Routers forward data packets between networks while switches operate at the data link layer and forward packets within a local area network. Hubs simply broadcast all incoming data to all ports. The document provides answers to common CCNA interview questions about networking fundamentals like IP addressing, routing, switching, protocols and Cisco router components.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
The document discusses the random access channel (RACH) procedure in LTE networks. It covers:
1) The RACH procedure is used for initial access and synchronization between the UE and network. The physical random access channel (PRACH) is used to perform the initial access.
2) The RACH procedure is performed in scenarios like initial access, re-establishment, handover, and when uplink synchronization is lost.
3) The document provides details on the different steps of the contention-based and non-contention based RACH procedures.
This document provides information about an upcoming CCNP Enterprise training in October 2021. It includes details about the facilitator such as their name, educational background, certifications, work experience, and contact information. It also provides a brief overview of the topics that will be covered in the CCNP Enterprise training, including core networking, advanced routing services, and security.
CCCNA R&S-02-The TCP-IP and OSI Networking ModelsAmir Jafari
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP and OSI networking models. It describes the layers of each model and the key protocols associated with each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, Ethernet, and HTTP. It also compares the two models and explains how they were developed with different purposes but provide similar functionality to define rules for network communication.
This presentation describes the term firewall and it's concepts and provides basic information about it's unix-based software implementations: ebtables, arptables and iptables. This document is a part of a powerpoint presentation which I also uploaded. Made as a project for university course
This second webinar discusses LTE Air Interface, the link between a mobile device and the network, and a fundamental driver of the quality of the network.
The document provides instructions for a series of labs using NetSim to simulate Cisco routers. The labs cover connecting to a router, basic commands, show commands, CDP configuration, extended basics like setting the hostname and passwords, and configuring a banner message. The goal is to familiarize users with the Cisco IOS command line interface and basic router configuration.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
The document discusses the random access channel (RACH) procedure in LTE networks. It covers:
1) The RACH procedure is used for initial access and synchronization between the UE and network. The physical random access channel (PRACH) is used to perform the initial access.
2) The RACH procedure is performed in scenarios like initial access, re-establishment, handover, and when uplink synchronization is lost.
3) The document provides details on the different steps of the contention-based and non-contention based RACH procedures.
This document provides information about an upcoming CCNP Enterprise training in October 2021. It includes details about the facilitator such as their name, educational background, certifications, work experience, and contact information. It also provides a brief overview of the topics that will be covered in the CCNP Enterprise training, including core networking, advanced routing services, and security.
CCCNA R&S-02-The TCP-IP and OSI Networking ModelsAmir Jafari
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP and OSI networking models. It describes the layers of each model and the key protocols associated with each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, Ethernet, and HTTP. It also compares the two models and explains how they were developed with different purposes but provide similar functionality to define rules for network communication.
This presentation describes the term firewall and it's concepts and provides basic information about it's unix-based software implementations: ebtables, arptables and iptables. This document is a part of a powerpoint presentation which I also uploaded. Made as a project for university course
This second webinar discusses LTE Air Interface, the link between a mobile device and the network, and a fundamental driver of the quality of the network.
The document provides instructions for a series of labs using NetSim to simulate Cisco routers. The labs cover connecting to a router, basic commands, show commands, CDP configuration, extended basics like setting the hostname and passwords, and configuring a banner message. The goal is to familiarize users with the Cisco IOS command line interface and basic router configuration.
This document provides an overview of subnetting IP networks and addressing schemes. It covers subnetting IPv4 networks, including calculating subnets and hosts for various prefix lengths. It also discusses variable length subnet masking to better utilize address space. Finally, it touches on considerations for structured network design and address planning.
This document discusses Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) standards. It describes the six physical layer standards used in Wi-Fi networking and their key characteristics. It also discusses Wi-Fi frame formats and how Wi-Fi networks use carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) to prevent collisions between transmitting nodes.
This document discusses advanced topics in LTE including MIMO modes, codebook-based precoding, closed loop operation, CQI reporting modes, and using antenna port 5 techniques. It provides details on codebook-based spatial multiplexing, CQI reporting tables, adaptive coding and modulation, MIMO channel estimation, and MIMO transmission modes in LTE. It aims to outline these advanced LTE techniques and their operation.
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
Mobile Transport Evolution with Unified MPLSCisco Canada
Mobile Service Providers are seeing unprecedented challenges in relation to their Transport architectures with the 3GPP evolution towards IP based Node Bs, LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE-Advanced. This presentation will initially discuss the network migration trends and factors that are changing how mobile networks are evolving. A description is provided on Unified MPLS and the current issues that need to be fixed and how this architecture addresses this. A more detailed analysis will then examine the options available for transporting GSM/2G, UMTS/3G traffic and IP/Ethernet Node B deployments and some of factors that need consideration like scalability, resiliency and security. Finally, there is a detailed description of the LTE/LTE - A evolution and the feature requirements made on the transport network. There will be detailed analysis of different LTE models and also some technical enhancements and proposals considered for the implementation of LTE in a Unified MPLS environment.
The document discusses the application layer of the OSI model and common application layer protocols. It covers how protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP, IMAP, FTP operate to provide services to end users. DNS and DHCP are also examined, with DNS translating names to IP addresses and DHCP automating IP address assignment. The application, presentation and session layers are described as working together to support applications and exchange data between hosts.
This document provides information about Cisco and the CCNA certification. It discusses Cisco as a company and their networking products. The CCNA certification focuses on routing, switching, security, service provider, and voice communication skills. The CCNA exam contains questions in drag and drop and simulation formats. The document also summarizes different types of computer networks, common networking devices, cable types, topologies and more.
ccna project on topic company infrastructurePrince Gautam
Prince Gautam submitted a presentation on CCNA that introduces CCNA and networking. It defines CCNA, describes the importance of networking for communication and resource sharing. It also summarizes different types of networking including LAN, MAN, WAN and common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers. The presentation further explains concepts like subnetting, supernetting, routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF and basic router configuration.
This document provides an overview of managing a Cisco network. It discusses CCNA certification which validates skills in installing, configuring, operating and troubleshooting switched and routed networks. It also covers topics like internetworking which connects different networks, IP addressing classes, subnetting to increase networks, routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, switching, VLANs, interVLAN routing, and STP to prevent network loops.
The document discusses UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) which is a type of asynchronous receiver/transmitter hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. It describes UART components, protocols, and how to initialize and use UART methods for communication and debugging purposes using RS232 and MAX232 standards.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE, including:
1. Key differences from 3G include simplified RRC states (connected/idle instead of multiple states), single shared MAC entity, and elimination of common/dedicated channels.
2. RRC functions like system information broadcasting, connection control, configuration of signaling radio bearers, and measurement reporting.
3. Core RRC procedures like paging, connection establishment, reconfiguration, and handover are described at a high-level. Paging is simplified compared to 3G which had multiple paging types.
The document discusses advanced switching concepts including the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), virtual LANs (VLANs), and the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP). STP builds a logical topology to prevent loops, elects a root bridge, and puts ports in different states. VLANs segment broadcast domains and provide benefits like security and flexibility. VTP manages VLAN configurations across trunk links within the same VTP domain.
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
The document provides information about CCNA training and certification. It discusses the topics covered in the CCNA exam, recommended training courses, study materials, exam format and structure. The CCNA certification tests knowledge of network fundamentals, switching, routing, WAN technologies, security and management. Exams last 90 minutes and contain around 50-60 multiple choice and simulation questions. Common jobs requiring the CCNA include network administrator, database administrator and help desk technician.
The document discusses TCP/IP basics and networking concepts. It provides an overview of the OSI model and describes the layers from physical to application. It then focuses on the lower layers including Ethernet, IP addressing, ARP, and introduces TCP and UDP at the transport layer.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
The document summarizes key concepts about TCP/IP from Chapter 3 of a CCNA guide. It discusses the origins of TCP/IP from projects by DARPA and the inclusion of TCP/IP in UNIX. It also describes the four layers of the TCP/IP model including the application, transport, internet, and network interface layers. Finally, it provides an overview of common protocols at each layer such as TCP, UDP, IP, ARP, and how packets are transmitted between hosts and routers.
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
The document discusses the network layer in the OSI model. It describes the key responsibilities of the network layer, including addressing, routing data between end devices, and allowing communication between different networks. The most common network layer protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP), which uses addresses and best-effort delivery to route packets to their destinations. IP packets contain source and destination addresses, and may be routed through multiple networks using hierarchical addressing schemes, routers, and routing tables maintained by routing protocols. Network testing tools like ping and traceroute allow engineers to diagnose connectivity issues.
This document lists 100 interview questions for a CCNA certification covering topics like the OSI model, IP addressing, switching, routing protocols like OSPF and EIGRP, WAN technologies, network security concepts, and basic Cisco device configuration and troubleshooting. The questions assess knowledge of networking fundamentals including Ethernet, TCP/IP, VLANs, STP, routing, NAT, ACLs, firewalls, VPNs, and more.
The document provides a series of questions and answers related to CCNA networking topics such as IPX, Novell, and routing protocols. It includes questions about IPX encapsulation types, Cisco IOS commands for monitoring routing protocols, and characteristics of routing protocols like IGRP, RIP, and OSPF.
This document provides an overview of subnetting IP networks and addressing schemes. It covers subnetting IPv4 networks, including calculating subnets and hosts for various prefix lengths. It also discusses variable length subnet masking to better utilize address space. Finally, it touches on considerations for structured network design and address planning.
This document discusses Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) standards. It describes the six physical layer standards used in Wi-Fi networking and their key characteristics. It also discusses Wi-Fi frame formats and how Wi-Fi networks use carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) to prevent collisions between transmitting nodes.
This document discusses advanced topics in LTE including MIMO modes, codebook-based precoding, closed loop operation, CQI reporting modes, and using antenna port 5 techniques. It provides details on codebook-based spatial multiplexing, CQI reporting tables, adaptive coding and modulation, MIMO channel estimation, and MIMO transmission modes in LTE. It aims to outline these advanced LTE techniques and their operation.
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
Mobile Transport Evolution with Unified MPLSCisco Canada
Mobile Service Providers are seeing unprecedented challenges in relation to their Transport architectures with the 3GPP evolution towards IP based Node Bs, LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE-Advanced. This presentation will initially discuss the network migration trends and factors that are changing how mobile networks are evolving. A description is provided on Unified MPLS and the current issues that need to be fixed and how this architecture addresses this. A more detailed analysis will then examine the options available for transporting GSM/2G, UMTS/3G traffic and IP/Ethernet Node B deployments and some of factors that need consideration like scalability, resiliency and security. Finally, there is a detailed description of the LTE/LTE - A evolution and the feature requirements made on the transport network. There will be detailed analysis of different LTE models and also some technical enhancements and proposals considered for the implementation of LTE in a Unified MPLS environment.
The document discusses the application layer of the OSI model and common application layer protocols. It covers how protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP, IMAP, FTP operate to provide services to end users. DNS and DHCP are also examined, with DNS translating names to IP addresses and DHCP automating IP address assignment. The application, presentation and session layers are described as working together to support applications and exchange data between hosts.
This document provides information about Cisco and the CCNA certification. It discusses Cisco as a company and their networking products. The CCNA certification focuses on routing, switching, security, service provider, and voice communication skills. The CCNA exam contains questions in drag and drop and simulation formats. The document also summarizes different types of computer networks, common networking devices, cable types, topologies and more.
ccna project on topic company infrastructurePrince Gautam
Prince Gautam submitted a presentation on CCNA that introduces CCNA and networking. It defines CCNA, describes the importance of networking for communication and resource sharing. It also summarizes different types of networking including LAN, MAN, WAN and common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers. The presentation further explains concepts like subnetting, supernetting, routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF and basic router configuration.
This document provides an overview of managing a Cisco network. It discusses CCNA certification which validates skills in installing, configuring, operating and troubleshooting switched and routed networks. It also covers topics like internetworking which connects different networks, IP addressing classes, subnetting to increase networks, routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, switching, VLANs, interVLAN routing, and STP to prevent network loops.
The document discusses UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) which is a type of asynchronous receiver/transmitter hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. It describes UART components, protocols, and how to initialize and use UART methods for communication and debugging purposes using RS232 and MAX232 standards.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE, including:
1. Key differences from 3G include simplified RRC states (connected/idle instead of multiple states), single shared MAC entity, and elimination of common/dedicated channels.
2. RRC functions like system information broadcasting, connection control, configuration of signaling radio bearers, and measurement reporting.
3. Core RRC procedures like paging, connection establishment, reconfiguration, and handover are described at a high-level. Paging is simplified compared to 3G which had multiple paging types.
The document discusses advanced switching concepts including the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), virtual LANs (VLANs), and the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP). STP builds a logical topology to prevent loops, elects a root bridge, and puts ports in different states. VLANs segment broadcast domains and provide benefits like security and flexibility. VTP manages VLAN configurations across trunk links within the same VTP domain.
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
The document provides information about CCNA training and certification. It discusses the topics covered in the CCNA exam, recommended training courses, study materials, exam format and structure. The CCNA certification tests knowledge of network fundamentals, switching, routing, WAN technologies, security and management. Exams last 90 minutes and contain around 50-60 multiple choice and simulation questions. Common jobs requiring the CCNA include network administrator, database administrator and help desk technician.
The document discusses TCP/IP basics and networking concepts. It provides an overview of the OSI model and describes the layers from physical to application. It then focuses on the lower layers including Ethernet, IP addressing, ARP, and introduces TCP and UDP at the transport layer.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
The document summarizes key concepts about TCP/IP from Chapter 3 of a CCNA guide. It discusses the origins of TCP/IP from projects by DARPA and the inclusion of TCP/IP in UNIX. It also describes the four layers of the TCP/IP model including the application, transport, internet, and network interface layers. Finally, it provides an overview of common protocols at each layer such as TCP, UDP, IP, ARP, and how packets are transmitted between hosts and routers.
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
The document discusses the network layer in the OSI model. It describes the key responsibilities of the network layer, including addressing, routing data between end devices, and allowing communication between different networks. The most common network layer protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP), which uses addresses and best-effort delivery to route packets to their destinations. IP packets contain source and destination addresses, and may be routed through multiple networks using hierarchical addressing schemes, routers, and routing tables maintained by routing protocols. Network testing tools like ping and traceroute allow engineers to diagnose connectivity issues.
This document lists 100 interview questions for a CCNA certification covering topics like the OSI model, IP addressing, switching, routing protocols like OSPF and EIGRP, WAN technologies, network security concepts, and basic Cisco device configuration and troubleshooting. The questions assess knowledge of networking fundamentals including Ethernet, TCP/IP, VLANs, STP, routing, NAT, ACLs, firewalls, VPNs, and more.
The document provides a series of questions and answers related to CCNA networking topics such as IPX, Novell, and routing protocols. It includes questions about IPX encapsulation types, Cisco IOS commands for monitoring routing protocols, and characteristics of routing protocols like IGRP, RIP, and OSPF.
Top 20 ccna interview questions and answers pdfHub4Tech.com
This document provides a list of 20 common interview questions for CCNA certification along with brief answers summarizing key networking concepts. Some of the questions cover routing, data link layers, network congestion, switches, routing protocols like RIP and IGRP, the OSI model layers, bandwidth, latency, Cisco router memory, and the differences between user and privileged modes. The document also provides additional online resources for CCNA exam preparation.
The document provides a course schedule and descriptions for SureSkills Training & Certification from July to December 2015. It lists various certifications offered including PRINCE2, ITIL, AWS, Microsoft, Cisco, Citrix, and Business Analysis. Specific courses highlighted include PRINCE2 Agile, RESILIATM Cyber Security, ITIL Practitioner, Microsoft Office 365, e-Learning, Lean IT, and the BCS Diploma in Business Analysis. The schedule details dates and codes for Business Analysis courses aimed at the BCS certification. Testimonials from past students praise the instructors' practical focus and the organization's responsiveness.
This document provides instructions for installing SQL Server 2008 failover clustering. It recommends selecting Windows authentication during installation and changing to Mixed authentication later due to password complexity. It also provides workarounds and steps for installing service pack 1 and 2 for SQL Server 2008, which involve extracting files from the installation folders and setting variables in the setup.ini file.
This document provides information about networking concepts and Active Directory. It discusses networking components like switches, routers, and topologies. It also covers networking devices like hubs. For Active Directory, it describes logical structures like domains, trees, and forests as well as physical structures like sites and domain controllers. It provides steps for installing Active Directory on a server and promoting it to a domain controller. It also discusses additional domain controllers and Active Directory components.
vCloud Automation Center 6.0 -My Notes on Architecturetechstarts
vCAC provides a single portal for self-service provisioning, management of cloud services, authoring and administration. It comes pre-configured on a virtual appliance with an embedded PostgreSQL database. For high availability, multiple vCAC instances can be load balanced and the database installed on separate servers in a clustered configuration.
Other key IaaS components include the IaaS website, manager service, DEM orchestrator/workers, agents and databases. The IaaS website, manager service and DEM orchestrator/workers are made highly available through load balancing and clustering. Agents integrate vCAC with external systems like vSphere and are installed separately.
The document provides hardware recommendations and design decisions for deploying vCAC in a
Administering and configuring System Center Configuration Manager 2012 R2 SP1Unitek Eduation
This webinar covers administering and configuring System Center Configuration Manager 2012 R2 SP1. Topics include configuring and deploying SCCM 2012 R2, using WQL to query data and build collections, and configuring software and hardware inventory, asset intelligence, and software metering. The webinar provides an overview of SCCM 2012 R2 capabilities such as application management, software updates, operating system deployment, and asset management features. It also discusses new features in SCCM 2012 R2 like support for additional client operating systems and servers, and merging SCCM hierarchies.
Cisco CCNA exam topics are added to a ppt and shard on this ppt. For more details about Networking Fresher jobs, Fresher Networking Jobs and careers visit www.jobvisions.blogspot.in
The document discusses new features in System Center Operations Manager (SCOM) 2012 and System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) 2012. For SCOM 2012, it highlights improvements to topology simplification, expanded network and application monitoring capabilities, and enhanced dashboards. For SCCM 2012, it outlines the new console design, improved tools for managing application lifecycles, client health monitoring, and expanded device management and software update functions.
Desktop Management Using Microsoft SCCMJerry Bishop
Overview of how one college took control of its desktop environment using Microsoft's SCCM for imaging and improved user satisfaction, quality, and reduced support demands and costs.
these are the complete notes of ccna for the students .which can be very very much usefulll while in project report,synopsis and so on which you can use at no cost
The document provides details about installation, upgrade, hardware requirements, supported operating systems and databases for VMware ESX Server 3.0.1 and Virtual Center 2.0.1. It discusses the major components, minimum hardware requirements for VirtualCenter Server and Virtual Infrastructure Client. It also lists the supported databases, file extensions, differences between ESX and GSX, current ESX hardware version and various virtualization products.
1) The document discusses 30 important interview questions about virtualization and VMware. It covers topics like the VMware kernel, ESX server networking, vMotion, snapshots, port groups, cloning templates, and more.
2) Each question is accompanied by an answer that provides details about the topic. For example, it explains that the VMware kernel is proprietary and works with the service console, while port groups separate network traffic types.
3) Common virtualization challenges and their solutions are also addressed, such as issues taking snapshots of VMs configured with physical LUN mappings that need to be changed to virtual first.
This document provides instructions for basic router operations and commands on a Cisco router including:
- How to access user and privileged modes, exit the router, and use keyboard shortcuts.
- Commands for viewing router information like the IOS version, configurations, interfaces, neighbors, and protocols.
- How to manage configuration files by backing up, restoring, and editing configurations.
- Instructions for configuring passwords, router identification, and auto-install.
- An overview of commands for configuring TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, serial interfaces, and basic routing protocols.
- Details on access lists, frame relay, and PPP configuration.
The document contains a list of technical interview questions related to networking, Active Directory, and Exchange Server. Some of the networking questions include what an IP address and subnet mask are, what ARP and DHCP are used for, and tools used to monitor network traffic. The Active Directory questions cover topics like the AD database, FSMO roles, GPOs and how they are applied. The Exchange questions focus on the different Exchange versions, installation requirements, management tools, and permissions.
The difference between a hub, switch and router webopediaHarikiran Raju
A hub replicates all data received on one port to all other ports, potentially slowing the network. A switch only sends data to the destination port to improve efficiency. A router connects multiple networks and determines the best path to send data between them using protocols like ICMP. Modern routers integrate switching, routing, security and other functions into one device.
The document provides an introduction to networking concepts and Cisco technologies. It defines networking and network topology, discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP, and describes common network devices like switches, routers, and firewalls. It also covers IP addressing, routing protocols, and basic router and switch configuration.
Computer networks - CBSE New Syllabus (083) Class - XIIDeepak Singh
The document provides information on various computer networking concepts. It defines Internet of Things (IoT) and discusses the differences between public and private clouds. It also describes wired and wireless networks, the roles of clients and servers, and common networking hardware like NICs, switches, routers and access points. The document further explains networking protocols and standards such as IP versions, DNS, URLs, modulation techniques, and communication protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP and more.
This presentation summarizes the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking concepts relevant to the CCNA including networking devices, the OSI model, IP addressing, routing, access lists, network address translation, switches, virtual LANs, WAN connection types, wireless technology, and comparisons of 802.11 wireless standards.
The document provides information about various networking concepts and protocols. It contains 26 questions and answers about topics such as IGMP, ping, tracert, RSVP, DHCP, domains vs workgroups, NAT, PPP, IP spoofing, IP datagrams, application gateways, circuit gateways, default gateways, LANs, intranets vs the Internet, protocols, FTP, the OSI model layers, network types, topologies, IP, TCP, UDP, IP addressing classes, multicasting, DNS, telnet, and SMTP. It also defines MAC addresses.
CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. Routers are networking devices that direct data packets to their destination. Routers use routing protocols like RIP to share information and determine the best paths between networks. Access control lists (ACLs) allow routers to filter traffic and restrict access to networks for security purposes. Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices to share public IP addresses to communicate on the Internet.
The document provides information about the CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification exam, including its introduction, syllabus, fees, number of questions, passing marks, and exam structure over two exams. It also includes summaries of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, which define standards for network communication and how data is packaged and transmitted between devices.
RCS Global Limited is a software and IT services company focused on providing quality solutions at reasonable prices in a timely manner. It aims to redefine IT consulting through excellent teamwork, total client satisfaction, and helping clients focus on their core businesses. The company offers various software suites and services including Medi-Suite, Edu-Suite, SAP, .NET, and Ramco. It is part of the RAMA Group established in 1992.
This tutorial gives very good understanding on Computer Networks After completing this tutorial,You will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in knowing Advance Networking(CCNA), from where you can take yourself to next levels.
The document discusses the CCNA certification exam and provides details about its format, benefits, and requirements. It then covers networking concepts like network devices, topologies, protocols, and the OSI model. Key points include that the CCNA exam tests knowledge of networking fundamentals, has multiple choice and simulation questions, and benefits career advancement. It also defines common network components, topologies, and each layer of the OSI model.
The document discusses the CCNA certification exam including details about the exam such as number of questions, duration, passing score, and benefits of obtaining the certification. It also provides information about networking devices, topologies, standards, and the OSI model layers. Key topics covered include switches, routers, network topologies like star and bus, IEEE 802 standards, and an explanation of each of the seven layers of the OSI model.
The document discusses the CCNA certification exam including details about the exam such as number of questions, duration, passing score, and benefits of obtaining the certification. It also provides information about networking devices, topologies, protocols, and the OSI model layers. Key topics covered include switches, routers, network topologies like star and bus, the 7 layers of the OSI model and what each layer is responsible for, and how data is encapsulated as it moves through the layers from physical to application.
Network components include computers, cables, network interface cards, switches, and network operating systems. Multicast involves one or more senders and recipients sharing data traffic between unicast and broadcast. An intranet connects PCs within an organization privately, while the internet connects computers globally using TCP/IP. Active hubs boost and relay signals with their own power supply, and passive hubs rely on an active hub for power. Gateways connect different network protocols, and access points provide wireless connectivity to wired networks. Routers route data packets between networks or subnets. Modems convert digital signals to analog for telephone line transmission. Network topology refers to the arrangement of nodes and connections in a network.
The document discusses the key differences between packet switching and circuit switching networks. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are sent independently over multiple routes, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of a call. Some advantages of packet switching are more efficient use of bandwidth and easier scalability, while circuit switching guarantees quality of service and full bandwidth for calls.
The document discusses the CCNA certification exam including details about the exam such as number of questions, duration, passing score, and benefits of obtaining the certification. It also provides an overview of networking concepts including the purpose of networking, networking devices, network interface cards, hubs, switches, routers, network topologies, LANs/WANs, virtual private networks, bandwidth, the OSI model, and IEEE 802 standards.
The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- What is computer networking and the benefits of networking such as resource sharing.
- Types of networks including LAN, WLAN, MAN, and WAN.
- Data packets and how data is broken into packets for transmission.
- Network protocols and the OSI reference model which defines 7 layers of network communication.
Networking involves connecting electronic devices like computers to share resources and communicate. It allows devices to share internet access, hardware like printers, files and folders, and play multiplayer games. Networks use various topologies like star, bus or mesh to connect devices via physical cables or wireless links, and network protocols allow the connected devices to communicate according to shared rules.
Adhoc mobile wireless network enhancement based on cisco devicesIJCNCJournal
This document discusses enhancing the performance of ad hoc wireless networks using Cisco devices. It proposes using Cisco routers and access points to create a three-layer ad hoc network with endpoints, intermediate coordinators, and a core router layer for improved processing, reliability, cost, power consumption, and accessibility. It then outlines various protocols and configurations that could be implemented using Cisco devices, including NAT, ACLs, DHCP, and wireless security settings. Diagrams and tables show an example network topology and device IP addresses and configurations.
Similar to Basic ccna interview questions and answers ~ sysnet notes (20)
Adhoc mobile wireless network enhancement based on cisco devices
Basic ccna interview questions and answers ~ sysnet notes
1. 10/23/2014 Basic CCNA Interview Questions AND Answers ~ Sysnet Notes
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Basic CCNA Interview Questions AND
Answers
by Shabeer ibm
What is Routing?
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network and forward data from
source to destination through it. Routing is usually performed by a dedicated device
called a router.
What is Protocol?
A 'protocol' is a set of invisible computer rules that enable two devices to connect
and transmit data to one another. Protocols determine how data are transmitted
between computing devices and over networks.
Explain difference between Router, Switch and Hub?
Hubs, switches, and routers are all computer networking devices with varying
capabilities. Let's look in detail
Hub
A hub is typically the least expensive, least intelligent, and least complicated of the
three. Its job is very simple – anything that comes in one port is sent out to the
others. Hub has single collision domain and single broadcast domain
Switch
Switch is a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches
operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of
the OSI Reference Model and therefore support any packet protocol. Switches have
multiple collision domains and have a single broadcast domain
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Router
Router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected
to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's
network. Routers won't forward broadcast. If a router is present in a network, we
may have at least TWO broadcast domains.
Explain broadcast and collision domain?
A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes
can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer.
A collision domain is a section of a network where data packets can collide
with one another when being sent on a shared medium or through repeaters
What is the size of IP Address?
32 bit for IPv4 and 128 bit for IPv6
IEEE standard for wireless networking?
IEEE 802.11
What is the range of class A address?
Class A Range from 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 and Supports 16 million hosts on each
of 127 networks.
What is the range of class B address?
Class B range from 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 and Supports 65,000 hosts on each of
16,000 networks.
What is the range of class C address?
Class C range is from 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 and Supports 254 hosts on each of
2 million networks.
What is PoE (Power over Ethernet)?
Power over Ethernet or PoE describes the technology which pass electrical power
along with data on Ethernet cabling. This allows a single cable to provide both data
connection and electrical power to devices such as wireless access points or IP
cameras.
What is a peer-peer process?
A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a type of decentralized and distributed network
architecture in which individual nodes in the network (called "peers") act as both
suppliers and consumers of resources. There will be no centralized system we
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usually seen like Client server model. Simply in p2p, network devices act as both
client and server
What is ping? Why you use ping?
Ping [Packet Internet Groper PING] a computer network tool used to test whether a
particular host is reachable across an IP network
What is the difference between tracert and traceroute
Both Tracert and traceroute commands do similar purpose. On a router or switch
you would use the command traceroute and on a pc you would use tracert .
What is Round Trip Time?
Round-trip time (RTT), also called round-trip delay, is the time required for a packet
to travel from a specific source to a specific destination and back again.Source is the
computer sending the packet and the destination is a remote computer or system
that receives the packet and retransmits it. A user can determine the RTT to and
from an IP address by pinging that address
Define the terms Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast and Anycast?
Unicast – One to One communication Eg: http
Multicast – One to a group Communication Eg: SLP
Broadcasting – One to All communication Eg: ARP
Anycast – One to nearest Communication Eg : 6to4
Where do we use cross and standard cable?
To connect same group device use Cross Cable
To connect different group device use Straight Cable
For Example:
To connect one PC to another PC use Cross Cable
To connect one comp to switch OR one switch to router use straight cable
What are the differences between static ip addressing and dynamic ip
addressing?
Dynamic IP addresses can change each time you connect to the Internet, while static
IP addresses are reserved for you statically and don't change over time. In short,
Dynamic IP addresses are provided by DHCP server and static IP addresses are given
manually
Difference between CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA?
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Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a media
access control method used in local area networking using early Ethernet technology
to overcome collision when it happened while Carrier sense multiple access with
collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is used in wireless network to avoid collision
What is DHCP scope?
A Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) scope is the consecutive range of
possible IP addresses that the DHCP server can lease to clients on a subnet.
What is Checksum?
A simple error-detection scheme in which each transmitted message is accompanied
by a numerical value based on the number of set bits in the message. The receiving
station then applies the same formula to the message and checks to make sure the
accompanying numerical value is the same. If not, the receiver can assume that the
message has been garbled.
What is Redundancy?
Network redundancy is a method which provide a back up for the primary device
or route and thereby ensuring network will be available even the primary device or
route become failed or unavailable
What are the different memories used in a CISCO router?
ROM
ROM is read-only memory available on a router's processor board. The initial
bootstrap software that runs on a Cisco router is usually stored in ROM. ROM also
maintains instructions for Power-on Self Test (POST) diagnostics.
Flash Memory
Flash memory is an Electronically Erasable and Re-Programmable memory chip. The
Flash memory contains the full Operating System Image (IOS, Internetwork
Operating System).Flash memory retains content when router is powered down or
restarted.
RAM
RAM is very fast memory that loses its information when the router is shutdown or
restarted. On a router, RAM is used to hold running Cisco IOS Operating System, IOS
system tables and buffers RAM is also used to store routing tables,RAM Provides
temporary memory for the router configuration file of the router while the router is
powered on.
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RAM Stores running Cisco IOS Operating System, Active program and operating
system instructions, the Running Configuration File, ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol) cache, routing tables and buffered IP Packets.
NVRAM (Non-volatile Random Access Memory)
NVRAM is used to store the Startup Configuration File. This is the configuration file
that IOS reads when the router boots up. It is extremely fast memory and retains its
content when the router is restarted.
What are the different types of passwords used in securing a CISCO router?
Here are the five passwords you can set on a Cisco router:
· Console
· Aux
· VTY
· Enable password
· Enable Secret
What is the use of "Service Password Encryption"?
"Service Password Encryption" command allows you to encrypt all
passwords(including clear text) on your router so they cannot be viewed from your
running-config
Define and explain the five conversion steps of data encapsulation.
Data encapsulation is a process that makes use of the layered model concept in that
each layer depends on the layer above and below relative to OSI. The lower layer
uses encapsulation to put the data from the upper layer into its own encapsulated
data field i.e., the information in a protocol is wrapped, or contained, in the data
section of another protocol.
In the process of encapsulation, header information is added to the data from the
above layer.
The five steps of conversion are
Step Action Layers Involved Keyword
Step 1 Alphanumeric input
from user converted
into Data
Application/Presentation/Session DATA
Step 2 Data converted into
segments
Transport SEGMENTS
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Step 3 Segments converted
into Packets or
Datagrams and
Network Header is
added
Network PACKETS
Step 4 Packets or Datagrams
are built into Frames
Data Link FRAMES
Step 5 Frames are
converted into bits(
1s and 0s) for
transmission
Physical BITS
In configuring a router, what command must be used if you want to delete the
configuration data that is stored in the NVRAM?
#erase startup-config
Which command is used to copy the configuration from RAM to NVRAM
#Copy running-config startup-config
Differentiate Logical Topology from Physical Topology?
Physical topology is the network what we can see and Logical topology is the
network which data packets are send from source to destination
What is AS (Autonomous System)?
An autonomous system (AS) can be said as either a single network or a group of
networks that is controlled by a common network administrator (or group of
administrators) on behalf of a single administrative entity (such as a university, a
business enterprise, or a business division). An autonomous system is also
sometimes referred to as a routing domain. An autonomous system is assigned a
globally unique number, sometimes called an Autonomous System Number (ASN).
What is the difference between Private IP and Public IP?
Public IP is used across internet and Private IPs are used within the local LAN
Explain different cable types?
Straight cable – To connect different group devices (Switch – Router)
Cross Cable - To connect same group device (PC –PC, Switch –Switch)
Rollover cable – To connect Console port to Computer
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How does RIP differ from EIGRP?
The major difference between both is that EIGRP is Cisco propriety and RIP is
open standard
Some internal differences between them are:
· AD value of Rip is 120 and AD value for EIGRP is 90 internal / 170
external.
· RIP uses Bellmen ford algorithm to calculate the path while Eigrp use
Dual method to calculate the routes paths
· Maximum hop count for RIP is 15 that is after 15 counts the packet is
dropped while that of EIGRP is 100 by default and upto 255 by configuration.
· RIP(ver 1) is classfull protocol where as EIGRP is classless protocol
· In RIP full routing table exchanged, but in EIGRP missing routes are
exchanged
· For RIP protocol, hello timers every 30 seconds but in EIGRP hello timer
every 5 seconds
· RIP v1 sends updates as broadcast while EIGRP send updates as Multicast
· EIGRP uses an Autonomous number to determine which domain it
belongs to which is not the case with RIP protocols.
· RIP is mostly used for smaller networks which EIGRP is used for larger
networks.
· RIP is a distance vector routing protocol while EIGRP is an hybrid routing
protocol.
· RIP sends full update whenever network change occurs whereas EIGRP
sends triggered updates
Differentiate User Mode from Privileged Mode
Privileged mode has access to the entire router or switch configuration. User EXEC
mode only has limited options. Specifically, to do any configuration changes, you
need to enter privileged mode first.User EXEC mode is used mainly for running show
commands and to collect details
What is 100BaseFX?
100BaseFX is a version of Fast Ethernet that is often used for wiring campus
backbones.
Differentiate full-duplex from half-duplex?
Full-duplex means that communication can occur in both directions at the same
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time. Half-duplex means communication can only occur in one direction at a time
What does the "show protocol" display?
To display the configured protocols, use the show protocols command in user
EXEC or privileged EXEC mode.
#show protocols [interface-name interface-number]
If you find any mistake in this post feel free to write to shabeeribm@gmail.com
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