Aging effect – Becomes brittle over time.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
65
66. PLASTIC RECYCLING
• Convert waste or reused plastic into reusable useful products.
• There are 4 types of recycling
•Primary Recycling
•Secondary Recycling
•Tertiary Recycling &
•Quaternary Recycling
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
66
67. PLASTIC RECYCLING
PRIMARY
• Products are
recycled into
products of the
same type.
• Eg: aluminum
cans to aluminum
cans.
• Also known as
closed-loop
recycling.
SECONDARY
• The reused
products are
converted to
different end
products.
• Eg: tyres into
other rubber
products.
TERTIARY
• The structural
breakdown of the
material into their
raw core
components and
then turning it
into a completely
new products
QUARTENERY
• The plastic is
burnt in order to
use the heat it
produces as an
energy source.
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
67
72. TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
• Plastics are classified into thermoplastics,
thermosetting plastics and elastomers. With the aid of
a diagram, explain the extrusion forming process of
plastics (10 marks).
• Describe 3 different characteristics of thermosetting
plastics and thermoplastics (9 marks).
BLD62003/MAK/PLASTIC
73