The document summarizes research on biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils and fats. The properties of biodiesel are outlined and compared to fossil diesel. Experimental results are presented showing biodiesel blends and advanced injection timing can improve engine performance similar to diesel. However, higher carbon deposits and more frequent filter cleaning are issues. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative but requires further optimization.
The document is a midterm presentation on bio-fuels prepared by a group of students for their EEE department. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from biomass in a short period of time. It discusses various types of biofuels including ethanol, vegetable oil, and biogas. It classifies biofuels into first generation made from food crops and second generation from non-food biomass. The presentation covers biofuel production methods, advantages like renewability and disadvantages like impacts on food security. It concludes by discussing Bangladesh's potential to produce biofuels from native plants to reduce fuel imports and encourage further sustainable renewable energy development.
The document discusses various alternative fuels and technologies including first generation biofuels like ethanol from corn, second generation biofuels from cellulose sources, third generation biofuels from algae, natural gas vehicles, electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on production methods, advantages and disadvantages of each option.
Significance of Bio-fuel in Aspect of BangladeshThought Maker
This document summarizes information about biofuels. It defines biofuels as solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels derived from biomass or living organisms. It discusses various biomass resources that can be used, such as agricultural crops and residues. It also outlines some of the technologies used to produce biofuels, including chemical/transesterification, physical/chemical extraction, and biochemical/fermentation processes. The document notes benefits of biofuels like being renewable and reducing greenhouse gases, but also mentions drawbacks like potentially being less sustainable or impacting food security. It concludes by discussing Bangladesh's potential to produce biofuels from native plants to reduce fuel imports and save foreign currency.
The document discusses the status quo, challenges, and development prospects of palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia from a management perspective. It outlines that while Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer, biodiesel exports have declined in recent years despite government programs. Key challenges include the lack of biodiesel fuel subsidies, its uncompetitive pricing compared to food uses of palm oil, engine compatibility issues, and fluctuations in crude oil prices. The author suggests that institutional and policy reforms along with improvements to socioeconomic, technical, and investment aspects can help ensure the industry's sustainability.
This document defines fuel and discusses conventional and alternative fuels. It notes that fossil fuels will deplete within a few centuries unless alternatives are developed. Biodiesel is introduced as a renewable alternative produced through transesterification of vegetable oils. Algae are also discussed as a promising source for biodiesel, with several cultivation methods described, though commercialization challenges remain. The document concludes renewable fuels can help address energy and environmental issues if developed sustainably.
Biofuel as an alternative source of energy Gaurav Bohra
This document provides an overview of biofuels as an alternative energy source. It defines fuels and classifies them as fossil fuels and biofuels. Biofuels are produced from plants, waste, and biomass rather than fossil sources. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses current and potential future global production. It also examines India's role in biofuel production and different generations of biofuels including their feedstocks and examples of companies involved. Specific biofuels like biogas, biodiesel, and ethanol are explained in terms of their composition and impacts.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
The document is a midterm presentation on bio-fuels prepared by a group of students for their EEE department. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from biomass in a short period of time. It discusses various types of biofuels including ethanol, vegetable oil, and biogas. It classifies biofuels into first generation made from food crops and second generation from non-food biomass. The presentation covers biofuel production methods, advantages like renewability and disadvantages like impacts on food security. It concludes by discussing Bangladesh's potential to produce biofuels from native plants to reduce fuel imports and encourage further sustainable renewable energy development.
The document discusses various alternative fuels and technologies including first generation biofuels like ethanol from corn, second generation biofuels from cellulose sources, third generation biofuels from algae, natural gas vehicles, electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on production methods, advantages and disadvantages of each option.
Significance of Bio-fuel in Aspect of BangladeshThought Maker
This document summarizes information about biofuels. It defines biofuels as solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels derived from biomass or living organisms. It discusses various biomass resources that can be used, such as agricultural crops and residues. It also outlines some of the technologies used to produce biofuels, including chemical/transesterification, physical/chemical extraction, and biochemical/fermentation processes. The document notes benefits of biofuels like being renewable and reducing greenhouse gases, but also mentions drawbacks like potentially being less sustainable or impacting food security. It concludes by discussing Bangladesh's potential to produce biofuels from native plants to reduce fuel imports and save foreign currency.
The document discusses the status quo, challenges, and development prospects of palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia from a management perspective. It outlines that while Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer, biodiesel exports have declined in recent years despite government programs. Key challenges include the lack of biodiesel fuel subsidies, its uncompetitive pricing compared to food uses of palm oil, engine compatibility issues, and fluctuations in crude oil prices. The author suggests that institutional and policy reforms along with improvements to socioeconomic, technical, and investment aspects can help ensure the industry's sustainability.
This document defines fuel and discusses conventional and alternative fuels. It notes that fossil fuels will deplete within a few centuries unless alternatives are developed. Biodiesel is introduced as a renewable alternative produced through transesterification of vegetable oils. Algae are also discussed as a promising source for biodiesel, with several cultivation methods described, though commercialization challenges remain. The document concludes renewable fuels can help address energy and environmental issues if developed sustainably.
Biofuel as an alternative source of energy Gaurav Bohra
This document provides an overview of biofuels as an alternative energy source. It defines fuels and classifies them as fossil fuels and biofuels. Biofuels are produced from plants, waste, and biomass rather than fossil sources. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses current and potential future global production. It also examines India's role in biofuel production and different generations of biofuels including their feedstocks and examples of companies involved. Specific biofuels like biogas, biodiesel, and ethanol are explained in terms of their composition and impacts.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
The document provides an overview of biofuels and discusses their history, current uses, and future perspectives. It begins with defining biofuels as fuels derived from organic substances like crops and residues. It then discusses the brief history of biofuels dating back to the 1850s and reasons for their reemergence in the early 1900s. The document outlines the current energy policy goals in the US related to biofuel production and notes some of the key biofuels in use today like corn ethanol and E85 blends. In closing, it discusses perspectives on land use requirements and environmental impacts related to expanding biofuel production.
You can understand about-
What is Bio Fuel?
Why we use it?
Examples of Bio Fuel.
Life cycle & Classification of Bio Fuel.
Current States of Bio Fuel.
Future of it.
Disadvantages of Bio Fuel.
biofuel is clean and green sourece of energy, climatchange is global problem people are looking for clean source of energy.global enegy problem can be minimised by the use of biofuel.
The document discusses using microalgae to produce biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel. Microalgae have advantages over other biodiesel feedstocks like seed oils in that they do not require arable land, can use brackish or saline water, and absorb more CO2. While open ponds are commonly used, they have issues with contamination, evaporation and land use. The aim is to use microalgae for high and cost-effective biodiesel production to address declining fossil fuels and global warming without competing with food supplies.
Bio fuels are fuels that are derived from plant biomass and agricultural and industrial wastes by carbon fixation by Micro organisms and are serve as alternate fuels for automobiles and emit no Green house gases
This presentation provides an overview of different types of biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugars and vegetable oils, while second generation biofuels can be made from various biomass sources like cellulosic ethanol from algae or wood. Specific biofuels discussed include bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, green diesel, biofuel gasoline, vegetable oils, bioethers, biogas, and solid biofuels. Advantages are reduced reliance on foreign oil and reduced pollution, while disadvantages include potential rises in food prices, vehicle safety concerns, and issues with energy balance. Biofuels can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels for transportation, heating homes, and
This seminar document discusses biodiesel, including its sources from vegetable oils and animal fats, how it is produced through transesterification, its properties, material compatibility, applications, and benefits and disadvantages compared to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, producing fewer emissions, and degrading faster in the environment than diesel. However, it also has lower energy content and poorer cold weather performance than diesel.
The document discusses using jatropha biodiesel as an alternative fuel in India. It highlights the need to find renewable and domestic fuel sources due to India's dependence on imported fossil fuels. The document describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from jatropha oil and the various factors that affect the process. Performance tests on a diesel engine show biodiesel blends have similar or better efficiency and torque compared to diesel, with emissions of pollutants decreasing as biodiesel percentage increases except for a slight rise in NOx. The 50% biodiesel blend provides the best balance of performance and emissions.
A review: Advantages and Disadvantages of BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document reviews biodiesel as an alternative fuel, including its advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how biodiesel is made through a transesterification process where vegetable oils or animal fats are reacted with methanol or ethanol to produce biodiesel and glycerin. The document outlines various feedstocks that can be used to produce biodiesel like soybeans, rapeseed, algae and waste oils. It also discusses different biodiesel production methods and the use of biodiesel as a cleaner burning alternative to fossil fuels that can help address energy security and environmental issues.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing biodiesel from Jatropha seeds. It introduces Jatropha as a drought-resistant shrub that can grow in poor soils and produce oil-containing seeds for 30-40 years. The objectives are to find an alternative fuel for engines as energy sources are decreasing. The methodology discussed is transesterification, the process used to reduce the viscosity of Jatropha and other vegetable oils to make them suitable for use in diesel engines. The document outlines the processing steps, advantages like providing a renewable domestic fuel, and disadvantages such as current low production levels. It concludes that blending 20% Jatropha biodiesel with diesel could save India 7.3 million tonnes
Greendrinks presentation biodiesel in dallas texasTajana Surlan
Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant oils and greases. It is biodegradable and less polluting than petroleum diesel. Common biodiesel feedstocks include virgin oils, used cooking oil, yellow grease, and brown grease. Biodiesel can be used in pure form or blended with petroleum diesel in vehicles and equipment. Common blends are B2, B5, and B20. Since used cooking oil is cheaper than virgin oils, it is a more economic feedstock choice for biodiesel producers. The estimated US demand for diesel fuel exceeds domestic vegetable and animal oil supply. Several companies in the Dallas-Fort Worth area produce
Biofuels are a type of renewable energy derived from biological carbon fixation. They include fuels produced from biomass conversion as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels, and biogases. Factors such as rising oil prices, energy security concerns, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are driving increased attention to biofuels. Biomass can be used to produce transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as thermal energy. Advanced biofuel production may utilize biorefineries that integrate processes to produce multiple fuels and chemicals from biomass, analogous to petroleum refineries. Environmental impacts of biofuel production include both benefits like carbon neutrality and waste reduction, and concerns over air and soil pollution.
The document discusses biodiesel, including what it is, how it is made through transesterification, its properties and benefits compared to petroleum diesel. It also discusses biodiesel blends, production of biodiesel from algae, and potential applications and adoption of biodiesel in Pakistan.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A technical report on BioFuels GenerationMohit Rajput
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including:
1. Biofuels are divided into three generations - first from sugars/starches, second from non-edible plants, third from algae/microbes.
2. First generation includes bioethanol from crops like corn, sugar cane.
3. Second generation includes biodiesel made from vegetable/plant oils or animal fats.
4. The document discusses production methods and feedstocks for different biofuels.
Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
This document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel source for India. It notes that India imports over 68% of its primary energy and is a net importer. Biodiesel is produced through a transesterification process which converts vegetable oils and animal fats into fuel. Jatropha is identified as a promising feedstock due to its high yield. The document outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced emissions and increased energy security and rural employment. It acknowledges barriers like higher costs but suggests policy and technological solutions. Overall biodiesel is presented as a renewable fuel that can help meet India's energy and sustainability goals.
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
This document discusses different types of biofuels including their generation processes. It explains that biofuels are fuels derived from living organisms and biomass. There are three generations of biofuels - first from edible plant materials, second from non-edible plant parts, and third from algae. Key biofuels discussed include biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol. Biodiesel is made through transesterification of vegetable oils. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biomass. Bioethanol is generated through fermentation of sugars from crops like corn. The document also outlines benefits and disadvantages of biofuel production.
1) Algal biodiesel has several advantages over traditional biodiesel sources like corn or soybeans, as algae can produce significantly higher oil yields per acre and does not require valuable agricultural land.
2) There are three main methods to extract oil from algae for biodiesel production - pressing, chemical extraction using solvents like hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction which is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
3) The oil extracted from algae can be converted into biodiesel fuel through a process called transesterification, where the algal oil reacts with ethanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerol.
Journal of Science and Technology .It's our journal Original Quality Research papers and Strictly No Plagiarism on all the Publications. Journal of Science and Technology Research in practical, theoretical, and experimental Technological studies is the focus of this journal.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
The document provides an overview of biofuels and discusses their history, current uses, and future perspectives. It begins with defining biofuels as fuels derived from organic substances like crops and residues. It then discusses the brief history of biofuels dating back to the 1850s and reasons for their reemergence in the early 1900s. The document outlines the current energy policy goals in the US related to biofuel production and notes some of the key biofuels in use today like corn ethanol and E85 blends. In closing, it discusses perspectives on land use requirements and environmental impacts related to expanding biofuel production.
You can understand about-
What is Bio Fuel?
Why we use it?
Examples of Bio Fuel.
Life cycle & Classification of Bio Fuel.
Current States of Bio Fuel.
Future of it.
Disadvantages of Bio Fuel.
biofuel is clean and green sourece of energy, climatchange is global problem people are looking for clean source of energy.global enegy problem can be minimised by the use of biofuel.
The document discusses using microalgae to produce biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel. Microalgae have advantages over other biodiesel feedstocks like seed oils in that they do not require arable land, can use brackish or saline water, and absorb more CO2. While open ponds are commonly used, they have issues with contamination, evaporation and land use. The aim is to use microalgae for high and cost-effective biodiesel production to address declining fossil fuels and global warming without competing with food supplies.
Bio fuels are fuels that are derived from plant biomass and agricultural and industrial wastes by carbon fixation by Micro organisms and are serve as alternate fuels for automobiles and emit no Green house gases
This presentation provides an overview of different types of biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugars and vegetable oils, while second generation biofuels can be made from various biomass sources like cellulosic ethanol from algae or wood. Specific biofuels discussed include bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, green diesel, biofuel gasoline, vegetable oils, bioethers, biogas, and solid biofuels. Advantages are reduced reliance on foreign oil and reduced pollution, while disadvantages include potential rises in food prices, vehicle safety concerns, and issues with energy balance. Biofuels can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels for transportation, heating homes, and
This seminar document discusses biodiesel, including its sources from vegetable oils and animal fats, how it is produced through transesterification, its properties, material compatibility, applications, and benefits and disadvantages compared to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, producing fewer emissions, and degrading faster in the environment than diesel. However, it also has lower energy content and poorer cold weather performance than diesel.
The document discusses using jatropha biodiesel as an alternative fuel in India. It highlights the need to find renewable and domestic fuel sources due to India's dependence on imported fossil fuels. The document describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from jatropha oil and the various factors that affect the process. Performance tests on a diesel engine show biodiesel blends have similar or better efficiency and torque compared to diesel, with emissions of pollutants decreasing as biodiesel percentage increases except for a slight rise in NOx. The 50% biodiesel blend provides the best balance of performance and emissions.
A review: Advantages and Disadvantages of BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document reviews biodiesel as an alternative fuel, including its advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how biodiesel is made through a transesterification process where vegetable oils or animal fats are reacted with methanol or ethanol to produce biodiesel and glycerin. The document outlines various feedstocks that can be used to produce biodiesel like soybeans, rapeseed, algae and waste oils. It also discusses different biodiesel production methods and the use of biodiesel as a cleaner burning alternative to fossil fuels that can help address energy security and environmental issues.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing biodiesel from Jatropha seeds. It introduces Jatropha as a drought-resistant shrub that can grow in poor soils and produce oil-containing seeds for 30-40 years. The objectives are to find an alternative fuel for engines as energy sources are decreasing. The methodology discussed is transesterification, the process used to reduce the viscosity of Jatropha and other vegetable oils to make them suitable for use in diesel engines. The document outlines the processing steps, advantages like providing a renewable domestic fuel, and disadvantages such as current low production levels. It concludes that blending 20% Jatropha biodiesel with diesel could save India 7.3 million tonnes
Greendrinks presentation biodiesel in dallas texasTajana Surlan
Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant oils and greases. It is biodegradable and less polluting than petroleum diesel. Common biodiesel feedstocks include virgin oils, used cooking oil, yellow grease, and brown grease. Biodiesel can be used in pure form or blended with petroleum diesel in vehicles and equipment. Common blends are B2, B5, and B20. Since used cooking oil is cheaper than virgin oils, it is a more economic feedstock choice for biodiesel producers. The estimated US demand for diesel fuel exceeds domestic vegetable and animal oil supply. Several companies in the Dallas-Fort Worth area produce
Biofuels are a type of renewable energy derived from biological carbon fixation. They include fuels produced from biomass conversion as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels, and biogases. Factors such as rising oil prices, energy security concerns, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are driving increased attention to biofuels. Biomass can be used to produce transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as thermal energy. Advanced biofuel production may utilize biorefineries that integrate processes to produce multiple fuels and chemicals from biomass, analogous to petroleum refineries. Environmental impacts of biofuel production include both benefits like carbon neutrality and waste reduction, and concerns over air and soil pollution.
The document discusses biodiesel, including what it is, how it is made through transesterification, its properties and benefits compared to petroleum diesel. It also discusses biodiesel blends, production of biodiesel from algae, and potential applications and adoption of biodiesel in Pakistan.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A technical report on BioFuels GenerationMohit Rajput
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including:
1. Biofuels are divided into three generations - first from sugars/starches, second from non-edible plants, third from algae/microbes.
2. First generation includes bioethanol from crops like corn, sugar cane.
3. Second generation includes biodiesel made from vegetable/plant oils or animal fats.
4. The document discusses production methods and feedstocks for different biofuels.
Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
This document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel source for India. It notes that India imports over 68% of its primary energy and is a net importer. Biodiesel is produced through a transesterification process which converts vegetable oils and animal fats into fuel. Jatropha is identified as a promising feedstock due to its high yield. The document outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced emissions and increased energy security and rural employment. It acknowledges barriers like higher costs but suggests policy and technological solutions. Overall biodiesel is presented as a renewable fuel that can help meet India's energy and sustainability goals.
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
This document discusses different types of biofuels including their generation processes. It explains that biofuels are fuels derived from living organisms and biomass. There are three generations of biofuels - first from edible plant materials, second from non-edible plant parts, and third from algae. Key biofuels discussed include biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol. Biodiesel is made through transesterification of vegetable oils. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biomass. Bioethanol is generated through fermentation of sugars from crops like corn. The document also outlines benefits and disadvantages of biofuel production.
1) Algal biodiesel has several advantages over traditional biodiesel sources like corn or soybeans, as algae can produce significantly higher oil yields per acre and does not require valuable agricultural land.
2) There are three main methods to extract oil from algae for biodiesel production - pressing, chemical extraction using solvents like hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction which is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
3) The oil extracted from algae can be converted into biodiesel fuel through a process called transesterification, where the algal oil reacts with ethanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerol.
Journal of Science and Technology .It's our journal Original Quality Research papers and Strictly No Plagiarism on all the Publications. Journal of Science and Technology Research in practical, theoretical, and experimental Technological studies is the focus of this journal.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
This document summarizes a study that produced biodiesel from castor oil through transesterification and tested the performance and emissions of diesel engines running on blends of the castor oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Specifically, the study produced biodiesel via the transesterification of castor oil with methanol. The castor oil biodiesel was then blended with petroleum diesel in 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% proportions. The blends were tested in a diesel engine to analyze performance metrics like fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. The study found that a 25% blend of castor oil biodiesel performed best without needing engine modifications.
This document discusses alternative fuels to petroleum, focusing on biodiesel. It notes that fossil fuels are finite and contribute to pollution, while global energy demand is rising. Vegetable oils were considered as alternatives due to their fuel properties, but were not widely adopted due to higher costs than petroleum. The document defines biodiesel as the mono alkyl esters produced from renewable lipid sources through a transesterification reaction with methanol. Biodiesel offers environmental and performance benefits compared to petroleum diesel and vegetable oils.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document summarizes a research paper on biodiesel as a future fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol. Jatropha oil is examined as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Experiments were conducted running a diesel engine on blends of jatropha biodiesel and producer gas. The results showed that blends with higher proportions of jatropha biodiesel (JOBD30+PG) produced lower emissions of CO, NOx, and CO2 compared to blends with more producer gas or pure diesel. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative fuel that can help address the decreasing fossil fuel supply while
This document summarizes different types of biofuels including their production processes and pros and cons. It discusses bioethanol produced through fermentation of biomass and its use of corn and other crops which competes with food supply. Biogas and biohydrogen are produced through anaerobic digestion or gasification of organic biomass. Biodiesel is derived from vegetable or waste oils and mimics diesel. Bio butanol holds promise as it can be used directly in gasoline engines without modification. The document provides examples of major companies involved in different biofuels.
This document discusses various methods for producing biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It describes biodiesel production from algae through oil extraction from algae, transesterification with methanol and sodium hydroxide catalyst, and separation of biodiesel. Biodiesel can also be produced from jatropha through oil extraction from seeds, transesterification, and from mahua through a two-stage esterification and transesterification process. Additionally, biodiesel can be produced from used cooking oil through collection, filtration, and transesterification. The document examines the advantages and disadvantages of different biodiesel production methods.
-“Biofuel is an inexhaustible, biodegradable fuel manufactured from Biomass.”
• Renewable energy
• Derived from living materials.
• Pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth.
This document discusses biomass as an alternative energy source. It notes that biomass is a renewable source derived from living or recently living organisms, including waste agricultural materials, human waste, and dead plant matter. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation to produce electricity, heat, or fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. While biomass has potential as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, it also faces challenges in terms of cost, infrastructure needs, and potential environmental impacts from production and use.
This document discusses biomass as an alternative energy source. It notes that biomass is a renewable source derived from living or recently living organisms, including waste products from agriculture, forestry and human activities. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and pyrolysis. While biomass has potential benefits as a renewable resource, it also faces challenges in terms of cost, infrastructure requirements, and environmental impacts from production and use. The document concludes that biomass can play a role as a complement to fossil fuels but has limitations and is not a complete replacement on its own due to technical and economic issues.
This document provides an introduction to a course on biofuels. The course will cover biodiesel production and use of straight vegetable oil as an alternative fuel. Students will learn how to make and test biodiesel, convert vehicles to run on straight vegetable oil, and the sustainability benefits of biofuels. The course instructors, Rachel and Leif, are introduced. Key topics that will be covered include how diesel engines and fuel systems work, the future of biodiesel, and sustainability. Readings and resources are provided.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines. It is made through a chemical process called transesterification that uses triglycerides from vegetable oils and fats. Biodiesel has advantages over petroleum diesel like reduced emissions and biodegradability. However, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content and issues with operating in cold weather. Producing enough biodiesel to replace petroleum diesel at a large scale presents economic and logistical challenges.
IRJET- Production of Biodiesel from Cannabis Sativa (Hemp) Seed Oil and its P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that produced biodiesel from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed oil through a transesterification process. The physicochemical properties of the hemp biodiesel were tested and found to meet ASTM standards. The hemp biodiesel was blended with base diesel in ratios from B10 to B100. Engine tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that B10 and B20 blends had similar brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption as base diesel. Emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were reduced on average, but nitrous oxide emissions increased compared to base diesel when using the hemp biodiesel blends. Smoke opacity also improved up
Biomass consists of organic matter from plants and animals that can be converted into various forms of energy, including solid biomass, biogas, biofuels, and bio oils. Biofuels are made from biomass feedstocks through processes like fermentation and transesterification. Biodiesel is made through a transesterification process where vegetable oils or animal fats are combined with alcohol and a catalyst. Ethanol is primarily produced by fermenting sugars from biomass feedstocks like corn or sugarcane. Converting biomass to biofuels provides benefits over fossil fuels like being renewable, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing energy security.
it covers various types of bioenergy and also contains various energy yielding technologies. it shows the bioenergy scenerio in India.it also shows various activities and programmes related with bioenergy
Biofuels technology can be defined as application of feedstocks in a sequence of processes leading to the production of different biofuel types. Biofuels processes are either natural or chemical stages of an industrial or pilot project development leading to the final production of biofuels.
Various Types of Biofuel
Wood. This is the most basic form of fuel that is derived from organic matter. ...
Biogas. This is the gaseous form of biofuels. ...
Biodiesel. This biofuel is liquid in nature.
Ethanol
Methanol.
Butanol.
Uses of Biofuels
Heating. Primary biofuels – or materials that are still in their raw state, without processing or treatment – are a common form of heating homes in developing countries where no alternative fuel source is available. ...
Transport. ...
Aviation. ...
Lubrication. ...
Oil clean-up operations.
hird generation biofuels are also known as “algae fuel” or “oilage” since they are produced from the algae. Algae leads to the production of all types of bio-fuels such as biodiseal, gasoline, butanol, propanol and ethanol with high yield, approximately 10 times higher than the second generation biofuel
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from living or recently living organisms. It includes materials like wood chips, agricultural waste, and human/animal waste. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation to produce electricity, heat, or fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. While biomass has benefits as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, it also faces challenges in terms of production costs and potential environmental impacts like air pollution and soil erosion if not managed properly.
Ecotech alliance quick guide to bioenergy technologiesecotechalliance
This document provides summaries of 10 different bioenergy technologies:
1) Biogas is created from the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic conditions and can be used for cooking, heating, electricity production.
2) Biomass can be combusted directly as fuel or converted to liquid/gas biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel for combustion engines or fuel cells.
3) Microbial fuel cells produce electricity by harnessing natural microbial systems, with byproducts of water and carbon dioxide.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a CI engine using blends of diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel fuel in various proportions. The blends are then tested in a CI engine to analyze performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The results are compared to operation on pure diesel fuel to evaluate the potential of using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel in CI engines.
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1. 1
ABSTRACT
The rapidly increasing consumption of fossil fuel and petroleum products has been
a matter of concern for the many countries which imports more crude oil. Because
it causes huge foreign exchange out-go on the one hand and increasing exhaust
emission on the other. Therefore it is necessary for the development of renewable
energy sources.
Vegetable oils have become more attractive recently because of their
environmental benefits and it is made from renewable resources. Bio-diesel
commands crucial advantages such as technical feasibility of blending in any ratio
with petroleum diesel fuel, use of existing storage facility and infrastructure,
superiority from the environment and emission reduction angle, its capacity to
provide energy security to remote and rural areas and employment generation.
There are more than 350oil bearing crops identified, among which only sun flower,
sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, Jatropha curcas and peanut oils are
considered as potential alternative fuels for Diesel engines. So a particular crop
which is available in surplus within the country should be used to produce Bio-
diesel.
This paper reviews the extraction and properties of Bio-diesel, also the outcomes
of the research work done in different countries. Also efforts has been made to
includes the Bio-diesel scenario in India.
2. 2
1 INTRODUCTION
The world energy demand has, for the last two decades, witnessed uncertainties in
two dimensions. Firstly, the price of conventional fossil fuel is too high and has
added burden on the economy of the importing nations.
Fig 1.1 World Energy Consumption
Secondly, combustion of fossil fuels is the main culprit in increasing the global
carbon dioxide (CO2) level, a consequence of global warming. The scarcity and
depletion of conventional sources are also cases of concern and have prompted
research world-wide into alternative energy sources for internal combustion
engines.
3. 3
Fig 1.2 World Energy scenario
The fast growing population, rapid modernization and industrialization have
relentlessly increased the demand of energy in developing countries like India. The
current demand of energy in India is mostly met from non-renewable resources
such as natural gas and coal. Since these sources are non-renewable in nature, the
reserve will be depleted one day. In addition, the dependency on these fossil fuels,
which are largely been imported, has serious implications on economy and
environment. Fossil fuels are coming to the end, scientist say that up to 2040,all the
resources of fossil fuels will be finished. So for this reason scientist are focus their
view on the alternative renewable energy resource such as solar energy, biogas,
biodiesel, wind power, tidal energy etc.
Table:1.1 Two types energy sources
4. 4
Biofuels appear to be a potential alternative “greener” energy substitute for fossil
fuels [3]. It is renewable and available throughout the world. The idea of using
vegetable oils as fuel for diesel engines is not new [8]. Rudolph diesel used peanut
oil to fuel one of his engines at the Paris Exposition of 1900. The problem of using
neat vegetable oils in diesel engines relates to their high viscosity. The high
viscosity will lead to blockage of fuel lines, flters, high nozzle valve opening
pressures and poor atomization. One hundred percent vegetable oils cannot be used
safely in DI diesel engines. The problems of high fuel viscosity can be overcome
by using esters, blending and heating. Vegetable oils exhibit longer combustion
duration with moderate rates of pressure rise, unlike petroleum derived fuels.
The use of vegetable oils, such as palm, soya bean, sunflower, peanut, and olive
oil, as alternative fuels for diesel is being promoted in many countries [13].
Depending upon the climate and soil conditions, different countries are looking for
different types of vegetable oils as substitutes for diesel fuels. For example, soya
bean oil in the US, rapeseed and sunflower oils in Europe, palm oil in South-east
Asia (mainly Malaysia and Indonesia) and coconut oil in the Philippines are being
considered. Besides, some species of plants yielding non-edible oils, e.g. jatropha,
karanji and pongamia may play a significant role in providing resources. Both
these plants may be grown on a massive scale on agricultural/degraded/waste
lands, so that the chief resource may be available to produce biodiesel on „farm
scale‟.
5. 5
Fig: 1.3 Biofuels as alternative to Fossil fuels
This paper gives a review of biodiesel production, experimental investigation on
different vegetable oils, characterization, results obtained use of by bio-diesel are
briefed.
6. 6
2. Literature Review
2.1 What are biofuels?
Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from organic matter (living or once living
material) in a short period of time (days, weeks, or even months) is considered a
Biofuel.
Fig 2.1 Diff types of Biofuels
There are four chief of biofuels:
The 1st generation of biofuels comes from sugar, starch & vegetable fats that are
solely dependent on food-crops. It also can be sourced through animal fats.
7. 7
Fig2.2 Four chief of Biofuels
2.2 Biofuel versus Fossil Fuel
Fossil fuels are not renewable, which means they will run out at some point. As our
ability to pump fossil fuels from the ground diminishes, the available supply will
decrease, which will inevitably lead to an increase in price.
Biofuels can be looked upon as a way of energy security which stands as an
alternative of fossil fuels that are limited in availability. Today, the use of biofuels
has expanded throughout the globe.
2.3 Positives of Biofuels
• The energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of petroleum diesel.
• The energy content of ethanol is about 50% that of gasoline.
• The energy content of butanol is about 80% that of gasoline.
• Biofuels burn cleaner than fossil fuels, resulting in fewer emissions of
greenhouse gases, particulate emissions, and substances that cause acid rain
such as sulfur.
8. 8
• Biodiesel is sulfur free.
• Biodiesel has fewer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have been
linked to cancer.
• Additionally, biofuels are biodegradable, so if they do spill, less harm is
done compared to when fossil fuels spill.
2.4 Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is a famous biofuel in Europe Produced from oils or fats using trans-
esterification after mixing the biomass with methanol and sodium hydroxide.
An low-emissions, high lubricating alternative diesel fuel produced from veg.oil /
animal fats,Non-toxic, Biodegradable And can be combined at any level with
petroleum diesel to fuel diesel engines.
methanol and sodium hyrox
Produced after mixing the biomass with methanol and sodium hyroxide
Used for car diesel engine. PrProduced after mixing the biomass with methanol
and sodium hyroxide
Fig 2.3 Making of Biodiesel.
Inputs:
Fat/Vegetable Oil (“Feedstock”)
Methanol/Ethanol
Catalyst - “Lye” (Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide)
9. 9
Water
Outputs:
Biodiesel
Dirty Water
Glycerine
2.5 Biodiesel Attributes:
High Cetane no. (avg. over 50)
High Lubricity, even in blends as low at 1-2%
High Energy Balance (3.2 to 1)
Low Agriculture Inputs: Soybeans
78% Life Cycle CO2 Reduction
Renewable, Sustainable
Domestically Produced
Reduces HC, PM, CO in existing diesel engines
Reduces NOx in boilers and home heating
10. 10
3. BIO-DIESEL PRODUCTION
Many standardized procedures are available for the production of bio-diesel fuel
oil [3]. The commonly used methods for bio-fuel production are elaborated below.
Fig 3. 1 Production steps of Biofuels
3.1 Blending
Vegetable oil can be directly mixed with diesel fuel and may be used for running
an engine. The blending of vegetable oil with diesel fuel in different proportion
were experimented successfully by various researchers. Blend of20% oil and 80%
diesel have shown same results as diesel and also properties of the blend is almost
close to diesel. The blend with more than 40% has shown appreciable reduction in
11. 11
flash point due to increase in viscosity. Some researchers suggested for heating of
the fuel lines to reduce the viscosity.
Fig: 3.2 Biodiesel Blends
Although short term tests using neat vegetable oil showed promising results, longer
tests led to injector coking, more engine deposits, ring sticking and thickening of
the engine lubricant[14]. Micro-emulsification, pyrolysis and transesterification
are the remedies used to solve the problems encountered due to high fuel viscosity.
Although there are many ways and procedures to convert vegetable oil into a
Diesel like fuel, the transesterification process was found to be the most viable oil
modification process [3].
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or
classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or
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3.2 Transesterification
Transesterification is the process of using an alcohol (e.g. methanol, ethanol or
butanol), in the presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium
hydroxide, to break the molecule of the raw renewable oil chemically into methyl
or ethyl esters of the renewable oil, with glycerol as a by product. Biodiesel,
defined as the mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oil or animal
12. 12
fat, in application as an extender for combustion in diesel engines, has
demonstrated a number of promising characteristics, including reduction of
exhaust emissions [4]. Transesterified, renewable oils have proven to be a viable
alternative Diesel engine fuel with characteristics similar to those of Diesel fuel.
Fig:3.3 Transesterification process
The transesterification reaction proceeds with catalyst or without catalyst by using
primary or secondary monohydric aliphatic alcohols having 1–8 carbon atoms [14]
as follows:
Triglycerides + Monohydric alcohol = Glycerine + Mono-alkyl esters
3.3 Micro –emulsification
To solve the problem of high viscosity of vegetable oil, micro emulsions with
solvents such as methanol, ethanol and butanol have been used. A micro emulsion
is defined as the colloidal equilibrium dispersion of optically isotropic fluid
microstructures with dimensions generally in the range of 1–150 nm formed
spontaneously from two normally immiscible liquids and one or more ionic or non-
ionic amphiphiles.
13. 13
Fig:3.4 Micro –emulsification
These can improve spray characteristics by explosive vaporization of the low
boiling constituents in the micelles. All micro emulsions with butanol, hexanol and
octanol will meet the maximum viscosity limitation for diesel engines[13,14].
3.4 Cracking
Cracking is the process of conversion of one substance into another by means of
heat or with the aid of catalyst. It involves heating in the absence of air or oxygen
and cleavage of chemical bonds to yield small molecules[14].
Fig:3.5 Catalytic cracking process
14. 14
The pyrolyzed material can be vegetable oils, animal fats, natural fatty acids and
methyl esters of fatty acids. The pyrolysis of fats has been investigated for more
than 100 years, especially in those areas of the world that lack deposits of
petroleum.
Since World War I, many investigators have studied the pyrolysis of vegetable oil
to obtain products suitable for engine fuel application. Tung oil was saponified
with lime and then thermally cracked to yield crude oil, which was refined to
produce diesel fuel and small amounts of gasoline and kerosene.
15. 15
4. PROPERTIES OF BIO-DIESEL
The fuel properties of vegetable oils indicate that the kinematics viscosity of
vegetable oils varies in the range of 30–40 cSt at 38°C. The high viscosity of these
oils is due to their large molecular mass in the range of 600–900, which is about 20
times more higher than that of diesel fuel.
The flash point of vegetable oils is very high (above 200 8C). The volumetric
heating values are in the range of 39–40 MJ/kg,as compared to diesel fuels (about
45 MJ/kg).
The presence of chemically bound oxygen in vegetable oils lower their heating
values by about 10%.
The cetane numbers are in the range of 32–40.
The Biodiesel esters were characterized for their physical and fuel properties,
including density, viscosity, iodine value (IV), acid value, cloud point, pour point,
gross heat of combustion and volatility.
Methyl and ethyl esters prepared from a particular vegetable oil had similar
viscosities, cloud points and pour points, whereas methyl, ethyl, 2-propyl and butyl
esters derived from a particular vegetable oil had similar gross heating values.
However, their densities, which were 2–7% higher than those of Diesel fuels,
statistically decreased in the order of methyl similar to 2-propyl > ethyl > butyl
esters [14].
The HVs of the Biodiesel fuels, on a mass basis, are 9–13% lower than diesel.
The viscosities of Biodiesel fuels are twice that of diesel. The cloud and pour
points of diesel are significantly lower than those of the Biodiesel fuels.
The Biodiesel fuels produced slightly lower power and torque and higher fuel
consumption than diesel. Biodiesel is clean, efficient, natural energy alternative to
petroleum fuels.
Among the many advantages of Biodiesel fuel are : safe for use in all conventional
Diesel engines, offers the same performance and engine durability as Diesel fuel,
nonflammable and non-toxic, reduces exhaust emissions, visible smoke and odors.
16. 16
Biodiesel is better than Diesel fuel in terms of sulphur content (SC), flash point,
aromatic content and biodegradability.
4.1 Biofuel consumption:
Brazil stands 1st
in terms of Biofuel consumption. According to UNCTAD report,
Brazil uses pure ethanol in 20% of their vehicles and a 22 to 26 % ethanol-petrol
blend in the rest of their vehicles.
CO emission from automobiles decreased from 50g/km in 1980 to 5.8g/km in
1995.The USA and Australia use a 10% ethanol blend.
India is 4th
largest producer and the government mandated the use of a 5% ethanol
blend in petrol sold in nine sugarcane producing states.
Fig: 4.1 World Biodiesel production.
17. 17
5. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
A large number of experiments were carried out with vegetable oils as a
replacement of I.C. engine fuel by researchers from various parts of the world. A
summary of some of these experimental results is given below.
The various blends of rubber seed oil and diesel were prepared and its important
properties such as viscosity, calorific value, flash point, fire point, etc. were
evaluated and compared with that of diesel [1]. The blends were then subjected to
engine performance and emission tests and compared with that for diesel. It was
found that 50–80% of rubber seed oil blends gave the best performance.
Long run tests were conducted using optimized blend and diesel. It was found that
blend fueled engine has higher carbon deposits inside combustion chamber than
diesel-fueled engine. Utilization of blends requires frequent cleaning of fuel filter,
pump and the combustion chamber. Hence, it is recommended that rubber seed
oil–diesel blend fuel is more suitable for rural power generation Nwafor [2]
conducted test with rapeseed oil with advancing injection timings on Petter model
single cylinder, energy cell diesel engine. It is an air-cooled, high speed, indirect
injection, four-stroke engine.
The test results showed that plant oil fuels exhibited longer ignition delay with
slower burning rates. The test results also showed that each alternative fuel
requires injection advance appropriate to its delay period. The delay period was
noted to be influenced by the engine load, speed and the system temperature. At
the engine speed of 2400 rpm, there seems to be a significant increase in brake
thermal efficiency when running on rapeseed oil fuel with standard injection
timing.
Mechanical efficiency was observed to be reduced with advanced timing compared
to the standard timing test results at 2400 rpm. The engine ran smoothly with
advance of 3.58° as compared to the standard timing. A further 1.58° advance
tended to produce erratic behaviour of the engine. There seems to be a significant
reduction in CO and CO2 emissions with advanced timing for the speeds tested. A
moderate injection advance is recommended for operations at low engine speeds.
18. 18
The overall results indicate that vegetable oils exhibit longer combustion duration
with moderate rates of pressure rise, unlike petroleum derived fuels. Nwafor [3]
investigated the effect of elevated fuel inlet temperature on the emission
characteristics of diesel engine running on pure vegetable oil. Test runs were
conducted on Petter model single cylinder energy cell diesel engine. It is an
aircooled, high speed, indirect injection four-stroke engine.
The test results showed that the fuel consumption of heated and unheated oil
operations at high loads was similar and higher than diesel fuel operation. The
results indicate increases in exhaust temperature with heated oil over the other
fuels. The heated fuel showed a comparative reduction in delay period over the
unheated. The unheated oil and diesel fuel operations showed an increase in CO
production as the load was increased. The plant fuels showed marginal increase in
CO2 emissions over diesel fuel operation. The concentrations of HC in the exhaust
were higher when running on diesel fuel. The heated fuel showed a marginal
increase in HC emissions over the unheated plant fuel.
An experimental evaluation of using jojoba oil as an alternate Diesel engine fuel is
conducted by Huzayyin et al.[4].The tests were conducted on an air cooled, single
cylinder, four stroke, direct injection Diesel engine has 100 mm bore, 105 mm
stroke, compression ratio of 17 and a rated brake power of 5.775 kW at 1500 rpm
without any modifications. At present jojoba desert shrub are grown in the USA,
Latin America, South Africa and many other countries. In recent years, jojoba oil
has become one of the most genuinely Egyptian products. Its chemical and
physical properties have indicated a good potential of using jojoba oil as an
alternative Diesel engine fuel.
Blending of jojoba oil with gas oil has been shown to be an effective method to
reduce engine problems associated with the high viscosity of jojoba oil.
Reasonable viscosity values have been obtained using blend ratios as high as
60%J–40%D oil. Gvidonas Labeckas et al. [5] conducted tests with blends of shale
oil with diesel on naturally aspirated, four stroke, four cylinders, water cooled,
direct injection Diesel engine. Shale oil is produced in Estonia from local oil shale.
Test results show that when fuelling a fully loaded engine with shale oil, the brake
specific fuel consumption at the maximum torque and rated power is
correspondingly higher by 12.3% and 20.4%. However, the brake thermal
19. 19
efficiencies do not differ widely and their maximum values remain equal to 0.36–
0.37 for Diesel fuel and 0.32–0.33 for shale oil.
The total nitrogen oxide emissions from the shale oil at engine partial loads
remain considerably lower although when running at the maximum torque and
rated power, the NOx emissions become correspondingly higher by 21.8% and
27.6%. Karaosmanoglu et al. [6] conducted long term tests using sunflower oil on
single-cylinder direct injection, air cooled diesel engine, having a bore/stroke ratio
of 108:110 mm.Engine tests were conducted at a speed of 1600 rpm under part
load condition for 50 hour. An overall evaluation of results indicates that the
sunflower oil can be proposed as a possible candidate for diesel fuel.During the
test, the engine experienced no significant differences in drop or increase in power
and fuel consumption.
For studying changes in lubricating oil employed at the test, samples were taken
and their characteristics analyzed. Lubricating oil characteristics exhibited no
remarkable change. Changes that will take place at fuel injectors during the test
were observed on quantitative bases. The nozzle of the injector emerged clean,
without any formation of a cloggage. No significant problems were met during the
engine tests of the sunflower oil Silvio et al. [7] conducted tests using 100% palm
oil on direct injection four-stroke 70 kW diesel-generator. The results proved that a
diesel-generator set can be adapted to run with palm oil. Increasing the palm oil
temperature the performance and endurance of the diesel generator increases
compared to operation in ambient conditions.
The deposits on the cylinder head presented high levels when the engine operated
with palm oil heated at 50°C and acceptable levels when heated at 100°8C (almost
similar to the operation with diesel oil).However, other engine modifications are
required to improve lubricating oil degradation, performance, emissions and reach
a more efficient combustion. Narayana Reddy et al. [9] conducted tests with neat
Jetropa oil on a single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection diesel engine by
changing the engine operating parameters.
Tests shown that advancing the injection timing from the base diesel value and
increasing the injector opening pressure increase the brake thermal efficiency and
reduce HC and smoke emissions significantly. Enhancing the swirl has only a
20. 20
small effect on emissions. The ignition delay with Jatropha oil is always higher
than that of diesel under similar conditions. Improved premixed heat release rates
were observed with Jatropha oil when the injector opening pressure is enhanced.
When the injection timing is retarded with enhanced injection rate, a significant
improvement in performance and emissions was noticed.
Governoment of India is encouraging for the use of Jetropa oil as a Bio fuel in
India. China is rich in cottonseed and research on using cottonseed oil as diesel
engine fuel has been intensively and widely studied there. From a technological
point of view, the fuel property of cottonseed oil seems to meet the fundamental
requirements of diesel engine.Y.He et al. [10] conducted tests with blend of 30%
cottonseed oil and 70% diesel on diesel engine.
The experimental results obtained showed that a mixing ratio of 30% cottonseed
oil and 70% diesel oil was practically optimal in ensuring relatively high thermal
efficiency of engine, as well as homogeneity and stability of the oil mixture. For
this purpose, a modification of diesel engine structure is unnecessary, as has been
confirmed by the literature. High viscosity of cottonseed oil is one of the key
problems preventing its widespread application. In India, karanji oil was
experimented for analyzing its performance characteristics by Srinivasa Rao [15].
Karanjia oil was found to give a better performance compared to that of diesel.
Senthil Kumar et al. [16] conducted experiments by blending Jatropha oil with
diesel. It has been reported that exhaust gas temperature, smoke, HC and CO are
higher compared to diesel. Deshpande [17] used blends of linseed oil and diesel to
run the CI engine. Minimum smoke and maximum brake thermal efficiency were
reported in this study. Barsic et al. [18] conducted experiments using 100%
sunflower oil, 100% peanut oil, 50% of sunflower oil with diesel and 50% of
peanut oil with diesel. A comparison of the engine performance was presented.
The results showed that there was an increase in power and emissions. In another
study, Rosa et al. [19] used sunflower oil to run the engine and it was reported that
it performed well. Blends of sunflower oil with diesel and safflower oil with diesel
were used by Zeiejerdki et al. [20] for his experimentation. He demonstrated the
least square regression procedure to analyze the long-term effect of alternative fuel
and I.C. engine performance.
21. 21
Indian Railway, the largest transport corporation in India, is experimenting with
Jatropha oil ester to run passenger trains. If biodiesel is used as per plans, to the
extent of10% mixture with the conventional diesel, the railways would be able to
save on its rising fuel bill and also to control the atmospheric pollution levels
(sulphur and lead emissions). The Railways‟ annual fuel (diesel) bill of Rs. 3400
crores could be reduced by nearly Rs. 300 crores to 400 crores per annum by using
biodiesel [21].
22. 22
6. Why Biodiesel?
Biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide exhaust emissions by up to 80%.Biodiesel
produces 100% less SOx than petroleum.Biodiesel reduces exhaust smoke
(particulates) emissions by up to 75% so the usual black cloud associated with a
diesel engine can be eliminated.
Fig:6.1 REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS
6.1 Emissions:
The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial
reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate
matter compared to emissions from diesel fuel.
The ozone (smog) forming potentials of hydrocarbons is less than diesel
fuel.
23. 23
Sulfur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodiesel .
6.2 Environmental Benefits:
Biodiesel contains fewer aromatic hydrocarbon: benzofluoranthene: 56 %
reduction; Benzopyrenes: 71 % reduction .
Biodiesel reduces emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) by approximately 50
% and carbon dioxide by 78 % on a net lifecycle basis.
Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic posing no threat to human health.
Biodiesel reduces by as much as 65 % the emission of small particles of
solid combustion products.
Biodiesel has higher cetane rating than petro diesel .
The smell of the biodiesel exhaust is far more pleasant.Biodiesel is much easier to
handle and does not cause cracking or redness.
Fig:6.2 Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions
24. 24
Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel tank as its flash point is ±
150°C (300°F) as opposed to petroleum diesel ± 70°C (150°F).
Biodiesel provides significant lubricity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel so
engines last longer, with the right additives engine performance can also be
enhanced.
6.3 Economic Performance:
Biodiesel is least-cost-strategy to comply with state and federal regulations.
Use of biodiesel does not require major engine modifications. The only thing
that changes is air quality.
Biodiesel has positive attributes such as increased cetane, high fuel lubricity
& high oxygen content.
25. 25
6.4 Petrol/Diesel Price Rising
Petrol/Diesel price = cost price (procuring + refining + marketing) + tax (central +
state)
+
Costprice = f(international crude price)
International Crude Price = f(Supply, Demand, Government policies, Financial
Institutions,Geopolitics)
International crude price is rising, therefore cost price is rising thus increasing the
petrol price.
Effect on Engine Performance:
6.5 Application of Biodiesel
Car diesel engine
Effective solvent
Oxygenated fuel
Bioheat
26. 26
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The advantages of vegetable oils as Diesel fuel are:
Bio diesel is environmental friendly.
It can help reduce dependency on foreign oil.
It helps to lubricate the engine itself, decreasing engine wear.
It offers similar power to diesel fuel.
It is safer than conventional diesel.
It can be made from waste products.
It can be made at home easily.
Higher flash point makes it safer in transport and storage;
Greatly reduces particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions.
Liquid nature-portability
Ready availability,
Renewability,
Higher heat content (about 88% of D2 fuel),
Lower SC,
Lower aromatic content,
Biodegradability.
27. 27
7.2 The disadvantages of vegetable oils as Diesel fuel are:
Its storage for long period is not suitable for engine operation.
It becomes gel in cold weather.
It has water content. (Hygroscopic)
It degrades rubber.
It has higher (10%) Nox emissions.
It decreases horsepower. (25%)
Higher viscosity
Lower volatility,
The reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains.
28. 28
8. CONCLUSION
In this review, it is concluded that Compared to diesel fuel, a little amount of
power loss happened with vegetable oil fuel operations. Particulate emissions of
vegetable oil fuels were higher than that of diesel fuel, but on the other hand, NO2
emissions were less.
Vegetable oil methyl esters gave performance and emission characteristics closer
to the diesel fuel. So, they seem to be more acceptable substitutes for diesel fuel.
Raw vegetable oils can be used as fuel in diesel engines with some modifications.
Before starting wide application, there are some improvements that should be
done, such as Fuel systems should be optimized for vegetable oil operation.
VegeVegetable oils are mainly consumed on the food market. Therefore, it has
some unfavorable properties as fuel, such as high density, drying with time and
gumming, lower cetane number.
29. 29
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