ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses for local network delivery. It uses broadcast datagrams to request MAC addresses and unicasts to reply. Proxy ARP allows routers to answer for hosts on remote networks during subnet transition. RARP and Inverse ARP work in reverse to resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses.
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
This document discusses ARP and RARP protocols. ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on local networks. It works by broadcasting ARP requests and unicasting replies. RARP is used in the opposite direction, to map a device's MAC address to its IP address. Examples are given of how an ARP cache works, including entries for pending, resolved, and free states. RARP has been replaced by BOOTP and DHCP for providing additional configuration info like subnet masks.
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares it to the OSI model. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the physical, data link, internet, and transport layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP, with TCP being connection-oriented and reliable, while UDP is connectionless. The internet layer uses IP to transport datagrams independently. The OSI model has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 5 layers that do not directly correspond to the OSI layers.
This is Powerpoint Presentation on IP addressing & Subnet masking. This presentation describes how IP address works, what its classes and how the subnet masking works and more.
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
This document discusses ARP and RARP protocols. ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on local networks. It works by broadcasting ARP requests and unicasting replies. RARP is used in the opposite direction, to map a device's MAC address to its IP address. Examples are given of how an ARP cache works, including entries for pending, resolved, and free states. RARP has been replaced by BOOTP and DHCP for providing additional configuration info like subnet masks.
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares it to the OSI model. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the physical, data link, internet, and transport layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP, with TCP being connection-oriented and reliable, while UDP is connectionless. The internet layer uses IP to transport datagrams independently. The OSI model has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 5 layers that do not directly correspond to the OSI layers.
This is Powerpoint Presentation on IP addressing & Subnet masking. This presentation describes how IP address works, what its classes and how the subnet masking works and more.
ICMP is a helper protocol that supports IP by providing error reporting and simple queries. ICMP messages are encapsulated as IP datagrams with a 4 byte header containing the type, code, and checksum. Common ICMP error messages include Destination Unreachable (sent when a datagram cannot be forwarded), Redirect (informs about a better route), and Time Exceeded (sent when the TTL reaches zero).
TCP & UDP ( Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol)Kruti Niranjan
This document provides information about the Transport Layer protocols TCP and UDP. It describes:
1) TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, in-order delivery of data through features like flow control, error control, and congestion control. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of packets.
2) The TCP header contains fields for source/destination ports, sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and options. The UDP header contains fields for source/destination ports, length, and checksum.
3) The main differences between TCP and UDP are that TCP is connection-oriented, provides error control and flow control, and supports full duplex communication
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
This document provides an overview of IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It discusses hardware addressing using MAC addresses, logical addressing using network IDs and host IDs, and the Internet Protocol (IP). IP uses 32-bit addresses and provides logical addressing and routing. Subnet masks distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address. CIDR notation compactly represents subnet masks. Address classes and subnetting create networks and hosts. Private IP addresses are used internally while public addresses can route on the internet.
This document discusses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which provides reliable, connection-oriented data transmission over the internet. TCP establishes a virtual connection between endpoints, ensuring reliable delivery through mechanisms like positive acknowledgement and retransmission. It uses a sliding window algorithm to guarantee reliable and in-order delivery while enforcing flow control between sender and receiver. Key aspects of TCP include connection establishment and termination, port numbers, segments, headers, and addressing end-to-end issues over heterogeneous networks.
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest path to all destinations based on a link-state database containing the full network topology. Each router runs the same algorithm locally to determine the optimal path. Key aspects include link-state advertisements to share connectivity information, the topological database to store network maps, and shortest path first calculations to derive routes. Common link-state protocols are OSPF and IS-IS. They provide fast convergence and scalability but require more resources than distance-vector protocols.
The document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) which is the cornerstone of the TCP/IP architecture and allows all computers on the Internet to communicate. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4, the currently used version, and IPv6 which is intended to replace IPv4 and includes improvements like longer addresses. IP addresses are 32-bit for IPv4 and 128-bit for IPv6. Strategies like private addressing and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) help conserve the limited number of available IP addresses.
Gourav Salla presented on Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses so devices can communicate on a local network. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the target IP address. The device with that IP address responds with its MAC address. This address resolution allows packets for that destination to be sent directly using layer 2 addressing. ARP caches entries to avoid repeating the lookup for frequent communication between devices on the same subnet.
IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
This document provides an overview of different routing protocols. It discusses IP routing, static routing, and dynamic routing. It also covers proactive routing protocols like DSDV which maintain routing tables and periodically update them. Reactive protocols like DSR and AODV establish routes on demand. Hybrid protocols combine proactive and reactive approaches. The document describes the key processes, advantages, and disadvantages of DSDV, DSR, AODV, and zone routing protocol.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol that provides a vastly larger number of IP addresses compared to the current IPv4. It features 128-bit addressing which allows for trillions of devices to have unique IP addresses. IPv6 also aims to make networking more secure and allow for more efficient routing. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway, with most modern operating systems and network hardware now supporting IPv6, though applications support is still growing. IPv6's expanded addressing capabilities and additional features will help meet future demands on the Internet as more devices connect online.
This document discusses various application layer protocols. It begins with an agenda that lists OSI models, encapsulation processes, application protocol design, and specific protocols including HTTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet, DHCP, and SMTP. For each protocol, it provides details on how the protocol functions, message formats, and roles of clients and servers. The document is intended to describe key application layer protocols and their basic operations.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
The document discusses Ethernet networks and communication. It covers the evolution of Ethernet from standard Ethernet operating at 10 Mbps to 10 Gigabit Ethernet at 10 Gbps. It describes Ethernet's frame format including fields for preamble, start frame delimiter, destination/source addresses, length/type, data, padding, and CRC. It also discusses Ethernet addressing using MAC addresses and Ethernet's access method of CSMA/CD.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a single device like a router to act as an agent between a private network and the public internet using a single public IP address. This conserves limited public IP addresses as only the NAT device needs a public IP, while an entire private network can use private IP addresses. NAT works by translating the private IP address and port of devices in the private network to the public IP address and unique port of the NAT device when communicating with the public internet, and vice versa for incoming traffic. This allows all private network devices to access the internet through the single public IP address of the NAT device.
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols used for data transfer in the OSI model. TCP is connection-oriented, requiring a three-way handshake to establish a connection that maintains data integrity. It guarantees data will reach its destination without duplication but is slower than UDP. UDP is connectionless and used for applications requiring fast transmission like video calls, but does not ensure packet delivery and order. Both protocols add headers to packets with TCP focused on reliability and UDP on speed.
Addressing deals with uniquely identifying the location of an entity for communication purposes. It involves a name/identifier, address, and route. Addresses allow messages to be delivered to the intended destination. IP addresses in IPv4 are 32-bit numbers that identify devices on the network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and uses 128-bit addresses to overcome the address space limitations of IPv4. A transition approach is needed to integrate IPv6 since the internet cannot be abruptly changed over.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS). It describes DNS as a hierarchical and distributed database that maps hostnames to IP addresses. DNS uses a tree structure with nodes containing domain names that are read from the node up to the root. The document outlines the key components of DNS including fully and partially qualified domain names, zones, primary and secondary name servers, and the different top-level domains like generic, country, and inverse domains used for name to address and address to name lookups.
The document discusses the history and workings of the World Wide Web. It was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN as a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet. The Web consists of web pages containing text, images, videos and multimedia that can be viewed through a web browser and connected through hyperlinks using URLs. Users can navigate between web pages through these hyperlinks to access the web's collection of interconnected information resources available on the internet.
ICMP is a helper protocol that supports IP by providing error reporting and simple queries. ICMP messages are encapsulated as IP datagrams with a 4 byte header containing the type, code, and checksum. Common ICMP error messages include Destination Unreachable (sent when a datagram cannot be forwarded), Redirect (informs about a better route), and Time Exceeded (sent when the TTL reaches zero).
TCP & UDP ( Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol)Kruti Niranjan
This document provides information about the Transport Layer protocols TCP and UDP. It describes:
1) TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, in-order delivery of data through features like flow control, error control, and congestion control. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of packets.
2) The TCP header contains fields for source/destination ports, sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and options. The UDP header contains fields for source/destination ports, length, and checksum.
3) The main differences between TCP and UDP are that TCP is connection-oriented, provides error control and flow control, and supports full duplex communication
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
This document provides an overview of IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It discusses hardware addressing using MAC addresses, logical addressing using network IDs and host IDs, and the Internet Protocol (IP). IP uses 32-bit addresses and provides logical addressing and routing. Subnet masks distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address. CIDR notation compactly represents subnet masks. Address classes and subnetting create networks and hosts. Private IP addresses are used internally while public addresses can route on the internet.
This document discusses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which provides reliable, connection-oriented data transmission over the internet. TCP establishes a virtual connection between endpoints, ensuring reliable delivery through mechanisms like positive acknowledgement and retransmission. It uses a sliding window algorithm to guarantee reliable and in-order delivery while enforcing flow control between sender and receiver. Key aspects of TCP include connection establishment and termination, port numbers, segments, headers, and addressing end-to-end issues over heterogeneous networks.
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest path to all destinations based on a link-state database containing the full network topology. Each router runs the same algorithm locally to determine the optimal path. Key aspects include link-state advertisements to share connectivity information, the topological database to store network maps, and shortest path first calculations to derive routes. Common link-state protocols are OSPF and IS-IS. They provide fast convergence and scalability but require more resources than distance-vector protocols.
The document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) which is the cornerstone of the TCP/IP architecture and allows all computers on the Internet to communicate. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4, the currently used version, and IPv6 which is intended to replace IPv4 and includes improvements like longer addresses. IP addresses are 32-bit for IPv4 and 128-bit for IPv6. Strategies like private addressing and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) help conserve the limited number of available IP addresses.
Gourav Salla presented on Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses so devices can communicate on a local network. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the target IP address. The device with that IP address responds with its MAC address. This address resolution allows packets for that destination to be sent directly using layer 2 addressing. ARP caches entries to avoid repeating the lookup for frequent communication between devices on the same subnet.
IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
This document provides an overview of different routing protocols. It discusses IP routing, static routing, and dynamic routing. It also covers proactive routing protocols like DSDV which maintain routing tables and periodically update them. Reactive protocols like DSR and AODV establish routes on demand. Hybrid protocols combine proactive and reactive approaches. The document describes the key processes, advantages, and disadvantages of DSDV, DSR, AODV, and zone routing protocol.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol that provides a vastly larger number of IP addresses compared to the current IPv4. It features 128-bit addressing which allows for trillions of devices to have unique IP addresses. IPv6 also aims to make networking more secure and allow for more efficient routing. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway, with most modern operating systems and network hardware now supporting IPv6, though applications support is still growing. IPv6's expanded addressing capabilities and additional features will help meet future demands on the Internet as more devices connect online.
This document discusses various application layer protocols. It begins with an agenda that lists OSI models, encapsulation processes, application protocol design, and specific protocols including HTTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet, DHCP, and SMTP. For each protocol, it provides details on how the protocol functions, message formats, and roles of clients and servers. The document is intended to describe key application layer protocols and their basic operations.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
The document discusses Ethernet networks and communication. It covers the evolution of Ethernet from standard Ethernet operating at 10 Mbps to 10 Gigabit Ethernet at 10 Gbps. It describes Ethernet's frame format including fields for preamble, start frame delimiter, destination/source addresses, length/type, data, padding, and CRC. It also discusses Ethernet addressing using MAC addresses and Ethernet's access method of CSMA/CD.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a single device like a router to act as an agent between a private network and the public internet using a single public IP address. This conserves limited public IP addresses as only the NAT device needs a public IP, while an entire private network can use private IP addresses. NAT works by translating the private IP address and port of devices in the private network to the public IP address and unique port of the NAT device when communicating with the public internet, and vice versa for incoming traffic. This allows all private network devices to access the internet through the single public IP address of the NAT device.
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols used for data transfer in the OSI model. TCP is connection-oriented, requiring a three-way handshake to establish a connection that maintains data integrity. It guarantees data will reach its destination without duplication but is slower than UDP. UDP is connectionless and used for applications requiring fast transmission like video calls, but does not ensure packet delivery and order. Both protocols add headers to packets with TCP focused on reliability and UDP on speed.
Addressing deals with uniquely identifying the location of an entity for communication purposes. It involves a name/identifier, address, and route. Addresses allow messages to be delivered to the intended destination. IP addresses in IPv4 are 32-bit numbers that identify devices on the network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and uses 128-bit addresses to overcome the address space limitations of IPv4. A transition approach is needed to integrate IPv6 since the internet cannot be abruptly changed over.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS). It describes DNS as a hierarchical and distributed database that maps hostnames to IP addresses. DNS uses a tree structure with nodes containing domain names that are read from the node up to the root. The document outlines the key components of DNS including fully and partially qualified domain names, zones, primary and secondary name servers, and the different top-level domains like generic, country, and inverse domains used for name to address and address to name lookups.
The document discusses the history and workings of the World Wide Web. It was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN as a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet. The Web consists of web pages containing text, images, videos and multimedia that can be viewed through a web browser and connected through hyperlinks using URLs. Users can navigate between web pages through these hyperlinks to access the web's collection of interconnected information resources available on the internet.
This document provides an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS). It discusses what DNS is, why names are used instead of IP addresses, and the history and development of DNS. It describes the hierarchical name space and domain system. It also explains different DNS record types like A, CNAME, MX, and NS records. The document discusses recursive and iterative queries, legal users of domains, and security issues with the traditional DNS system. It provides an overview of how DNSSEC aims to address some of these security issues through digital signing of DNS records.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps domain names to IP addresses. It describes how DNS works hierarchically with a root server at the top level, below which are generic, country-specific and other domain levels. DNS servers store and distribute this mapping information across multiple computers to avoid a single point of failure. Primary DNS servers store and update zone files mapping domain names to IP addresses, while secondary servers transfer this information from primary servers.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) allows users to transfer files between computers over the Internet. It uses separate channels for control commands and data transfer. Common FTP clients include FileZilla and programs built into web browsers. FTP operates using a client-server model with different processes for control and data transfer between client and server computers.
The document discusses the history and components of the World Wide Web. It explains that the World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 as a way to share text and graphics over the internet using browsers and servers. Key components include HTML, URLs, HTTP and web browsers which allow users to access and view web pages from servers globally using standardized internet protocols. The document concludes that the simplicity and common language of the World Wide Web allowed it to succeed and grow into the vast network it is today.
The document is a presentation on DNS (Domain Name System) given by Mauood Hamidi for his dissertation. It covers definitions of DNS, different types of DNS servers, tools used for DNS queries, DNS records, how DNS works to resolve domain names to IP addresses, and components of the DNS system like zones, name servers, and security considerations. It aims to provide an overview of the key concepts and functioning of DNS.
Address resolution protocol and internet control message protocolasimnawaz54
ICMP provides error reporting and feedback messages for IP. It uses IP datagrams to transport control messages between hosts and routers. ICMP messages include echo requests/replies used by ping, time exceeded and destination unreachable errors, redirects, and path MTU discovery fragments needed messages. ARP resolves IP addresses to hardware addresses locally through broadcast requests and unicast replies to populate caches. Proxy ARP allows routers to answer for hosts on remote networks to allow communication before subnet migration.
The document provides an overview of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). It discusses:
- ARP allows mapping between a host's logical IP address to its physical MAC address on a local area network.
- Each device maintains an ARP cache table to map IP-MAC address pairs for other devices on the network. An ARP request is broadcast to resolve addresses and the responding device unicasts an ARP reply.
- ARP spoofing vulnerabilities exist since ARP does not authenticate requests/replies, allowing an attacker to poison a device's ARP cache with false address mappings and intercept network traffic.
This document provides an introduction to various protocols related to electronic commerce and the internet. It discusses IP addressing and how IP addresses are assigned to devices. It then explains protocols like ARP, RARP, BOOTP, DHCP, and ICMP that are used to map IP addresses to hardware addresses, assign IP addresses, and handle network errors and messages.
The document discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) which relates IP addresses to hardware addresses to allow communication within a local area network (LAN). ARP works by broadcasting a query to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the corresponding host responds with its MAC address. Devices store IP-MAC bindings learned from ARP in a local cache to avoid broadcasting for each packet. The router can also respond to ARP requests on behalf of hosts on different subnets using proxy ARP.
The document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which allows a machine on a network to dynamically map logical IP addresses to physical hardware addresses. It describes how ARP works by broadcasting a request packet to find the physical address associated with a target IP address. The target machine then responds with its physical address in an ARP reply message. The original sender can then directly address packets to the target using its physical address. The document outlines the ARP packet format and encapsulation process, as well as the basic steps of how ARP operates to perform dynamic address mapping on a network.
This document provides a summary of network protocols. It defines a network as a set of connected devices that can send and receive data. It explains that network protocols establish detailed rules for how computer systems exchange information. The document then overview Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) and several other key network protocols, including Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP), and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). For each protocol, it provides high-level descriptions of their functions and operations in 2 sentences or less.
This course describes the basic networking elements and how they are used in practice. The course covers:
The evolution and principles of networking;
The basic notions used in this domain;
Types of equipment;
Description and general information of basic networking protocols.
The practical examples provide configuration commands, packet captures and a real feel of how to build a simple network
The course attendees will be encouraged to show their understanding by answering questions and debating the issues and solutions that they might have encountered when working with networks.
The document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and gratuitous ARP. ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on a local network. It maintains an ARP cache table mapping addresses. Gratuitous ARP occurs when a device sends an ARP request for its own IP address, broadcasting its IP-MAC mapping to update switches and detect duplicate IP addresses on the network. It helps ensure unique IP addresses and informs switches of end device locations. The document provides examples of gratuitous ARP detecting and resolving a duplicate IP address scenario.
The document discusses address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting at the network layer. It describes how Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map between logical IP addresses and physical MAC addresses on a local network. It also explains how Reverse ARP (RARP), Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) can be used to map physical addresses to logical addresses. Additionally, it outlines how Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides error reporting for IP without a built-in mechanism. Finally, it states that Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is involved in IP multicasting.
This document presents on the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). It defines RARP as a protocol used to find the logical address for a machine that knows only its physical address. It describes how RARP works to dynamically map physical addresses to logical addresses, as ARP maps logical to physical addresses. The document outlines the uses of RARP and its limitations that led to its replacement by other protocols like BOOTP and DHCP.
The document discusses several Internet protocols:
- IP prepares packets for transmission across the Internet and provides unreliable packet delivery. IPv6 was created to address issues with IPv4 like exhaustion of addresses.
- ARP resolves IP addresses to hardware addresses on local networks and maintains address mappings in caches.
- ICMP provides error reporting and network monitoring functions to support IP.
- TCP provides reliable data transmission and UDP provides simple transmission of datagrams.
This document provides an outline for a chapter on managing Red Hat Enterprise Linux networking. It discusses networking concepts like the TCP/IP model and IPv4 addressing. It also covers validating the network configuration using utilities like ip addr and ip route. The document outlines configuring networking with nmcli, editing configuration files, and configuring host names and name resolution. The goal is to configure basic IPv4 networking and explain networking fundamentals.
Et3003 sem2-1314-6 network layers iii (arp)Tutun Juhana
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which allows devices on a local area network to dynamically map IP addresses to physical addresses. It describes ARP's operation where a device sends an ARP request as a broadcast to find the physical address associated with a known IP address. The target device responds with its physical address allowing future communication. Proxy ARP is also described, where a router will respond to ARP requests on behalf of devices, acting as a proxy to allow routing between subnets.
The document provides an overview of TCP/IP protocol suite and IP addressing. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including application, transport, internet and network access layers. It also discusses obtaining IP addresses through static and dynamic methods like DHCP, RARP, BOOTP and ARP. IPv4 and IPv6 addressing are also summarized.
This ppt contains what is dhcp, it's need, advantages, disadvantages, IP address assignment process and types, DHCP architecture and lastly some differences.
TCP/IP is a protocol suite that includes IP, TCP, and UDP. IP provides connectionless and unreliable delivery of datagrams between hosts. TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented byte stream delivery between processes using ports. UDP offers minimal datagram delivery between processes using ports in an unreliable manner. The choice between TCP and UDP depends on the application's requirements for reliability and overhead.
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses to allow communication between hosts on a local area network (LAN). ARP maintains a cache that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. Static and dynamic entries are stored in the ARP cache, with dynamic entries expiring after a timeout period. Proxy ARP and other protocols like Reverse ARP and Serial Line ARP provide additional ARP functionality in certain network configurations.
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery replaces ARP and ICMP redirection in IPv4 to determine relationships between neighboring nodes. It has functions for host-router discovery like router solicitation, prefix discovery, and parameter discovery. Neighbor Discovery also has functions for host-to-host communication like address resolution, next hop determination, neighbor unreachability detection, and duplicate address detection.
The document discusses inference rules for quantifiers in discrete mathematics. It provides examples of using universal instantiation, universal generalization, existential instantiation, and existential generalization. It also discusses the rules of universal specification and universal generalization in more detail with examples. Finally, it presents proofs involving quantifiers over integers to demonstrate techniques like direct proof, proof by contradiction, and proving statements' contrapositives.
Lecture 2 predicates quantifiers and rules of inferenceasimnawaz54
1) Predicates become propositions when variables are quantified by assigning values or using quantifiers. Quantifiers like ∀ and ∃ are used to make statements true or false for all or some values.
2) ∀ (universal quantifier) means "for all" and makes a statement true for all values of a variable. ∃ (existential quantifier) means "there exists" and makes a statement true if it is true for at least one value.
3) Predicates with unbound variables are neither true nor false. Binding variables by assigning values or using quantifiers turns predicates into propositions that can be evaluated as true or false.
This document describes a preprocessing expert system for mining association rules from alarm data in telecommunication networks. The system addresses several issues with directly mining the original alarm data, including time non-synchronization of alarms and the need to assign different weights to different alarm attributes. The proposed system uses a time window technique to convert original alarms into transactions and a neural network technique to classify alarms into different levels based on their characteristics, in order to mine weighted association rules. Simulation results and a real-world application demonstrate the effectiveness of the preprocessing expert system.
The document summarizes a study that establishes an expert system's knowledge base using association rules. The study modifies the Apriori algorithm in three ways: 1) how items are established in the database, 2) how items are linked, and 3) how rules are produced from frequent itemsets. It applies this modified approach to establish rules for diagnosing crop diseases based on disease factors. The results include six rules produced from frequent itemsets mined from sample crop disease data using the modified Apriori approach.
The document outlines the six phases of building an expert system:
1) Project initialization which includes problem definition, needs assessment, and feasibility analysis.
2) System analysis and design including conceptual design, development strategy, and computing resources.
3) Rapid prototyping to test knowledge representation and system structure.
4) System development including knowledge base construction, testing, and improvements.
5) Implementation involving user acceptance testing, training, and deployment.
6) Post-implementation including maintenance, evaluation, and upgrades.
This document describes a preprocessing expert system for mining association rules from alarm data in telecommunication networks. The system addresses several issues with directly mining the original alarm data, including time non-synchronization of alarms and the need to assign different weights to alarm attributes. The proposed system uses a time window technique to convert original alarms into transactions and a neural network to classify alarms into different levels according to their characteristics, in order to mine weighted association rules. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the preprocessing expert system in analyzing alarm correlation for fault diagnosis.
Packet switching refers to protocols where messages are divided into packets before being transmitted. Each packet is transmitted individually and can take different routes to the destination. Once all packets arrive, they are recompiled into the original message. There are two main approaches: virtual circuits establish a pre-planned route before transmission, while datagrams treat each packet independently without connection setup. Virtual circuits provide sequencing but are less reliable if a node fails, while datagrams are more flexible but packets may arrive out of order.
Circuit switching is the oldest networking technology, establishing a dedicated communication path between devices through intermediate nodes. It works by setting up connections between parties before data transmission and dedicating the path for the duration of the call. While well-suited for analog voice, circuit switching is inefficient for data due to wasted bandwidth when connections are idle. Examples of circuit-switched networks include the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and private branch exchanges (PBX).
Circuit switching is the oldest networking technology, establishing a dedicated communication path between devices through intermediate nodes. It works by setting up connections between communicating parties before data transfer, dedicating the full path to that connection until it is terminated. While well-suited for analog voice, circuit switching is inefficient for data due to wasted bandwidth on idle connections. Examples of circuit-switched networks include the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABXs).
The document describes the headers for IPv4 and IPv6 packets. IPv6 packet headers are simpler than IPv4 headers, with fewer fields but larger source and destination addresses. IPv6 also introduces extension headers to replace IPv4 options and allow additional optional information to be included. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will involve dual-stack implementations and tunneling IPv6 packets in IPv4 networks using special address types.
Internet Protocol (IP) is used to carry data from source to destination hosts across the Internet by providing addressing, fragmentation and reassembly, packet timeouts, and prioritization of traffic. IP uses 32-bit addresses to identify sending and receiving hosts and allows packets to be split into smaller fragments if needed to travel across networks. Routers use the IP Time to Live field to discard packets that have been traveling too long to prevent flooding of networks.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
Object-Oriented Concepts
Attribute: the basic data of the class.
Method (operation): an executable procedure that is encapsulated in a class and is designed to
operate on one or more data attributes that are defined as part of the class.
Object: when specific values are assigned to all the resources defined in a class, the result is an
instance of that class. Any instance of any class is called an object.
The document describes requirements for a video store system. It specifies that the system needs to track movie titles in stock, their formats (VHS, Beta, DVD), rental periods, availability, condition, and rental charges which differ by medium. It also needs to support employee use of movie codes instead of titles and possible multiple releases of the same movie title. The key candidate classes are movies, video formats, and rental information.
The document discusses interaction diagrams, which describe how objects collaborate in behaviors. There are two types: sequence diagrams emphasize order of interactions, while collaboration diagrams emphasize interacting objects. An example sequence diagram is provided showing the behavior of an "order" use case, where a customer orders products and the system checks stock and reorders if needed. Guidelines are given for drawing sequence diagrams, such as naming objects, representing messages and returns, and indicating loops and conditions.
2. Introduction
Upper levels of protocol stack (TCP/IP,
IPX/SPX, DECNet, etc.) use protocol
addresses
Network hardware must use
hardware/physical/link-level address for
eventual delivery
Protocol address must be translated into
hardware address for delivery
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3. Address Resolution
Finding hardware address for protocol
address is called Address Resolution
Data link layer resolves protocol address to
hardware address
Resolution is local to a network
Network component only resolves address
for other components on same network
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4. Address Resolution
(continued)
A resolves protocol address for B for protocol messages from an
application on A sent to an application on B
A does not resolve a protocol address for F
Through the internet layer, A delivers to F by routing through R1 and
R2
A resolves R1 hardware address
Network layer on A passes packet containing destination protocol
address F for delivery to R1
Host A Host C Host E
Network 1 Router 1 Network 2 Router 2 Network 3
Host B Host D Host F
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5. Address Resolution
Techniques
Association between a protocol address and a
hardware address is called a binding. Three
techniques:
Table lookup - Bindings stored in memory with
protocol address as key - data link layer looks up
protocol address to find hardware address
Closed-form computation - Protocol address
based on hardware address - Data link layer
derives hardware address from protocol address
Dynamic - Network messages used for "just-in-
time" resolution - Data link layer sends message
requesting hardware address; destination responds
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6. Closed-form Computation
If hardware technology uses small, configurable
hardware address, network administrator can
choose hardware address based on IP address
Example - hardware uses one octet address that
can be configured
Simply choose hardware address to be hostid
Now, any host can determine hardware address
as:
hardware_address = ip_address & 0xff
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7. Dynamic Resolution
Use the network to resolve IP addresses to
hardware addresses
Message exchange with other computer(s)
returns hardware address to source
Two designs:
Server-based - computer sends message to a
server to resolve the address. Every computer
would need:
List of servers OR
Broadcast to locate servers
Distributed - all computers participate;
destination provides hardware address to host
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8. Address Resolution Protocol -
ARP
IP uses dynamic distributed resolution
technique
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) - part
of TCP/IP protocol suite
RFC 826 - Address Resolution Protocol
Two-part protocol:
Request from source asking for hardware
address
Reply from destination carrying hardware
address 8
9. ARP Message Exchange
ARP request message dropped into a
hardware frame and broadcast
Sender inserts IP address into message
and broadcast
Every other computer examines request
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10. ARP Message Exchange
(cont’d)
Computer whose IP address is in the
request responds
Puts its own hardware address in the
response
Unicasts the response to the sender
Original requester can then extract
hardware address and send IP packet to
destination using recently acquired
hardware address
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12. ARP Message Contents
HARDWARE ADDRESS TYPE = 1 for
Ethernet
PROTOCOL ADDRESS TYPE = 0x0800 for
IP
OPERATION = 1 for request, 2 for response
Contains both target and sender mappings
from protocol address to hardware address
Request sets hardware address of target to 0
Target can extract hardware address of
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13. Sending an ARP Message
Sender constructs ARP message
ARP message carried as data in hardware
frame - encapsulation
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14. Processing the ARP
Messages
Receiver extracts sender's hardware address and updates
local ARP table
Receiver checks operation - request or response
Response: Adds sender's address to local cache
Sends pending IP packet(s)
Request: If receiver is target, forms response
Unicasts to sender
Adds sender's address to local cache
Note:
Target likely to respond "soon"
Computers have finite storage for ARP cache
Only target adds sender to cache; others only update if target already
in cache
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16. ARP, Bridging and Routing
ARP is transparent to bridging, since bridging will
propagate ARP broadcasts like any other Ethernet
broadcast, and will transparently bridge the replies.
A router does not propagate Ethernet broadcasts,
because the router is a Network Level device, and
Ethernet is a Data Link Level protocol. Therefore, an
Internet host must use its routing protocols to select an
appropriate router, that can be reached via Ethernet
ARPs.
After ARPing for the IP address of the router, the
packet (targeted at some other Destination Address) is
transmitted to the Ethernet address of the16router.
17. Proxy ARP
Proxy ARP is a technique that is can be used by routers to
handle traffic between hosts that don't expect to use a
router as described above. Probably the most common
case of its use would be the gradual subnetting of a larger
network. Those hosts not yet converted to the new system
would expect to transmit directly to hosts now placed
behind a router.
A router using Proxy ARP recognizes ARP requests for
hosts on the "other side" of the router that can't reply for
themselves. The router answers for those addresses with
an ARP reply matching the remote IP address with the
router's Ethernet address (in essence, a lie).
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18. Proxy ARP Use
Host A
Host B
"Old" IP Routing
Router
IP Subnet Routing
and Modified ARP
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19. Proxy ARP - Problems
Proxy ARP is best thought of as a temporary
transition mechanism, and its use should not be
encouraged as part of a stable solution. There are
a number of potential problems with its use,
including the inability of hosts to fall back on
alternate routers if a network component fails, and
the possibility of race conditions and bizarre traffic
patterns if the bridged and routed network
segments are not clearly delineated.
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20. Proxy ARP Use
When host A wants to send an IP datagram to host B, it first has to
determine the physical network address of host B through the use of
the ARP protocol.
As host A cannot differentiate between the physical networks, his IP
routing algorithm thinks that host B is on the local physical network
and sends out a broadcast ARP request. Host B doesn't receive this
broadcast, but router R does. Router R understands subnets, that is, it
runs the ``subnet'' version of the IP routing algorithm and it will be able
to see that the destination of the ARP request (from the target protocol
address field) is on another physical network. If router R's routing
tables specify that the next hop to that other network is through a
different physical device, it will reply to the ARP as if it were host B,
saying that the network address of host B is that of the router R itself.
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21. Proxy ARP Use
Host A receives this ARP reply, puts it in his
cache and will send future IP packets for host
B to the router R. The router will forward such
packets to the correct subnet.
The result is transparent subnetting. Normal
hosts (such as A and B) don't know about
subnetting, so they use the “old” IP routing
algorithm.
The routers between subnets have to:
Use the “subnet” IP algorithm.
Use a modified ARP module, which can reply on
behalf of other hosts.
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22. Reverse ARP - RARP
Sometimes, it is also necessary to find out the IP-address
associated with a given Ethernet address. This happens
when a diskless machine wants to boot from a server on
the network, which is quite a common situation on local
area networks.
A diskless client, however, has virtually no information
about itself-- except for its Ethernet address! So what it
basically does is broadcast a message containing a plea
for boot servers to tell it its IP-address.
There's another protocol for this, named Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol, or RARP. Along with the BOOTP
protocol, it serves to define a procedure for bootstrapping
diskless clients over the network.
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23. Reverse ARP - RARP
Reverse ARP, document in RFC 903, is a
fairly simple bootstrapping protocol that
allows a workstation to broadcast using its
Ethernet address, and expect a server to
reply, telling it its IP address.
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24. Inverse ARP
Used on point to point links
Find IP address of the host on the other
end
Used in frame relay and ATM
Uses codes 8 (request) and 9 (response)
Ref: RFC 1293
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25. Summary
ARP allows converting IP address to MAC
addresses
Proxy ARP, RARP, Inverse ARP
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