1) The document describes a proposed hybrid power generation system using solar, wind, and hydro energy sources.
2) It presents models for the photovoltaic cells, wind turbine generator, and hydraulic turbine components and discusses how they are combined and controlled.
3) Simulation results are shown verifying the system can provide continuous power to loads by compensating for periods of low solar or wind input using hydro power generation.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel seven-level inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The inverter uses a hybrid cascaded configuration with a novel pulse width modulation technique to generate seven output voltage levels from the DC supply. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented to validate the operation of the proposed inverter. The inverter is capable of improving power quality by reducing harmonic distortion compared to traditional two-level inverters.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a dual-input single-stage inverter topology for standalone solar photovoltaic systems to provide electricity in rural areas without access to the electric grid. The proposed system uses a maximum power point tracking algorithm and boost converter to increase the low voltage from the solar panels. It then uses a single-stage boost inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation to efficiently convert the solar DC power to high-quality AC power for loads without additional filters or protections. Simulation and experimental results showed the system could boost input voltages and produce 230V AC output for rural electrification with reduced components compared to traditional two-stage inverter designs.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a soft-switching boost converter with an auxiliary resonant circuit (SARC) for improving the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion systems. The converter aims to boost the lower output voltage of solar cells to a useful voltage for loads. Simulation and experimental results confirm the converter's operational principles and soft-switching performance. Analysis shows that through SARC, all switching devices achieve zero-voltage and zero-current switching, reducing switching losses compared to conventional hard-switching converters. The converter design targets a 700W PV module, and testing with a PV simulator validates effective maximum power point tracking control.
How to Make a Bi-Toroid Transformer and Exceed 100 % EfficiencyThane Heins
1) Conventional transformers consume real power when supplying power to a load because the flux induced in the secondary couples back to the primary, increasing the primary current and lowering its impedance.
2) A Bi-Toroid transformer consumes mostly reactive power when supplying power to a load because its design prevents flux induced in the secondary from coupling back to the primary.
3) Tests by Defense Research and Development Canada found that a prototype Bi-Toroid transformer exceeded 100% efficiency by consuming reactive rather than real power to supply loads.
This document summarizes a paper that describes the simulation and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using artificial neural networks. The DFIG is a type of induction generator that is widely used in wind power generation because it allows variable speed operation while only requiring a power converter rated at 25-30% of the generator rating. The paper presents the mathematical model of the DFIG in the d-q reference frame and describes how to control the rotor voltages using PI and ANN controllers to maintain a constant terminal voltage. Simulation results verify that the model meets the requirements of a variable speed constant frequency wind energy conversion system.
Low Voltage Energy Harvesting by an Efficient AC-DC Step-Up ConverterIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper on developing an efficient AC-DC step-up converter for low voltage energy harvesting from inertial microgenerators.
The proposed converter consists of a boost converter in parallel with a buck-boost converter to directly convert the AC input to DC output without a diode bridge rectifier. This improves efficiency over conventional two-stage converters. The converter is analyzed and two control schemes are proposed. Simulation results validate the converter topology and control approach. Design guidelines are also presented for selecting components and control parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A single stage photo voltaic grid-connected inverter using spwmSHAIK AMANULLA
A Single-stage PhotoVoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter using SPWM. It was simulated and modeled with MATLAB/SIMULINK. It was simulated with constant and variable irradiation profiles. I got the results with variations in PV characteristics with different irradiation with SPWM technique.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel seven-level inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The inverter uses a hybrid cascaded configuration with a novel pulse width modulation technique to generate seven output voltage levels from the DC supply. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented to validate the operation of the proposed inverter. The inverter is capable of improving power quality by reducing harmonic distortion compared to traditional two-level inverters.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a dual-input single-stage inverter topology for standalone solar photovoltaic systems to provide electricity in rural areas without access to the electric grid. The proposed system uses a maximum power point tracking algorithm and boost converter to increase the low voltage from the solar panels. It then uses a single-stage boost inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation to efficiently convert the solar DC power to high-quality AC power for loads without additional filters or protections. Simulation and experimental results showed the system could boost input voltages and produce 230V AC output for rural electrification with reduced components compared to traditional two-stage inverter designs.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a soft-switching boost converter with an auxiliary resonant circuit (SARC) for improving the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion systems. The converter aims to boost the lower output voltage of solar cells to a useful voltage for loads. Simulation and experimental results confirm the converter's operational principles and soft-switching performance. Analysis shows that through SARC, all switching devices achieve zero-voltage and zero-current switching, reducing switching losses compared to conventional hard-switching converters. The converter design targets a 700W PV module, and testing with a PV simulator validates effective maximum power point tracking control.
How to Make a Bi-Toroid Transformer and Exceed 100 % EfficiencyThane Heins
1) Conventional transformers consume real power when supplying power to a load because the flux induced in the secondary couples back to the primary, increasing the primary current and lowering its impedance.
2) A Bi-Toroid transformer consumes mostly reactive power when supplying power to a load because its design prevents flux induced in the secondary from coupling back to the primary.
3) Tests by Defense Research and Development Canada found that a prototype Bi-Toroid transformer exceeded 100% efficiency by consuming reactive rather than real power to supply loads.
This document summarizes a paper that describes the simulation and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using artificial neural networks. The DFIG is a type of induction generator that is widely used in wind power generation because it allows variable speed operation while only requiring a power converter rated at 25-30% of the generator rating. The paper presents the mathematical model of the DFIG in the d-q reference frame and describes how to control the rotor voltages using PI and ANN controllers to maintain a constant terminal voltage. Simulation results verify that the model meets the requirements of a variable speed constant frequency wind energy conversion system.
Low Voltage Energy Harvesting by an Efficient AC-DC Step-Up ConverterIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper on developing an efficient AC-DC step-up converter for low voltage energy harvesting from inertial microgenerators.
The proposed converter consists of a boost converter in parallel with a buck-boost converter to directly convert the AC input to DC output without a diode bridge rectifier. This improves efficiency over conventional two-stage converters. The converter is analyzed and two control schemes are proposed. Simulation results validate the converter topology and control approach. Design guidelines are also presented for selecting components and control parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A single stage photo voltaic grid-connected inverter using spwmSHAIK AMANULLA
A Single-stage PhotoVoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter using SPWM. It was simulated and modeled with MATLAB/SIMULINK. It was simulated with constant and variable irradiation profiles. I got the results with variations in PV characteristics with different irradiation with SPWM technique.
The document discusses a regenerative acceleration generator technology that can reverse the polarity of a generator's magnetic field from resistive to assistive. It works by using frequency-dependent impedance of the generator coil to reduce current flow and store energy internally as voltage instead of an external magnetic field. When the magnetic field stops at the top of its rotation, reduced impedance allows a maximum delayed magnetic field that accelerates the magnetic field and rotor. This provides a way to convert regenerative braking energy recovery into acceleration using only the generator coil.
The document describes an energy harvesting circuit that uses piezoelectric transducers and rectifier-free switching with MOSFETs to convert low-voltage AC output from the transducers into DC power. The circuit aims to overcome limitations of typical rectifier circuits at low voltages. A simulation of the circuit shows it can deliver a steady 0.2V DC output from a 0.4V AC input. The document also discusses building a prototype circuit to test harvesting energy from vibrations to power small sensors.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes a study on using a high step-up zeta converter fed by a solar PV panel for a DC drive application. Key points:
- A zeta converter with a coupled inductor and capacitor multiplier is used to achieve high step-up voltage conversion from a 15-40V solar PV panel input.
- Steady-state analysis of the converter in continuous conduction mode shows it can achieve a voltage gain of (1+n) where n is the turns ratio of the coupled inductor.
- Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink validate the converter design and show it can provide the required output voltage for a DC drive from the solar PV input with high efficiency for resist
Battery Based Quasi Z-Source Inverter for PV power Generation Connected to GridIJERA Editor
The demand for Renewable energy resources for power generation is increasing from the past decade. Solar
power plants are plays vital role in supplying increased power demand. PV array with battery based quasi z
source inverter makes more reliable under PV fluctuations. Traditional voltage source and current source
which are connected to grid or motor loads having the main drawback of shoot through in the inverter bridge
leg. Shoot through can over come by using quasi z source inverter. Svpwm and modified Svpwm provides
more output voltage, less switching losses and gives high efficiency compared to other pwm techniques
Bi-Toroid Transformer Technology (BiTT) Principle of OperationThane Heins
The Bi-Toroid Transformer (BiTT) uses a novel design that improves upon conventional transformers. It places the primary coil in the center of a three-phase transformer, with the two secondaries on either side. An outer toroid connects the secondaries but isolates them from the primary. This allows energy transfer from primary to secondaries in one direction only, like a magnetic diode. With resistive loads, the BiTT primary power factor and current do not change from no-load to on-load conditions. This increased efficiency can lower power losses by 30% or more. Potential applications include battery chargers and electric vehicles.
How a bi toroid transformer outperforms a conventional transformerThane Heins
A Bi-Toroid Transformer (BiTT) has two key advantages over a conventional transformer:
1. When unloaded, the BiTT operates like a conventional transformer with zero power consumption.
2. When loaded, the BiTT diverts the magnetic flux induced in the secondary coils away from the primary coil, preventing an increase in primary coil current and power consumption. This allows the BiTT to maintain zero power consumption even when loaded.
3. As a result, the BiTT has higher efficiency and lower heating than a conventional transformer since its primary coil power consumption does not increase with load.
Open Letter to Dr. Marc Garneau, Liberal Party of CanadaThane Heins
The document is a letter informing Dr. Garneau about a RCMP investigation into illegal heavy metal jet aerosol spraying in Canada and introducing Potential Difference Inc's clean energy innovations, including a Bi-Toroid Transformer and Regenerative Acceleration Generator that can achieve infinite efficiency. These innovations would make motives for the jet spraying like global warming mitigation or population culling moot and could replace future energy wars. Test results and videos demonstrating the technologies are provided.
Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Clean-Tech Solution at a Glace...
Global Clean-Tech Problem:
Transformer Back EMF Induced Magnetic Fields and Load Power Factor variations causing transformer overheating and efficiency losses.
PDi Solution:
Divert and delay said magnetic fields and use them to do useful work.
development and experimental validation of a global simulation model of an high power electrical drive (Ansaldo Sistemi Industiali) in a cement plant (Italcementi)
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Design and Implementaion of DC-DC Boost Converter using Output Voltage...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a DC-DC boost converter using an output voltage sensor based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The boost converter steps up the voltage from a solar panel to charge a battery or power loads. The MPPT algorithm uses an output voltage sensor to calculate the derivative of output voltage with respect to duty cycle and adjusts the duty cycle to keep the system at the maximum power point for varying solar irradiance levels. The key components of the system include a solar panel, PIC microcontroller, boost converter with MOSFET switch, gate driver circuit, voltage divider sensor, and capacitors/inductors. Simulation results show the algorithm is effective at extracting optimal power from the
The document proposes a new high step up interleaved DC-DC converter with a voltage multiplier module for a photovoltaic grid system. The system takes a low DC voltage input, typically from a solar panel, and boosts it to a high DC voltage using the converter. It then uses an inverter to convert the high DC voltage to AC. A filter is used to reduce distortion before connecting the output to a load. The proposed converter achieves a high step up ratio without an extreme duty cycle by integrating a conventional boost converter and voltage multiplier module. This design reduces current stress on components and improves efficiency compared to existing boost converter approaches. Simulation results show it can boost a 40V input to 331V output with up to
Soft Switched Multi-Output Flyback Converter with Voltage DoublerIJPEDS-IAES
A novel multi-output voltage doubler circuit with resonant switching
technique is proposed in this paper. The resonant topology in the primary
side of the flyback transformer switches the device either at zero voltage or
current thus optimizing the switching devices by mitigating the losses. The
voltage doubler circuit introduced in the load side increases the voltage by
twice the value thereby increasing the load power and density. The proposed
Multi-output Isolated Converter removes the need for mutiple SMPS units
for a particular application. This reduces the size and weight of the
converters considerably leading to a greater payload. This paper aims at
optimizing the proposed converter with some design changes. The results
obtained from the hardware prototype are given in a comprehensive manner
for a 3.5W converter operating at output voltages of 5V and 3.3V at 50 kHz
switching frequency. The converter output is regulated with the PI controller
designed with SG3523 IC. The effects of load and line regulation for ±20%
variations are analyzed in detail.
11.fuzzy intelligent controller for the maximum power point tracking of a pho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that models a photovoltaic module and compares two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers - perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic. It presents:
1) Mathematical models of a PV module and how its voltage, current, and power outputs vary with atmospheric conditions like irradiation and temperature.
2) The P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT algorithms, including equations used and membership functions for the fuzzy controller.
3) Simulation results showing how the two MPPT controllers track the maximum power point under changing conditions, with fuzzy logic providing faster tracking time.
Fuzzy intelligent controller for the maximum power point tracking of a photov...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that models a photovoltaic module and compares two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers - perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic. It presents:
1) Mathematical models of a PV module and how its voltage, current, and power outputs vary with atmospheric conditions like irradiation and temperature.
2) The P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT algorithms, including equations used and membership functions for the fuzzy controller.
3) Simulation results showing how the two MPPT controllers track the maximum power point under changing conditions, with fuzzy logic providing faster tracking time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Elektronika Daya discusses power electronics, which is the field that studies the use of electronic technology in converting electric power. Power electronics is needed because most electrical devices work inefficiently or cannot function using the available power sources. It also discusses various power electronic applications in power generation, transmission, distribution, transportation, industries, and home appliances. Some current challenges mentioned are voltage regulator modules for microprocessors and renewable energy power generation systems.
Closed loop control of boost coverter for a led load connected photovoltaic s...Sangeeth Soman
The document describes a method for generating electricity from solar power to power an LED light using solar panels, a DC-DC converter, an inverter, and a microcontroller. Solar panels collect solar energy from sunlight as variable DC power, which is converted to fixed DC by a DC-DC converter and then converted to AC by an inverter to power the LED light. A microcontroller governs the embedded system, while batteries provide backup power when solar power is insufficient.
There are several types of power supplies that can be used for electronic circuits. A basic power supply consists of a transformer, rectifier, and smoothing capacitor. More advanced supplies also include a voltage regulator. The transformer steps down the high voltage mains power. The rectifier converts AC to DC. Smoothing reduces voltage fluctuations. Regulators ensure a constant output voltage. Some circuits require a dual supply with both positive and negative outputs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este documento discute como elaborar um plano de negócios eficaz, incluindo analisar as forças e fraquezas individuais, definir os objetivos e metas da empresa, e desenvolver seções sobre análise de mercado, marketing, finanças e tomada de decisão. O plano de negócios é importante para identificar erros e orientar o desenvolvimento sustentável da empresa.
The document discusses a regenerative acceleration generator technology that can reverse the polarity of a generator's magnetic field from resistive to assistive. It works by using frequency-dependent impedance of the generator coil to reduce current flow and store energy internally as voltage instead of an external magnetic field. When the magnetic field stops at the top of its rotation, reduced impedance allows a maximum delayed magnetic field that accelerates the magnetic field and rotor. This provides a way to convert regenerative braking energy recovery into acceleration using only the generator coil.
The document describes an energy harvesting circuit that uses piezoelectric transducers and rectifier-free switching with MOSFETs to convert low-voltage AC output from the transducers into DC power. The circuit aims to overcome limitations of typical rectifier circuits at low voltages. A simulation of the circuit shows it can deliver a steady 0.2V DC output from a 0.4V AC input. The document also discusses building a prototype circuit to test harvesting energy from vibrations to power small sensors.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes a study on using a high step-up zeta converter fed by a solar PV panel for a DC drive application. Key points:
- A zeta converter with a coupled inductor and capacitor multiplier is used to achieve high step-up voltage conversion from a 15-40V solar PV panel input.
- Steady-state analysis of the converter in continuous conduction mode shows it can achieve a voltage gain of (1+n) where n is the turns ratio of the coupled inductor.
- Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink validate the converter design and show it can provide the required output voltage for a DC drive from the solar PV input with high efficiency for resist
Battery Based Quasi Z-Source Inverter for PV power Generation Connected to GridIJERA Editor
The demand for Renewable energy resources for power generation is increasing from the past decade. Solar
power plants are plays vital role in supplying increased power demand. PV array with battery based quasi z
source inverter makes more reliable under PV fluctuations. Traditional voltage source and current source
which are connected to grid or motor loads having the main drawback of shoot through in the inverter bridge
leg. Shoot through can over come by using quasi z source inverter. Svpwm and modified Svpwm provides
more output voltage, less switching losses and gives high efficiency compared to other pwm techniques
Bi-Toroid Transformer Technology (BiTT) Principle of OperationThane Heins
The Bi-Toroid Transformer (BiTT) uses a novel design that improves upon conventional transformers. It places the primary coil in the center of a three-phase transformer, with the two secondaries on either side. An outer toroid connects the secondaries but isolates them from the primary. This allows energy transfer from primary to secondaries in one direction only, like a magnetic diode. With resistive loads, the BiTT primary power factor and current do not change from no-load to on-load conditions. This increased efficiency can lower power losses by 30% or more. Potential applications include battery chargers and electric vehicles.
How a bi toroid transformer outperforms a conventional transformerThane Heins
A Bi-Toroid Transformer (BiTT) has two key advantages over a conventional transformer:
1. When unloaded, the BiTT operates like a conventional transformer with zero power consumption.
2. When loaded, the BiTT diverts the magnetic flux induced in the secondary coils away from the primary coil, preventing an increase in primary coil current and power consumption. This allows the BiTT to maintain zero power consumption even when loaded.
3. As a result, the BiTT has higher efficiency and lower heating than a conventional transformer since its primary coil power consumption does not increase with load.
Open Letter to Dr. Marc Garneau, Liberal Party of CanadaThane Heins
The document is a letter informing Dr. Garneau about a RCMP investigation into illegal heavy metal jet aerosol spraying in Canada and introducing Potential Difference Inc's clean energy innovations, including a Bi-Toroid Transformer and Regenerative Acceleration Generator that can achieve infinite efficiency. These innovations would make motives for the jet spraying like global warming mitigation or population culling moot and could replace future energy wars. Test results and videos demonstrating the technologies are provided.
Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Clean-Tech Solution at a Glace...
Global Clean-Tech Problem:
Transformer Back EMF Induced Magnetic Fields and Load Power Factor variations causing transformer overheating and efficiency losses.
PDi Solution:
Divert and delay said magnetic fields and use them to do useful work.
development and experimental validation of a global simulation model of an high power electrical drive (Ansaldo Sistemi Industiali) in a cement plant (Italcementi)
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Design and Implementaion of DC-DC Boost Converter using Output Voltage...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a DC-DC boost converter using an output voltage sensor based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The boost converter steps up the voltage from a solar panel to charge a battery or power loads. The MPPT algorithm uses an output voltage sensor to calculate the derivative of output voltage with respect to duty cycle and adjusts the duty cycle to keep the system at the maximum power point for varying solar irradiance levels. The key components of the system include a solar panel, PIC microcontroller, boost converter with MOSFET switch, gate driver circuit, voltage divider sensor, and capacitors/inductors. Simulation results show the algorithm is effective at extracting optimal power from the
The document proposes a new high step up interleaved DC-DC converter with a voltage multiplier module for a photovoltaic grid system. The system takes a low DC voltage input, typically from a solar panel, and boosts it to a high DC voltage using the converter. It then uses an inverter to convert the high DC voltage to AC. A filter is used to reduce distortion before connecting the output to a load. The proposed converter achieves a high step up ratio without an extreme duty cycle by integrating a conventional boost converter and voltage multiplier module. This design reduces current stress on components and improves efficiency compared to existing boost converter approaches. Simulation results show it can boost a 40V input to 331V output with up to
Soft Switched Multi-Output Flyback Converter with Voltage DoublerIJPEDS-IAES
A novel multi-output voltage doubler circuit with resonant switching
technique is proposed in this paper. The resonant topology in the primary
side of the flyback transformer switches the device either at zero voltage or
current thus optimizing the switching devices by mitigating the losses. The
voltage doubler circuit introduced in the load side increases the voltage by
twice the value thereby increasing the load power and density. The proposed
Multi-output Isolated Converter removes the need for mutiple SMPS units
for a particular application. This reduces the size and weight of the
converters considerably leading to a greater payload. This paper aims at
optimizing the proposed converter with some design changes. The results
obtained from the hardware prototype are given in a comprehensive manner
for a 3.5W converter operating at output voltages of 5V and 3.3V at 50 kHz
switching frequency. The converter output is regulated with the PI controller
designed with SG3523 IC. The effects of load and line regulation for ±20%
variations are analyzed in detail.
11.fuzzy intelligent controller for the maximum power point tracking of a pho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that models a photovoltaic module and compares two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers - perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic. It presents:
1) Mathematical models of a PV module and how its voltage, current, and power outputs vary with atmospheric conditions like irradiation and temperature.
2) The P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT algorithms, including equations used and membership functions for the fuzzy controller.
3) Simulation results showing how the two MPPT controllers track the maximum power point under changing conditions, with fuzzy logic providing faster tracking time.
Fuzzy intelligent controller for the maximum power point tracking of a photov...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that models a photovoltaic module and compares two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers - perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic. It presents:
1) Mathematical models of a PV module and how its voltage, current, and power outputs vary with atmospheric conditions like irradiation and temperature.
2) The P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT algorithms, including equations used and membership functions for the fuzzy controller.
3) Simulation results showing how the two MPPT controllers track the maximum power point under changing conditions, with fuzzy logic providing faster tracking time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Elektronika Daya discusses power electronics, which is the field that studies the use of electronic technology in converting electric power. Power electronics is needed because most electrical devices work inefficiently or cannot function using the available power sources. It also discusses various power electronic applications in power generation, transmission, distribution, transportation, industries, and home appliances. Some current challenges mentioned are voltage regulator modules for microprocessors and renewable energy power generation systems.
Closed loop control of boost coverter for a led load connected photovoltaic s...Sangeeth Soman
The document describes a method for generating electricity from solar power to power an LED light using solar panels, a DC-DC converter, an inverter, and a microcontroller. Solar panels collect solar energy from sunlight as variable DC power, which is converted to fixed DC by a DC-DC converter and then converted to AC by an inverter to power the LED light. A microcontroller governs the embedded system, while batteries provide backup power when solar power is insufficient.
There are several types of power supplies that can be used for electronic circuits. A basic power supply consists of a transformer, rectifier, and smoothing capacitor. More advanced supplies also include a voltage regulator. The transformer steps down the high voltage mains power. The rectifier converts AC to DC. Smoothing reduces voltage fluctuations. Regulators ensure a constant output voltage. Some circuits require a dual supply with both positive and negative outputs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este documento discute como elaborar um plano de negócios eficaz, incluindo analisar as forças e fraquezas individuais, definir os objetivos e metas da empresa, e desenvolver seções sobre análise de mercado, marketing, finanças e tomada de decisão. O plano de negócios é importante para identificar erros e orientar o desenvolvimento sustentável da empresa.
O documento discute estruturas de dados dinâmicas como listas, pilhas, filas e árvores binárias em Pascal. Explica como declarar e manipular cada estrutura através de operações como inserção, remoção e busca de elementos. Também aborda ponteiros, recursividade e como representar cada estrutura de dados na memória usando registros e ponteiros.
Jornadas de formación consejería 30 junio 2012 (1)juanjosotelo
Las Escuelas Europeas se crearon en 1953 para escolarizar a los hijos de funcionarios de la Unión Europea. Actualmente también admiten a hijos de otros trabajadores relacionados con programas europeos. Las Escuelas Europeas ofrecen una educación multilingüe donde los estudiantes aprenden varios idiomas, con el objetivo de fomentar la cooperación entre estudiantes de diferentes orígenes. La enseñanza de lenguas incluye el estudio de la lengua materna, dos lenguas extranjeras obligatorias y la posibilidad de una tercera
Cramming for exams should only be done as a last resort since it is difficult to retain large amounts of information in a short time period. Some tips for effective cramming include eating food to stay energized but avoiding excess sugar, studying in a well-lit place with few distractions, keeping a positive attitude, focusing on the most important topics that will earn the most points, and taking short breaks every hour. It is also important to get at least 3 hours of sleep before the exam if time allows.
Este documento presenta información sobre diferentes estilos de comportamiento y enfoques para desarrollar la inteligencia emocional. También proporciona consejos para que los formadores usen un enfoque basado en las emociones en el aula, como crear un ambiente seguro, tratar a los estudiantes con respeto y fomentar la participación.
1. O documento é um manual sobre cantinas escolares saudáveis produzido pelo Ministério da Saúde brasileiro.
2. Ele fornece informações sobre a importância de promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis e sobre como transformar cantinas escolares em locais que estimulem o consumo de alimentos saudáveis.
3. O manual aborda tópicos como o que é uma alimentação saudável, higiene dos alimentos, lanches saudáveis e estratégias para manter a cantina escolar promovendo hábitos alimentares
Este documento guía a los estudiantes a través de varias actividades de autoexploración para identificar sus fortalezas, debilidades, motivaciones y estilos de pensamiento. El objetivo es que los estudiantes se conozcan a sí mismos para poder formar equipos creativos efectivos que aprovechen la diversidad de habilidades.
Este documento analisa a relação entre identidade nacional brasileira e publicidade. Discute brevemente a construção da identidade nacional no Brasil e, em seguida, analisa elementos do nacionalismo presentes em um anúncio de sandálias Havaianas usando a metodologia de Vestergaard e Schroder para análise de textos publicitários. O documento conclui que a publicidade apropria-se da cultura e identidade brasileiras tanto para fins comerciais quanto para reforçar uma visão hegemônica da sociedade.
Este documento resume un libro que analiza cómo negocian los colombianos. Explica que los colombianos tienden a negociar de forma distributiva, buscando que el otro pierda para que uno gane. Esto se aprende desde la niñez. También identifica características como ser impuntuales e impacientes. Recomienda que los colombianos aprendan a negociar de forma integrativa, buscando que ambas partes se beneficien.
Software orientado a realizar estadísticas descriptivasppenas
Este documento describe varios softwares estadísticos para realizar análisis estadísticos descriptivos. Menciona programas como SPSS, Systat, Winks, Kwikstat Windows, Acasat, Statcalc, Biostat Profesional, Smart Photo Statistics, Stagraphics y Minitab, detallando brevemente las características y funcionalidades de cada uno.
The document provides an overview of T-3 Energy Services, Inc., including its history, products and services, markets, growth strategy, and facilities. It notes that the company designs, manufactures, and services pressure and flow control equipment for the oil and gas industry. Forward-looking statements are presented regarding future financial performance and operating results.
The relationship between the five factors of personality, individual job perf...iaemedu
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between the five factors of personality and individual job performance in the Indian corporate sector. The study analyzed 316 employees across manufacturing and service industries. It found that conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional stability were valid predictors of overall job performance. Conscientiousness and extraversion also impacted components like task performance and adaptability. Neuroticism had a significant relationship with job stress. Most variables did not impact job stress and stability components of performance. The study contributes to the body of research showing the five factor model can predict job performance across cultures.
Este documento trata sobre las funciones ejecutivas y su relación con el córtex prefrontal. Las funciones ejecutivas se refieren a los procesos cognitivos implicados en el control consciente de la conducta y el pensamiento, e incluyen capacidades como la memoria de trabajo, la atención y la inhibición. Existen diferentes modelos de las funciones ejecutivas, pero no hay consenso sobre una definición única. Las alteraciones en las funciones ejecutivas se han relacionado con lesiones del córtex prefrontal y con diversas patologías neu
Recent studies commissioned by UNICEF Kosovo show clearly that children are at significantly greater risk of poverty in Kosovo compared to the general population. Using the generally accepted consumption poverty line of €1.417 per person
per day, based on 2006/7 Household Budget Survey data, 46.2% of the Kosovo population is in poverty, whereas 48.6% of children aged 0-19 are in poverty. The highest risks of poverty are faced by children who live in households with three or more children; children aged 0-14; children of unemployed parents; children in households receiving social assistance; and children in households with low levels of education. Whilst the risk of poverty is lower for children where at least
one family member is employed, children in wage-earning households make up 36% of all children in poverty in Kosovo.
1) This document discusses major design issues related to creating mixed analog/digital application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It outlines key decisions around process selection, module selection and creation, simulation, and placement and routing.
2) Process selection involves choosing a foundry and CMOS process based on technical requirements like operating voltage, component tolerances, and amounts of analog vs digital circuits. This impacts cost and available design options.
3) Modules can be acquired through full custom design, standard cell libraries, parameterized standard cells, layout synthesis, or circuit synthesis - each with varying costs and flexibility. Characterized standard cell libraries provide reference designs.
4) Simulation is needed to verify component interconnections. Analog interface points should
Este documento presenta un resumen de tres partes del ensayo "La pedagogía de la autonomía". La primera parte discute que no puede haber enseñanza sin aprendizaje, y que maestros y estudiantes aprenden mutuamente. La segunda parte argumenta que enseñar no es simplemente transferir conocimiento, sino desarrollar el pensamiento crítico del estudiante. La tercera parte concluye que enseñar es una especificidad humana que requiere una sólida preparación del maestro.
Learn the 8 components of a classroom learning community to improve student ownership and accountability as you work to develop 21st century learners, critical thinkers and skilled collaborators.
The document discusses various blood components and their uses in pediatric transfusion medicine. It describes whole blood and derived blood products like red blood cell concentrates, platelet concentrates, fresh frozen plasma, and granulocyte concentrates. Guidelines for transfusing these components in neonates and children are provided based on hemoglobin levels and clinical indications. Contraindications and dosing are also summarized.
This document provides definitions and explanations of important set theory concepts such as sets, subsets, operations on sets including union and intersection, and representations of sets including Venn diagrams. It defines a set as a collection of distinct objects where order and repetition do not matter. Important sets discussed include natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. Subsets, subsets, power sets, and universal sets are also defined. Interval notation for subsets of the real line is explained. Venn diagrams are introduced as a way to visually represent relationships between sets.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes combining a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a photovoltaic (PV) array. The UPQC uses series and shunt inverters connected back-to-back to compensate for both voltage and current-related power quality issues in both grid-connected and islanding modes. By connecting the PV array to the UPQC's DC link, the system can inject active power from the PV to the grid during voltage interruptions or islanding events. Control strategies are described for operating the shunt and series inverters to compensate for harmonics, reactive power, and voltage disturbances while also injecting PV power as needed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the
Z - Source Multi Level Inverter Based PV Generation SystemIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on a Z-source multi-level inverter based PV generation system. The paper proposes using a Z-source multi-level inverter instead of a conventional voltage source inverter to improve system performance. It presents mathematical models of the PV panel, Z-source inverter, and MPPT technique. Simulation results show that the Z-source multi-level inverter provides boosting capability, reduces harmonics, and improves efficiency compared to a conventional voltage source inverter for solar energy conversion. The system is able to efficiently supply both linear and non-linear loads.
Design and Development of Power Electronic Controller for Grid-connected PV A...IJAPEJOURNAL
Design and simulation of a simple power electronic interface for grid-connected PV array has been proposed using boost converter and line-commutated inverter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The output of PV array varies with irradiation, and hence the duty cycle of the PI controller is adjusted automatically to supply a constant DC voltage to the inverter circuit, the output of which is directly connected to the grid. The MPPT controller extracts maximum power from the solar array and feeds it to the single-phase utility grid. The proposed scheme has been modeled in the MATLAB 7.1 software and the complete system has been simulated for open loop and closed loop configurations. The active power fed to the grid is taken for different firing angles in open loop mode and the firing angle for maximum power has been determined. This is compared with the firing angle obtained from the closed loop mode and found that both results agree with each other.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Operational performance of a PV generator feeding DC shunt and induction moto...IJECEIAES
This paper presented the transient and operational behavior of a parallel Combination of DC Shunt Motor and IM fed by a photovoltaic generator at different solar irradiance levels. The maximum power point of current/voltage (I/V) characteristic of the PV generator was achieved for different solar intensities, by utilizing an open circuit voltage method. The nonlinear operational behavior of (I/V) characteristics of the PV generator at various solar intensities and the magnetization curve of the ferromagnetic material of the DC shunt motor were both modeled by high order polynomial mathematical expressions. The study investigated the response of the system at different solar irradiance levels and changing the torque loads for both motors and then following step change in solar intensity levels with fixed loading torques for both motors. All numerical simulations were executed using MATLAB software.
Application ofBoost Inverter to Multi Input PV systemIJERA Editor
With the shortage of the energy and ever increasing of the oil price, research on the renewable and green energy
sources, especially the solar arrays and the fuel cells, becomes more and more important. How to achieve high
step- up and high efficiency DC/DC converters is the major consideration in the renewable power applications
due to the low voltage of PV arrays and fuel cells. The conventional boost converters increase the harmonics
rate and add an extra stage of power conversion. This paper proposes a boost dc-ac inverter that can invert and
boost the output voltage in a single stage. In this paper the proposed boost dc-ac inverter is applied to the solar
power panels and is simulated using Simulink. The output results of the boost inverter are worthy promising.
Simulation Model for PV Array & Its CharacteristicsIJEEE
This paper presents the implementation of a photovoltaic model using Matlab software, which can be representative of PV cell module, and array for easy use on simulation. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block libraries. This makes the PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power electronics for a maximum power point tracker.
Modeling Simulation and Design of Photovoltaic Array with MPPT Control Techni...IJAPEJOURNAL
The Renewable energy is important part of power generation system due to diminution of fossils fuel. Energy production from photovoltaic (PV) is widely accepted as it is clean, available in abundance, & free of cost. This paper deals with modeling of PV array including the effects of temperature and irradiation. The DC-DC converter is used for boosting low voltage of the PV array to high DC voltage. Since the efficiency of a PV array is around 13% which is low, it is desirable to operate the module at the peak power point to improve the utilization of the PV array. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV array and transferring that power to the load. To track maximum power point (MPP) Perturb & Observe (P & O) algorithm is used which periodically perturbs the array voltage or current and compare PV output power with that of previous perturbation cycle which controls duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The entire system is simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
In this paper the multicarrier pulse width modulation (MCPWM) with multi value DC voltage source multilevel inverter is presented. These MLI’s are suitable in high voltage & high power application due to their ability to synthesize waveforms with better harmonic spectrum. Seven level inverter is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The use of Photovoltaic Cell as a DC source for the multilevel Inverter is proposed here.
IRJET- Review of DC-DC Converters in Photovoltaic Systems for MPPT SystemsIRJET Journal
This document reviews various DC-DC converters that can be used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize power output, including buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, SEPIC, and Zeta converters. It provides an overview of how these converters work along with their circuit diagrams and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The converters are compared based on factors like complexity, output ripple, and ability to boost or buck voltage. The document concludes that understanding these different converter options is important for selecting the appropriate converter for interfacing maximum power point tracking systems with DC-AC inverters in PV applications.
IRJET- Simulation and Analysis of Photovoltaic Solar System for Different Wea...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation and analysis of a photovoltaic solar system for different weather conditions in Anand, India. The proposed system consists of two stages - a DC-DC boost converter to control and boost the DC output voltage of the PV array, and a full-bridge DC-AC inverter to convert the regulated DC voltage to AC voltage. The system was tested in MATLAB simulations under varying load and weather conditions. The results show the output current, voltage, and P-V and I-V curves function as expected with changes in irradiation, temperature, and load.
Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System imtiyazsayyed
Solar electric energy demand has grown consistently by 20% to 25% per annum over the past 20 years, which is mainly due to the decreasing costs and prices. In recent years, multilevel inverters have become more attractive for researchers and manufacturers due to their advantages over conventional three level PWM inverters. They offer improved output waveforms, smaller filter size and lower EMI, lower Total Harmonic Distortion.
REFERENCE
[1] Puneet Kumar Chaudhay, “A Critical Review on Photovoltaic Base Maximum Power Generation System” , International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) , Volume-1, Issue-6, January 2013
[2] Mr. R.Anand and Mr. G.Ashok Kumar, “Multilevel Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System by employing PID Controller”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) , Volume-2, Issue-1, October 2012.
[3] Mr. Amol Karpe and MrBindu R, “A Comparison of Conventional and Multilevel Inverter for 2.3 kV Induction Motor Drives”, International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
[4] E. Beser, B. Arifoglu, S. Camur, E. K Beser, “A grid-connected photovoltaic power conversion system with single-phase multilevel inverter”. Solar Energy, vol. 84, No 12, pp. 2056-2067, 2010.
[5] Vikas Kulkarni, Rajesh Nehete, “Simulation and Analysis of Photo-Voltaic (PV) based Solar Inverter System”, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) , Volume-3, Issue-6, January 2014.
[6] Muhammad H. Rashid “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications”, 3rd Edition, Pearson publication, pp.406-429.
This document presents a simulation study of a photovoltaic (PV) system that uses a cascade three-level inverter topology. The PV system consists of a PV array, boost converter, and inverter. A cascade three-level inverter is formed by connecting two two-level inverters in series. Space vector PWM control is used to generate switching pulses. MATLAB/Simulink studies are performed to analyze the total harmonic distortion in the output voltage and current waveforms when supplying an inductive load. The simulation results demonstrate the operation of the proposed PV system with the cascade three-level inverter.
IRJET- VSI based Standalone PV Generation System using Super-Capacitor to Dri...IRJET Journal
This document describes a standalone photovoltaic system that uses a solar panel, DC-DC converter, and single-phase inverter to drive an induction motor. The solar panel converts sunlight to electrical energy in the form of DC voltage. A DC-DC converter boosts the voltage as needed. An inverter then converts the DC to AC voltage using pulse width modulation to power the induction motor. A capacitor bank at the output of the DC-DC converter filters the voltage before it reaches the inverter. The system provides a reliable electricity source for remote and rural areas using a renewable energy source that has no emissions or noise.
Nine Level Inverter with Boost Converter from Renewable Energy SourceIJERA Editor
A new single phase nine level multilevel inverter is proposed. The input to the proposed nine level multilevel inverter is obtained from solar panel . The solar energy obtained from the solar panel is not constant and it varies with times. In order to maintain the constant voltage obtained from the solar panel the boost converter is used to maintain the constant output voltage using MPPT ( Perturb and observe algorithm) algorithm. Then the buck boost converter output voltage is stored in the battery bank. Finally the battery energy is connected to the 9 level inverter circuits. The harmonics in the inverter is eliminated by using the fuzzy logic controller. The gate pulse for the multilevel inverter is given by the fuzzy logic controller which in turn reduces the harmonics in the inverter. Then the inverter output is connected to the grid are some application.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation of various DC-DC converters for photovoltaic systemIJECEIAES
This work explains the comparison of various dc-dc converters for photovoltaic systems. In recent day insufficient energy and continues increasing in fuel cost, exploration on renewable energy system becomes more essential. For high and medium power applications, high input source from renewable systems like photovoltaic and wind energy system turn into difficult one, which leads to increase of cost for installation process. So the generated voltage from PV system is boosted with help various boost converter depends on the applications. Here the various converters are like boost converter, buck converter, buck-boost converter, cuk converter, sepic converter and zeta converter are analysed for photovoltaic system, which are verified using matlab / simulink.
power factor correction using smart relayHatem Seoudy
This document summarizes active, reactive, and apparent power. It defines these three types of power and provides equations to calculate them for different load types, including resistive, reactive, and resistive/reactive loads. It explains power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power and discusses causes of low power factor. Typical power factor values are provided for different load types. Improving power factor provides benefits like reduced electricity bills and equipment costs.
The performance of PV panel is very much dependent on the amount of sun light as well as the temperature of the surrounding environment which normally hard to be predicted. The use of PV emulator in the investigation of solar inverter especially at a lab scale platform helps to mitigate the inconsistency factors due to this uncontrollable variation. This work discussed on the design and development of a PV emulator for the grid-connected quasi-Z-source inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter. The I-V characteristics of the PV panel is modelled from the commercially available product and through circuit analysis the relation between capacitor voltage control and the PV terminal voltage is established, thus realizing the MPPT operation. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrated that the PV emulator successfully able to produce power for the inverter according to the requirement.
Photovoltaic Emulator for Grid-connected Quasi-Z-Sorce Inverter
Ao24271274
1. Sandeep Puppala, M Ebraheem / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.271-274
Non-Conventional Power Generation Using Solar And Wind With The Aid
Of Hydro Power Generation
Sandeep Puppala1, M Ebraheem2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GIT, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GIT, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract— The latest trend in generating power for the solar energy into electrical energy. A solar cell essentially
industrial and domestic purposes is the hybrid power consists of a pn junction formed by semiconductor material.
generation using non-conventional energy sources. The When sunlight falls on a solar cell an electron-hole pair is
non-conventional energy sources are the renewable generated by the energy from the light (photons). The electric
sources that can be utilized again after every use and also field created at the junction causes the electron-hole pair to
whose supply is abundant in nature. This paper presents separate with the electrons drifting towards the n-region and
a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage the holes towards the p-region. Thus there is a bombardment
for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. The of electrons and holes resulting in the generation of energy.
configuration allows the two sources to supply load Hence electrical voltage is generated at the output. The
simultaneously depending on the availability of energy photocurrent (Iph) will then flow through the load connected
sources. This paper also describes about the design to the output terminals of the cell [5].
aspects of the renewable energy sources like Solar (PV) The ideal equivalent circuit of a solar cell consists of
and Wind. PV/Wind module designs, parameters are a current source in parallel with a diode. The output terminals
mentioned in this particular paper. Operational analysis of the circuit are connected to the load. Ideally the voltage-
of the proposed system will be discussed in this paper. current equation of the solar cell is given by [3]:
Simulation results are given to highlight the merits of the
proposed circuit. I= IPh- Io (e (V+iRs/nsvt) -1) – (v+iRs)/Rsh (1)
Keywords— PV cells, Irradiation, Insolation, Wind Where: Iph = Photo current (A)
turbine, Hydro turbine, Synchronous Machine, Inverter. Io = Diode Reverse saturation
current(A)
I. BASIC PV CELL MODEL Vt = Junction terminal voltage
v = terminal voltage
Rs = Panel series Resistance
Rsh = Panel shunt Resistance
ns =Number of cells in panel
connected in series
The power output of a solar cell is given by:
PPV=Vpv*IPV (2)
Where: IPV = Output current of solar cell (A).
VPV = Solar cell operating voltage (V).
PPV = Output power of solar cell (W).
Fig.1. Equivalent Solar cell developed in
Simulink/Simpowersystem
Operation of PV:
A solar cell is the most fundamental
component of a photovoltaic (PV) system, which converts
271 | P a g e
2. Sandeep Puppala, M Ebraheem / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.271-274
II. WIND ENERGY CONVERTION SYSTEM This input can be left unconnected if you want to use
AND ITS OPERATION the gate position as input to the feedback loop instead of the
power deviation.
We = Machine actual speed, in pu.
Pe0 = Machine actual electrical power in pu.
This input can be left unconnected if you want to use
the gate position as input to the feedback loop instead of the
power deviation.
Dw = Speed deviation, in pu.
Pm = Mechanical power Pm for the Synchronous
Machine block, in pu.
Gate = Gate opening, in pu.
Fig.2. Wind conversion system
The wind energy system here consists of a
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) that
converts the rotational movement of the rotor of the wind
turbine to the electrical output. The output of the wind
turbine is controlled using a control block which consists of
the Pitch angle, Wind speed and Generator speed [4]. This
output which is an AC is converted into DC using a rectifier
to combine it with the existing PV module output which is Fig 4. Excitation system Model
also DC [1], [2].
III. HYDRO ELECTRIC SYSTEM AND ITS Vref = The desired value, in pu, of the stator terminal
OPERATION voltage.
This model comprises of a 3-phase synchronous Vd = vd component, in pu, of the terminal voltage.
machine associated with the Hydraulic turbine and Governor Vq = vq component, in pu, of the terminal voltage.
and Excitation systems. Vstab = Connect this input to a power system stabilizer to
The d-axis and the q-axis time constants are short provide additional stabilization of power system
circuited and open circuited respectively. The stator winding oscillations.
are connected in wye to an internal neutral point. The Vf = The field voltage, in pu, for the Synchronous Machine
Hydraulic Turbine and Governor block implements a block.
nonlinear hydraulic turbine model, a PID governor system,
and a servomotor. IV. INVERTER
The combined outputs of all the three sources i.e.
Wind and PV and Hydro which is a DC are fed as input to an
inverter or a pulse triggered thyristor [1]. This inverter then
converts the DC into AC. The rectified AC is then given to
loads.
V. PROPOSED MODEL FOR BOTH PV, WIND
and HYDRO
The model shows the proposed model for the
combined operation of both PV and Wind modules along
with the Hydro generating source. The Wind system, the PV
Fig. 3. Hydraulic Turbine Governor model.
system and the Hydro system are combined together and is
Wref = Reference speed, in pu
fed to a DC/AC inverter. The then output which is AC is
Pref = Reference mechanical power in pu.
given to the load [7] [8].
272 | P a g e
3. Sandeep Puppala, M Ebraheem / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.271-274
Fig.7. DC Output of PV Module.
Fig.5. Proposed model for PV, Wind and Hydro sytems
VI. SIMULINK MODEL OF THE PROPOSED
SYSTEM
Fig.8. DC Output of Wind Module.
Fig.6. Simulink model for the proposed Hybrid system
VII. SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig.9. Single Phase Voltages of PV, Wind and Hydro Models
273 | P a g e
4. Sandeep Puppala, M Ebraheem / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.271-274
X. REFERENCES
[1] joanne hui*, alireza bakhshai and praveen k. jain, “a
hybrid wind-solar energy system: a new rectifier stage
topology”, ieee transactions on energy conversion,
2010.
[2] adel m. sharaf mohamed a. h. el-sayed centre of
energy studies university of trinidad and tobago, point
lisas campus, esperanza road, brechin castle, couva, “a
novel hybrid integrated wind-pv micro co-generation
energy scheme for village electricity.
[3] michael jensen, russell louie, mehdi etezadi-amoli, and
m. sami fadali, “modelling and simulation of 75kw pv
solar array”.
[4] s.k. kim, j.h jeon, c.h. cho, j.b. ahn, and s.h. kwon,
“dynamic modeling and control of a grid-connected
Fig.10. 3-Phase Voltages of PV, Wind and Hydro Models hybrid generation system with versatile power
transfer,” ieee transactions on industrial electronics,
vol. 55, pp. 1677-1688, april 2008.
[5] d. das, r. esmaili, l. xu, d. nichols, “an optimal design
of a grid connected hybrid wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell
system for distributed energy production,” in proc.
ieee industrial electronics conference, pp. 2499-2504,
nov. 2005.
[6] n. a. ahmed, m. miyatake, and a. k. al-othman, “power
fluctuations suppression of stand-alone hybrid
generation combining solar photovoltaic/wind turbine
and fuel cell systems,” in proc. of energy conversion
and management, vol. 49, pp. 2711-2719, october
2008.
Fig.11. 3-Phase Output Power at Load [7] nabil a. ahmed and masafumi miyatake sophia
VIII. ANALYSIS university,tokyo,japan
The above figures are the obtained simulation Email:nabil@power.ee.sophia.ac.jp, “A Stand-Alone
outputs for PV, Wind and Hydro energy systems. The figures Hybrid Generation System Combining Solar
starting from fig to fig, there is a gap from time 0.4 to 0.6 and Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine with Simple
from which is called as the “Dead Time” or “No Operation Maximum Power Point Tracking Control”.
Zone”. This is created to know that PV energy source [8] Dorin Brik, Cristian Dragois, Adrian Gligor, “Petru
operates from 0 to 0.4 and Wind energy source operates from Maior” University of Tg Mures, Electrical
0.6 to 0.8 and Hydro energy source from 1 to 1.4. The Engineering Department, Romania.
purpose of introducing Hydro generation is to compensate
the loss of power at the load during power mismatch. This
paper is limited to small amount of power generation for
small application purposes. The generation can be increased
further by increasing the number of PV cells in the case of
PV module and the turbine performance of the wind module
can be improved by replacing the existing model.
IX. CONCLUSION
It has been observed that the combination of both
PV and Wind modules can deliver sufficient power to the
load as long as source for both exists. If there is an increase
in load or failure of either of PV and Wind sources, Hydro
can serve as the backup for providing continuous supply. The
dead time can be compensated with the aid of Hydro Power
generating source.
274 | P a g e