This document discusses the utilization of rice husk ash in concrete. It begins by providing background on the production of rice husk ash as a byproduct of rice milling. Approximately 20 million tons of rice husk ash is produced annually in India. The document then evaluates how replacing cement with different percentages of rice husk ash influences the physical and mechanical properties of concrete, such as compressive strength, water absorption, and slump retention. The objective is to assess the feasibility of using rice husk ash to produce more economical concrete. The methodology discusses the combustion and grinding processes used to produce the rice husk ash.
An Overview of Rha And Scba Clay BricksIJERA Editor
Burnt clay brick is one of the major and widely used building units in construction around the world. The manufacturing of burnt clay bricks using waste materials can minimize the environmental overburden caused by waste deposition on open landfills and would also improve the brick performance at low production cost leading to more sustainable construction. These wastes utilization would not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the waste addition produced from two major crops: sugarcane and rice in clay bricks manufacturing.
This document appears to be a product catalogue for refractory bricks from Shri Nataraj Ceramic and Chemical Industries Limited. It includes specifications for various types of refractory bricks suitable for different applications in cement plants and other industries. The bricks differ in terms of chemical composition, physical properties, thermal properties, and special features that make them suitable for specific applications like rotary kilns, preheaters, coolers, and other equipment. The document also includes information on high alumina, fire clay, and special quality castable refractory bricks.
Effect on Properties of Concrete using Agro-West as Replacement of SandIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of various agricultural wastes as replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. It discusses how sugarcane bagasse ash, groundnut shell, oyster shell, sawdust, giant reed ash, rice husk ash, cork, and tobacco waste have been used as partial replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. It finds that these agro-waste concretes generally have lower workability but can achieve comparable or higher strength at replacement levels of around 20%. The document also reviews how these agro-waste concretes perform in terms of other properties like durability, thermal conductivity, and their potential for use in sustainable construction and green building rating systems.
The document discusses fly ash brick production and marketing strategies in West Bengal. It provides background on fly ash as a byproduct and building material. It then details: [1] Fly ash brick production processes and raw materials used; [2] Current state of the fly ash brick industry in West Bengal with 65 operating plants; [3] Marketing is primarily direct from manufacturers and through retailers, with transportation costs limiting rural markets. The document analyzes fly ash generation and usage data from power plants to support further growth of the fly ash brick sector in the state.
Minerals used in Refractories and ceramicPramoda Raj
The document discusses various mineral raw materials used in the ceramic industry in India. The principal materials are silica in the form of quartz and other minerals, and alumino-silicates like feldspars and clays. Major sources of silica are quartzite, sandstone and high silica sands. Important feldspar sources are pegmatites in Rajasthan, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. Ball clays are found in Rajasthan and Gujarat while china clay deposits exist across India. Refractory materials include fireclay, quartz, dolomite, magnesite, serpentine, olivine and chromite. The document also provides details on the
IRJET- Experimental Investigations Ondurability Properties of Self Compacted ...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental investigation on the durability properties of self-compacting concrete with partial replacements of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Mix designs are developed to produce self-compacting concrete mixtures using local materials that meet fresh concrete requirements. Test samples are cast and tested to evaluate compressive strength, drying shrinkage, water permeability, chloride permeability, and degradation after wet-dry and heat-cool cycling. Test results indicate the potential use of self-compacting concrete made with local Andhra Pradesh materials to provide durability performance data for use in the region.
The document discusses lean iron ore beneficiation in India. It notes that India has over 25 billion tonnes of iron ore resources but reserves are depleting rapidly due to increased demand. Lean iron ore beneficiation techniques are needed to upgrade low-grade ores and maximize resource recovery in an environmentally sustainable way. This includes exploring deeper reserves, jigging, washing, classification, grinding, gravity separation, and magnetic separation to produce saleable iron ore concentrates and minimize waste disposal.
1) PETRO BOND is a bonding agent that uses oil instead of water to bond sand for foundry molds, allowing for finer sands and smoother castings. 2) It was developed in the 1980s as an alternative to water-bonded sands for precision casting using existing foundry equipment. 3) PETRO BOND sands can be reused after moderate maintenance and produce savings through reduced finishing costs and scrap compared to traditional foundry methods.
An Overview of Rha And Scba Clay BricksIJERA Editor
Burnt clay brick is one of the major and widely used building units in construction around the world. The manufacturing of burnt clay bricks using waste materials can minimize the environmental overburden caused by waste deposition on open landfills and would also improve the brick performance at low production cost leading to more sustainable construction. These wastes utilization would not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the waste addition produced from two major crops: sugarcane and rice in clay bricks manufacturing.
This document appears to be a product catalogue for refractory bricks from Shri Nataraj Ceramic and Chemical Industries Limited. It includes specifications for various types of refractory bricks suitable for different applications in cement plants and other industries. The bricks differ in terms of chemical composition, physical properties, thermal properties, and special features that make them suitable for specific applications like rotary kilns, preheaters, coolers, and other equipment. The document also includes information on high alumina, fire clay, and special quality castable refractory bricks.
Effect on Properties of Concrete using Agro-West as Replacement of SandIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of various agricultural wastes as replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. It discusses how sugarcane bagasse ash, groundnut shell, oyster shell, sawdust, giant reed ash, rice husk ash, cork, and tobacco waste have been used as partial replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. It finds that these agro-waste concretes generally have lower workability but can achieve comparable or higher strength at replacement levels of around 20%. The document also reviews how these agro-waste concretes perform in terms of other properties like durability, thermal conductivity, and their potential for use in sustainable construction and green building rating systems.
The document discusses fly ash brick production and marketing strategies in West Bengal. It provides background on fly ash as a byproduct and building material. It then details: [1] Fly ash brick production processes and raw materials used; [2] Current state of the fly ash brick industry in West Bengal with 65 operating plants; [3] Marketing is primarily direct from manufacturers and through retailers, with transportation costs limiting rural markets. The document analyzes fly ash generation and usage data from power plants to support further growth of the fly ash brick sector in the state.
Minerals used in Refractories and ceramicPramoda Raj
The document discusses various mineral raw materials used in the ceramic industry in India. The principal materials are silica in the form of quartz and other minerals, and alumino-silicates like feldspars and clays. Major sources of silica are quartzite, sandstone and high silica sands. Important feldspar sources are pegmatites in Rajasthan, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. Ball clays are found in Rajasthan and Gujarat while china clay deposits exist across India. Refractory materials include fireclay, quartz, dolomite, magnesite, serpentine, olivine and chromite. The document also provides details on the
IRJET- Experimental Investigations Ondurability Properties of Self Compacted ...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental investigation on the durability properties of self-compacting concrete with partial replacements of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Mix designs are developed to produce self-compacting concrete mixtures using local materials that meet fresh concrete requirements. Test samples are cast and tested to evaluate compressive strength, drying shrinkage, water permeability, chloride permeability, and degradation after wet-dry and heat-cool cycling. Test results indicate the potential use of self-compacting concrete made with local Andhra Pradesh materials to provide durability performance data for use in the region.
The document discusses lean iron ore beneficiation in India. It notes that India has over 25 billion tonnes of iron ore resources but reserves are depleting rapidly due to increased demand. Lean iron ore beneficiation techniques are needed to upgrade low-grade ores and maximize resource recovery in an environmentally sustainable way. This includes exploring deeper reserves, jigging, washing, classification, grinding, gravity separation, and magnetic separation to produce saleable iron ore concentrates and minimize waste disposal.
1) PETRO BOND is a bonding agent that uses oil instead of water to bond sand for foundry molds, allowing for finer sands and smoother castings. 2) It was developed in the 1980s as an alternative to water-bonded sands for precision casting using existing foundry equipment. 3) PETRO BOND sands can be reused after moderate maintenance and produce savings through reduced finishing costs and scrap compared to traditional foundry methods.
This document presents a proposed churn prediction model based on data mining techniques. The model consists of six steps: identifying the problem domain, data selection, investigating the data set, classification, clustering, and utilizing the knowledge gained. The authors apply their model to a data set of 5,000 mobile service customers using data mining tools. They train classification models using decision trees, neural networks, and support vector machines. Customers are classified as churners or non-churners. Churners are then clustered into three groups. The results are interpreted to gain insights into customer retention.
This document summarizes a study on using babool tree bark to remove fluoride from groundwater. Some key findings include:
1. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the optimal adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, temperature, and initial fluoride concentration for maximum fluoride removal.
2. The optimum adsorbent dose was found to be 5g/L, removing 77.04% of fluoride from a 5mg/L solution. Maximum removal occurred at a pH of 8 over 8 hours of contact time.
3. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial fluoride concentration, as the adsorbent's capacity became exhausted.
4. The presence of common co-existing ions
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and power consumption when turning 6063 aluminum alloy reinforced with 5% and 10% titanium carbide composites. 27 experimental runs were conducted using a full factorial design varying the machining parameters at three levels. Analysis of variance was used to determine the percentage contribution of each parameter on surface roughness and power consumption. The results showed that feed rate is the most significant parameter affecting surface roughness, while cutting speed has the greatest effect on power consumption. The conclusions provide insights on optimizing the machining parameters to minimize surface roughness and power usage during machining of these metal matrix composites.
This document compares genetic algorithms (GA) and shared genetic algorithms (SGA) for registering multimodal medical images. It discusses image registration techniques using mutual information as the similarity measure. GA and SGA are applied to register 3 pairs of CT and MRI images from a medical image database. Results show the translation, rotation, and time required for registration. SGA is able to maintain population diversity to avoid local optima, while GA converges to a single solution.
This document summarizes an academic paper that proposes a new Energy Minimized Opportunistic Routing (EMOR) protocol for wireless sensor networks. EMOR aims to enhance source location privacy and minimize energy usage. It uses opportunistic routing to dynamically change paths from source to destination, hiding the source location. Additionally, EMOR reduces transmission power of each node to minimize energy consumption while still reliably transmitting packets. The paper reviews related work on source privacy and energy efficiency in wireless routing protocols and presents simulation results showing EMOR provides better source privacy compared to existing opportunistic routing while also reducing energy usage.
This document discusses the removal of phenolic compounds from wastewater using locally available and low-cost activated carbons. It examines the adsorption efficiency of rice husk carbon, casuarina wood carbon, and saw dust carbon for removing phenols at various initial concentrations. The results show that all activated carbons were able to remove phenols, with saw dust carbon performing the best and rice husk carbon performing the worst. Specifically, saw dust carbon achieved phenol removals ranging from 18% at 2 mg/L to 64% at 20 mg/L. Overall, this study suggests using low-cost activated carbons derived from local materials can provide an affordable alternative to commercial activated carbon for phenol removal from wast
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an implementation of location monitoring services based on an anonymization algorithm. The paper describes a system architecture that uses wireless sensor nodes to monitor locations while preserving privacy. It proposes two anonymization algorithms: a resource-aware algorithm that minimizes communication costs, and a quality-aware algorithm that provides accurate locations. The resource-aware algorithm consists of three steps - a broadcast step to share location data between sensors, finding a cloaked area that maintains anonymity, and reporting aggregate location information to the server.
This study uses image processing and remote sensing to detect land use changes in Palladam Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India between 1972 and 2011. Landsat imagery from 2011 was classified using supervised classification in SAGA GIS and topographic maps from 1972 were digitized in QGIS. The classified 2011 image and digitized 1972 maps were analyzed in QGIS to estimate land use areas and detect changes. Results found settlements increased 260% from 14.36km2 to 37.35km2 between 1972 and 2011 due to urban expansion and population growth. Water bodies increased 17% likely due to new quarry pools. Minimal changes were detected for transportation networks.
The document discusses the design and performance analysis of a hydro-kinetic fluid coupling. It presents a mathematical model and develops a practical working model of the fluid coupling. The model is analyzed using ANSYS software. Testing was conducted with various fluid substances at different speeds and quantities to analyze output power. Results showed that output speed decreases as input speed increases due to higher slip. Higher viscosity fluids produced better thrust but lower flow, while lower viscosity fluids allowed for higher speed operation of the coupling.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a 3-step method for segmenting skin lesions in images:
1. Preprocess by converting the color image to an intensity image, enhancing boundaries while suppressing internal details.
2. Segment the image by thresholding intensities, finding approximate lesion boundaries.
3. Refine the boundaries using edge information, initializing a curve at the boundary and fitting it to nearby edges.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
El documento describe las diferentes clases de amigos que encontramos en la vida y cómo algunos permanecen a nuestro lado por mucho tiempo mientras que otros solo pasan brevemente. Compara los amigos con las hojas de un árbol, donde algunos están cerca y otros más lejos, y cómo aunque algunos se van otros permanecen en nuestros recuerdos alimentando nuestra vida. Finalmente desea paz, amor y prosperidad a todos los que cruzan nuestro camino porque cada persona deja una huella y se lleva una parte de nosotros.
Lucija Mihanovic worked as a receptionist at Hotel Milna on the island of Brac for Aqua Solis d.o.o. from May 2014 to October 2014 and again from June 2015 to October 2015. During this time, she managed the front desk during the busy summer season, dealing with customers, payments, reservations, and inquiries over email and phone. Her employer, Vinko Marinkovic, highly recommends her for future jobs due to her strong communication skills and behavior with guests and colleagues.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Impact of Using RHA and CD in Replacement of Cement for Mixijceronline
This document presents a study on the impact of using rice husk ash (RHA) and copper dust (CD) as partial replacements for cement in concrete mixes. The study involved collecting RHA and CD, testing their properties, developing mix designs, and casting and testing concrete cubes with different RHA and CD replacement levels. The key findings were:
- Replacing cement with up to 30% RHA and 40% CD in the mix designs increased the compressive strength of concrete cubes up to 25% and split tensile strength up to 40% compared to a normal concrete mix.
- Tests on the raw materials found RHA has a specific gravity of 2.52 and 75% fineness, while CD
Synthesis of Nano-Silica Material from Agricultural WastesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing nano-silica material from rice husk, an agricultural waste. Rice husk is abundant in India and contains silica. The researchers extracted nano-silica through thermal and chemical treatment methods. In the thermal method, rice husk is burned to produce rice husk ash. In the chemical method, rice husk ash is treated with alkaline solutions like sodium hydroxide and acids to purify the silica and remove impurities. The extracted nano-silica is characterized through techniques like SEM, XRD, FTIR which confirm its amorphous nature and particle size of around 10-20nm. Nano-silica has applications in various industries and using agricultural
This document presents a proposed churn prediction model based on data mining techniques. The model consists of six steps: identifying the problem domain, data selection, investigating the data set, classification, clustering, and utilizing the knowledge gained. The authors apply their model to a data set of 5,000 mobile service customers using data mining tools. They train classification models using decision trees, neural networks, and support vector machines. Customers are classified as churners or non-churners. Churners are then clustered into three groups. The results are interpreted to gain insights into customer retention.
This document summarizes a study on using babool tree bark to remove fluoride from groundwater. Some key findings include:
1. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the optimal adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, temperature, and initial fluoride concentration for maximum fluoride removal.
2. The optimum adsorbent dose was found to be 5g/L, removing 77.04% of fluoride from a 5mg/L solution. Maximum removal occurred at a pH of 8 over 8 hours of contact time.
3. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial fluoride concentration, as the adsorbent's capacity became exhausted.
4. The presence of common co-existing ions
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and power consumption when turning 6063 aluminum alloy reinforced with 5% and 10% titanium carbide composites. 27 experimental runs were conducted using a full factorial design varying the machining parameters at three levels. Analysis of variance was used to determine the percentage contribution of each parameter on surface roughness and power consumption. The results showed that feed rate is the most significant parameter affecting surface roughness, while cutting speed has the greatest effect on power consumption. The conclusions provide insights on optimizing the machining parameters to minimize surface roughness and power usage during machining of these metal matrix composites.
This document compares genetic algorithms (GA) and shared genetic algorithms (SGA) for registering multimodal medical images. It discusses image registration techniques using mutual information as the similarity measure. GA and SGA are applied to register 3 pairs of CT and MRI images from a medical image database. Results show the translation, rotation, and time required for registration. SGA is able to maintain population diversity to avoid local optima, while GA converges to a single solution.
This document summarizes an academic paper that proposes a new Energy Minimized Opportunistic Routing (EMOR) protocol for wireless sensor networks. EMOR aims to enhance source location privacy and minimize energy usage. It uses opportunistic routing to dynamically change paths from source to destination, hiding the source location. Additionally, EMOR reduces transmission power of each node to minimize energy consumption while still reliably transmitting packets. The paper reviews related work on source privacy and energy efficiency in wireless routing protocols and presents simulation results showing EMOR provides better source privacy compared to existing opportunistic routing while also reducing energy usage.
This document discusses the removal of phenolic compounds from wastewater using locally available and low-cost activated carbons. It examines the adsorption efficiency of rice husk carbon, casuarina wood carbon, and saw dust carbon for removing phenols at various initial concentrations. The results show that all activated carbons were able to remove phenols, with saw dust carbon performing the best and rice husk carbon performing the worst. Specifically, saw dust carbon achieved phenol removals ranging from 18% at 2 mg/L to 64% at 20 mg/L. Overall, this study suggests using low-cost activated carbons derived from local materials can provide an affordable alternative to commercial activated carbon for phenol removal from wast
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an implementation of location monitoring services based on an anonymization algorithm. The paper describes a system architecture that uses wireless sensor nodes to monitor locations while preserving privacy. It proposes two anonymization algorithms: a resource-aware algorithm that minimizes communication costs, and a quality-aware algorithm that provides accurate locations. The resource-aware algorithm consists of three steps - a broadcast step to share location data between sensors, finding a cloaked area that maintains anonymity, and reporting aggregate location information to the server.
This study uses image processing and remote sensing to detect land use changes in Palladam Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India between 1972 and 2011. Landsat imagery from 2011 was classified using supervised classification in SAGA GIS and topographic maps from 1972 were digitized in QGIS. The classified 2011 image and digitized 1972 maps were analyzed in QGIS to estimate land use areas and detect changes. Results found settlements increased 260% from 14.36km2 to 37.35km2 between 1972 and 2011 due to urban expansion and population growth. Water bodies increased 17% likely due to new quarry pools. Minimal changes were detected for transportation networks.
The document discusses the design and performance analysis of a hydro-kinetic fluid coupling. It presents a mathematical model and develops a practical working model of the fluid coupling. The model is analyzed using ANSYS software. Testing was conducted with various fluid substances at different speeds and quantities to analyze output power. Results showed that output speed decreases as input speed increases due to higher slip. Higher viscosity fluids produced better thrust but lower flow, while lower viscosity fluids allowed for higher speed operation of the coupling.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a 3-step method for segmenting skin lesions in images:
1. Preprocess by converting the color image to an intensity image, enhancing boundaries while suppressing internal details.
2. Segment the image by thresholding intensities, finding approximate lesion boundaries.
3. Refine the boundaries using edge information, initializing a curve at the boundary and fitting it to nearby edges.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
El documento describe las diferentes clases de amigos que encontramos en la vida y cómo algunos permanecen a nuestro lado por mucho tiempo mientras que otros solo pasan brevemente. Compara los amigos con las hojas de un árbol, donde algunos están cerca y otros más lejos, y cómo aunque algunos se van otros permanecen en nuestros recuerdos alimentando nuestra vida. Finalmente desea paz, amor y prosperidad a todos los que cruzan nuestro camino porque cada persona deja una huella y se lleva una parte de nosotros.
Lucija Mihanovic worked as a receptionist at Hotel Milna on the island of Brac for Aqua Solis d.o.o. from May 2014 to October 2014 and again from June 2015 to October 2015. During this time, she managed the front desk during the busy summer season, dealing with customers, payments, reservations, and inquiries over email and phone. Her employer, Vinko Marinkovic, highly recommends her for future jobs due to her strong communication skills and behavior with guests and colleagues.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Impact of Using RHA and CD in Replacement of Cement for Mixijceronline
This document presents a study on the impact of using rice husk ash (RHA) and copper dust (CD) as partial replacements for cement in concrete mixes. The study involved collecting RHA and CD, testing their properties, developing mix designs, and casting and testing concrete cubes with different RHA and CD replacement levels. The key findings were:
- Replacing cement with up to 30% RHA and 40% CD in the mix designs increased the compressive strength of concrete cubes up to 25% and split tensile strength up to 40% compared to a normal concrete mix.
- Tests on the raw materials found RHA has a specific gravity of 2.52 and 75% fineness, while CD
Synthesis of Nano-Silica Material from Agricultural WastesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing nano-silica material from rice husk, an agricultural waste. Rice husk is abundant in India and contains silica. The researchers extracted nano-silica through thermal and chemical treatment methods. In the thermal method, rice husk is burned to produce rice husk ash. In the chemical method, rice husk ash is treated with alkaline solutions like sodium hydroxide and acids to purify the silica and remove impurities. The extracted nano-silica is characterized through techniques like SEM, XRD, FTIR which confirm its amorphous nature and particle size of around 10-20nm. Nano-silica has applications in various industries and using agricultural
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on rice husk ash (RHA). RHA is obtained by burning rice husks between 600-700 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. It is high in silica content and can be used to partially replace cement in concrete production. The addition of RHA increases strength and durability by reducing calcium hydroxide levels in concrete. It also reduces efflorescence and susceptibility to chemical and sulfate attacks. Using RHA in concrete can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and provides an economic use for the agricultural waste product of rice husks. The seminar outlines the production, properties and advantages of using RHA in concrete.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on rice husk ash (RHA). RHA is obtained by burning rice husks between 600-700°C for 2 hours. It is composed primarily of silicon dioxide and can be used to partially replace cement in concrete production. The addition of RHA increases strength and durability by reducing calcium hydroxide levels in concrete. It also reduces efflorescence and susceptibility to chemical and sulfate attacks. Using RHA in concrete can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and provides an economic use for the agricultural waste product of rice husks. The seminar outlines the physical and chemical properties of RHA and reviews its advantages and disadvantages when used in concrete.
- Fly ash is a byproduct of coal burning in thermal power plants and is currently a major waste disposal problem.
- The document discusses using fly ash to produce bricks, cement, and fertilizer as ways to utilize it productively.
- Field trials showed that adding an optimal amount of fly ash to soil increased crop yields of rice and wheat, likely by improving soil structure and water retention. However, more research is needed before conclusions can be drawn.
ice husk ash (RHA),a by - product of rice processing,is produced in large quantities globally every year and due to the difficulty involved in its disposal,can lead to RHA becoming an environmental hazard in rice producing countries,potentially adding to air and water pollution . Therefore it is necessary to find out the alternative for consumption or disposal of the RHA. Utilization RHA in concrete is an effective way to solve the environmental and disposal problem of the ash. Due to its pozzolanic properties it can be use as supplementary cementitious material in concrete. This ability to use RHA to substitute a percentage of Portland c ement would not only reduce the cost of concrete construction,but would also provide a means of disposing of this ash,which has little alternative uses. RHA in concrete as a partial replacement for the energy intensive Portland cement would also stand to reduce the amount of energy associated with concrete construction. Therefore,RHA has great a potential in concrete for its sustainable use.
Rice husk ash (RHA) fillers are derived from rice husks, which are usually regarded as agricultural waste and an environmental hazard. Rice husk, when burnt in open air outside the rice mill, yields two types of ash that can serve as fillers in plastics materials.
This document discusses a study that incorporated rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement in concrete. RHA is a byproduct of rice farming that contains a high percentage of silicon dioxide and can be used as a cementitious material due to its pozzolanic properties. The study replaced cement with RHA at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% and tested the fresh and hardened concrete properties. Tests were performed on concrete cured in water, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid at ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that inclusion of RHA improved the compressive strength and durability of concrete by reducing permeability.
This document discusses research into using rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. RHA is a byproduct of rice farming that contains high levels of silica. The study tested replacing cement with 5%, 10%, and 15% RHA. Samples were cured in water, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid and tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed that concrete with 10% RHA replacement had the highest strength. Using RHA increased strength and durability while reducing costs. It was concluded that RHA can be a sustainable cement replacement that improves concrete properties.
Chemical, mineralogical and metallurgical characterization of goethite rich i...IJARIIT
In this paper the influence of structural water present in goethite rich ore fines on sinter properties like mean size, RI,
RDI, TI, AI and microstructure were studied. For this three plant sinters with different basicities (A1, A2 and A3) were
experimentally produced varying the raw mix. From the study on variable basicity, it is found that increased basicity has good
effects on the sinter properties. The desired norms of metallurgical properties for good quality sinter required for large size blast
furnace met with increased tumbler index and decreased abrasion index. The RI is also better in highly fluxed sinter A3 and the
RDI is low. All these are happening due to availability of more free lime and porosity. The mean-size of sinter also increases
with increase of basicity. The reducibility index and RDI of sinter A2 and A3 appear to be similar although there is a variation
in chemistry and basicity, this may be attributed to use of more micro-fines in raw material of sinter A3. The specific consumption
of coke rate is highest for sinter A3 is also due to more micro-fines in raw materials. From the microstructure it is found that in
sinter A1 more magnetite and less ferrites are developed in comparison to A2 and A3. The silicoferrites of calcium and
aluminium (SFCA) developed in sinter A2 and A3 are acicular in structure which provides better strength to the sinter. Also the
porosity is more in case of A2 and A3 which can accelerate the reducibility process.
This document summarizes a study on improving the strength of concrete by using industrial and agricultural waste such as rice husk ash (RHA) and coconut fibers (coir). RHA is a highly pozzolanic material obtained by controlled burning of rice husk. Coir has excellent mechanical and physical properties. The study investigated partially replacing cement with RHA and adding coir fibers to concrete mixtures. Testing showed concrete strength initially decreased but matched control mixtures at 28 days and increased at 90 days with RHA replacement up to 12.5%. Adding up to 3% coir fibers to 12.5% RHA concrete further improved compressive strength. Flexural strength peaked at 17.5-20% RHA with co
This document summarizes research on using rice husk ash (RHA) to partially replace ordinary Portland cement in concrete. It discusses several studies conducted in India and other countries that have evaluated strengths of RHA concrete at various replacement levels of cement with RHA. The document concludes that for M15 grade concrete, 20% of cement can be replaced with RHA to achieve comparable compressive strength, while for M20 grade concrete only 10% replacement is possible. It also reviews research on producing cementitious materials and binders directly from RHA through various processing methods.
HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIRJET Journal
This document discusses using rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete to create high-performance concrete. RHA is a waste product from rice production that can be used beneficially as a pozzolanic material in concrete. The document outlines that concrete with up to 15% RHA replacement achieved higher compressive strength than normal concrete. It also notes that RHA concrete requires more superplasticizers and air-entraining admixtures but can provide improved compressive strength over time compared to normal concrete. The goal of using RHA is to create stronger, more durable concrete while beneficially using an agricultural waste product.
Durability Studies on Concrete and Comparison with Partial Replacement of Cem...IJERA Editor
This research work describes the feasibility of using the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) waste in concrete production as a partial replacement of cement. This present work deals with the effect
on strength and mechanical properties of concrete using RHA and SCBA instead of cement. The cement has
been replaced by rice husk ash, accordingly in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Concrete
mixtures with RHA, were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strengths with the
Conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results of
7, 28, 60, 90 days for compressive strengths in normal water and in MgSO4 solution of 1%, 3% and 5%. Also
the durability aspect for rice husk ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested. Similarly the above tests were also
performed for SCBA. The result indicates that the RHA and SCBA improve concrete durability. Finally the test
results for RHA and SCBA were compared. Key words: Rice Husk Ash, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Concrete,
M35 grade concrete, cubes, cylinders, MgSO4, durability.
Rice husk ash (RHA) is produced when rice husks are burned in boilers. Approximately 25% of rice husk mass becomes RHA. RHA has a high silica content and fineness similar to or finer than cement. Concrete containing 10-20% RHA as a partial cement substitute has superior performance characteristics compared to normal concrete. RHA is estimated to be produced at 70 million tons annually worldwide and has applications in high performance concrete, insulation, and construction due to its pozzolanic properties.
The document discusses the mechanical properties of cement mortar containing lime and rice husk ash. Three types of mortar mixtures were tested: 1) cement-rice husk ash mortar, 2) cement-rice husk ash-lime mortar, and 3) rice husk ash-lime mortar. Testing showed that the cement-rice husk ash mortar achieved the highest compressive and flexural strengths over time due to cement hydration and pozzolanic reactions. The cement-rice husk ash-lime mortar had lower strengths, especially at early ages, because of the lower cement content. The rice husk ash-lime mortar gained strength through the combined pozzolanic reaction and carbon
IRJET - Fresh and Hardened Properties of Pozzo-Lime Concrete with Silica ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the fresh and hardened properties of Pozzo-Lime concrete with silica fume and rice husk ash. Pozzo-Lime concrete uses hydraulic lime mixed with silica-rich pozzolans as a binder instead of Portland cement to reduce carbon emissions. The study tested concrete mixes with hydraulic lime and silica fume, hydraulic lime and rice husk ash, and combinations. Results showed Pozzo-Lime mixes had lower workability, densities, and strengths compared to a reference cement mix but strengths increased continuously over time. The mix with hydraulic lime, silica fume, and rice husk ash achieved the highest compressive strength of 12.4 MPa at
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Thermal coal upgradation and conversion in india ibc asia, jakarta april 25, ...HIMADRI BANERJI
PRIORITIES ON ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR ARE:Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology, Promote CCT where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation AND Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy Generating Systems WHILE Ensuring energy security . India's initiatives in using the low rank coals like lignite, or the high ash coals are dicussed.
Thermal coal upgradation and conversion in india ibc asia, jakarta april 25, ...
A24001005
1. S. D. Nagrale, Dr. Hemant Hajare, Pankaj R. Modak / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.001-005
Utilization Of Rice Husk Ash
S. D. Nagrale1, Dr. Hemant Hajare2, Pankaj R. Modak3
1. Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engg., AISSMS COE, Pune-1.
2. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., PCE Nagpur.
3. Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engg., AISSMS COE, Pune-1.
ABSTRACT
India is a major rice producing country, and the husk generated during milling is mostly used as a fuel in the
boilers for processing paddy, producing energy through direct combustion and / or by gasification. About 20 million
tones of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is produced annually. This RHA is a great environment threat causing damage to
the land and the surrounding area in which it is dumped. Lots of ways are being thought of for disposing them by
making commercial use of this RHA. RHA can be used as a replacement for concrete (15 to 25%).This paper
evaluates how different contents of Rice Husk Ash added to concrete may influence its physical and mechanical
properties. Sample Cubes were tested with different percentage of RHA and different w/c ratio, replacing in mass
the cement. Properties like Compressive strength, Water absorption and Slump retention were evaluated.
Keywords: Rice Husk Ash, Concrete, Compressive strength, Water Absorption, Slump Retention.
INTRODUCTION
Rice milling generates a by product know as husk. This surrounds the paddy grain. During milling of paddy about 78 % of
weight is received as rice, broken rice and bran .Rest 22 % of the weight of paddy is received as husk. This husk is used as
fuel in the rice mills to generate steam for the parboiling process. This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile matter
and the balance 25 % of the weight of this husk is converted into ash during the firing process, is known as rice husk ash
(RHA). This RHA in turn contains around 85 % - 90 % amorphous silica. So for every 1000 kgs of paddy milled, about
220 kgs (22 %) of husk is produced, and when this husk is burnt in the boilers, about 55 kgs (25 %) of RHA is generated.
Pozzolanas are materials containing reactive silica and/or alumina which on their own have little or no binding property
but, when mixed with lime in the presence of water, will set and harden like cement. Pozzolanas are an important
ingredient in the production of alternative cementing materials to Portland cement (OPC). Alternative cements provide an
excellent technical option to OPC at a much lower cost and have the potential to make a significant contribution towards
the provision of low-cost building materials and consequently affordable shelter. Pozzolanas can be used in combination
with lime and/or OPC. When mixed with lime, pozzolanas will greatly improve the properties of lime-based mortars,
concretes and renders for use in a wide range of building applications. Alternatively, they can be blended with OPC to
improve the durability of concrete and its workability, and considerably reduce its cost. A wide variety of siliceous or
aluminous materials may be pozzolanic, including the ash from a number of agricultural and industrial wastes. Of the
agricultural wastes, rice husk has been identified as having the greatest potential as it is widely available and, on burning,
produces a relatively large proportion of ash, which contains around 90% silica. About one tonne of husk is produced from
five tonnes of rice paddy and it has been estimated that some 120 million tonnes of husk could be available annually on a
global basis for pozzolana production. As the ash content by weight is about 20%, there are potentially 24 million tonnes of
RHA available as a pozzolana. Rice is grown in large quantities in many Third World countries including China, the Indian
sub-continent, South-east Asia and, in smaller quantities, in some regions of Africa and South America. Traditionally, rice
husk has been considered a waste material and has generally been disposed of by dumping or burning, although some has
been used as a low-grade fuel. Nevertheless, RHA has been successfully used as a pozzolana in commercial production in a
number of countries including Columbia, Thailand and India.
Chemical Composition of RHA
Fe2O3 0.54
K2O 0.1 – 2.54
SiO2 62.5 – 97.6
CaO 0.1 – 1.31
MgO 0.01 – 1.96
Na2O 0.01- 1.58
P2O5 0.01 – 2.69
1|Page
2. S. D. Nagrale, Dr. Hemant Hajare, Pankaj R. Modak / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.001-005
SiO3 0.1 – 1.23
Carbon 2.71 – 6.42
The average particle size and Specific gravity of RHA are 63.8 µm and 2.11 respectively.
Applications of RHA
Aggregates and fillers for concrete and board production.
economical substitute for micro silica / silica fumes
absorbents for oils and chemicals
soil ameliorants (An ameliorant is something that helps improve soil drainage, slows drainage, breaks up soil or
binds soil, feeds and improves structure etc.)
as a source of silicon
as insulation powder in steel mills
as repellents in the form of "vinegar-tar"
as a release agent in the ceramics industry
as an insulation material for homes and refrigerants
OBJECTIVE
To assess the feasibility of utilizing the rice husk ash for producing an economical concrete by studying the properties like
Compressive Strength, Water Absorption and Slump Retention.
METHODOLOGY
• Combustion
To produce the best pozzolanas, the burning of the husk must be carefully controlled to keep the temperature below 700°C
and to ensure that the creation of carbon is kept to a minimum by supplying an adequate quantity of air. At burning
temperatures below 700°C an ash rich in amorphous silica is formed which is highly reactive. Temperatures above 700°C
produce crystalline silica which is far less reactive. The presence of large quantities of carbon in the ash will adversely
affect the strength of any concrete or mortar produced using RHA cements. Where possible, the carbon content of the ash
should be limited to a maximum of 10%. There are several designs of small simple incinerators, normally made of fired
clay bricks, which are capable of burning ash at temperatures below 700°C and without excessive quantities of carbon. The
temperature is monitored by a pyrometer (an industrial instrument for measuring high temperatures) and rapid cooling is
necessary if the temperature rises above 650°C. This is normally achieved by removing the ash and spreading it on the
ground. Incinerators of this type are normally used in banks of three or four to produce approximately one tonne of ash per
day.
Small incinerators have a number of advantages: they are simple and inexpensive to construct, easy to operate and will
produce ash of an acceptable quality. On the other hand, their output is rather small. They also require constant supervision
and, perhaps most importantly, they make no use of the energy value of the husk. Rice husk has an energy value about half
that of coal and is therefore an important potential energy source. Although rice husk is still burnt as waste, this practice is
likely to become less common, as other more traditional fuel sources become less readily available and/or more expensive.
Recently attempts have been made to
design kilns or furnaces for husks which will utilize the potential energy value of the husk by making it available for useful
work, and which control the temperature of combustion to below 700°C. The transportation of rice husk is not an
economically viable option, even over quite short distances, due to its low bulk density and the fact that only 20% of its
2|Page
3. S. D. Nagrale, Dr. Hemant Hajare, Pankaj R. Modak / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.001-005
weight can be utilized as a pozzolana. The location of incinerators or kilns has to be close to a rice mill with sufficient
capacity to supply the quantity of husk required for cement production.
• Grinding
The second step in processing is grinding the RHA to a fine powder, and ball or hammer mills are usually used for this
purpose. Crystalline ash is harder and will require more grinding in order to achieve the desired fineness. Fineness similar
to or slightly greater than that of OPC is usually recommended for pozzolanas although some have been ground
considerably finer. The minimum fineness recommended by the Indian Standards for pozzolana (1344) is 320 and
250m2/kg for grade 1 and 2 pozzolanas respectively, measured by the Blaine air permeability test. Although this standard is
for calcined clay, the fineness requirements are also suitable for RHA.
Mix Design for RHA Concrete Blocks
Mix Gravel Sand Water Cement RHA W/C
(kg) (kg) (kg/m3) (kg) (kg)
4.261 1.900 0.629 1.397 0 0.45
4.283 1.997 0.628 1.256 0 0.50
OC (0%RHA) 4.268 2.176 0.628 1.046 0 0.60
RC (15%RHA) 4.261 1.900 0.629 1.187 0.209 0.45
4.283 1.997 0.628 1.067 0.184 0.50
4.268 2.176 0.628 0.889 0.157 0.60
OC=Ordinary Concrete & RC=Rice Husk Ash Concrete
The fine aggregate used is natural sand conforming to Zone II & standard sand of Grade 2. The coarse aggregate used are
of sizes 20 mm and 12.5mm. Cement used is of 43 grade. The mix proportion used is M20.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Sr. No. w/c ratio Description of Block Days Coding Compressive
Strength
(N/mm2)
1 0.45 O.C (0%RHA) 28 C1 27.5
2 0.45 O.C (0%RHA) 21 C2 26
3 0.45 O.C (0%RHA) 14 C3 24
4 0.45 O.C (0%RHA) 7 C4 20
5 0.5 O.C (0%RHA) 28 C13 26.5
6 0.5 O.C (0%RHA) 21 C14 21.78
7 0.5 O.C (0%RHA) 14 C15 16.79
8 0.5 O.C (0%RHA) 7 C16 11.76
9 0.6 O.C (0%RHA) 28 C25 25
10 0.6 O.C (0%RHA) 21 C26 20.1
11 0.6 O.C (0%RHA) 14 C27 14.86
12 0.6 O.C (0%RHA) 7 C28 5.55
13 0.45 RC (15%RHA) 28 C37 24.5
14 0.45 RC (15%RHA) 21 C38 23
15 0.45 RC (15%RHA) 14 C39 20.11
16 0.45 RC (15%RHA) 7 C40 7.42
17 0.5 RC (15%RHA) 28 C49 23.8
18 0.5 RC (15%RHA) 21 C50 22.5
19 0.5 RC (15%RHA) 14 C51 19.778
20 0.5 RC (15%RHA) 7 C52 7.26
21 0.6 RC (15%RHA) 28 C61 18.65
22 0.6 RC (15%RHA) 21 C62 14.05
23 0.6 RC (15%RHA) 14 C63 10
24 0.6 RC (15%RHA) 7 C64 7.18
3|Page
4. S. D. Nagrale, Dr. Hemant Hajare, Pankaj R. Modak / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.001-005
WATER ABSORPTION
Sr. No. w/c ratio Description of Block Days Coding Water
Absorption
(%)
1 0.45 O.C (0%RHA) 28 C5 0.90
2 0.45 O.C (0%RHA) 14 C6 1.02
3 0.45 O.C (0%RHA) 7 C7 1.30
4 0.5 O.C (0%RHA) 28 C17 0.86
5 0.5 O.C (0%RHA) 14 C18 0.90
6 0.5 O.C (0%RHA) 7 C19 1.05
7 0.6 O.C (0%RHA) 28 C29 0.57
8 0.6 O.C (0%RHA) 14 C30 0.90
9 0.6 O.C (0%RHA) 7 C31 1.01
10 0.45 RC (15%RHA) 28 C41 0.50
11 0.45 RC (15%RHA) 14 C42 0.86
12 0.45 RC (15%RHA) 7 C43 0.93
13 0.5 RC (15%RHA) 28 C53 0.49
14 0.5 RC (15%RHA) 14 C54 0.70
15 0.5 RC (15%RHA) 7 C55 0.89
16 0.6 RC (15%RHA) 28 C65 0.46
17 0.6 RC (15%RHA) 14 C66 0.66
18 0.6 RC (15%RHA) 7 C67 0.88
SLUMP TEST
Sr. No. w/c ratio Description of Block Slump in
mm
1 0.45 O.C (0%RHA) 40
2 0.5 O.C (0%RHA) 70
3 0.6 O.C (0%RHA) 130
4 0.45 RC (15%RHA) 0
5 0.5 RC (15%RHA) 0
6 0.6 RC (15%RHA) 0
It can be seen that Compressive Strength increases with increasing w/c ratio for different percentage of RHA in Concrete.
Water Absorption tests reveal that higher substitution amounts results in lower water absorption values which is due to
RHA being finer than cement. The Concrete Slump values decreases with the addition of RHA. This means that a less
workable (stiff) mix is obtained when RHA is used as a cement blender. More water is therefore required to make a
workable mix. The increased fines in the concrete due to excess RHA is partly responsible for this increased demand of
water. This is clearly visible from the slump values for different w/c ratio.
COST ANALYSIS
The quantity of coarse & fine aggregates are same for all the replacement percentages while the proportions of cement &
RHA vary, therefore, only cement & RHA have been considered for the cost analysis.
Sr. No. RHA W/C Ingredient Quantity Rates Cost
Replacement ratio (kg) (Rs./bag) (Rs.)
Cement 1.397 230 /50 kg 6.43
1 0.45
Total 1.397 - 6.43
Cement 1.256 230 /50 kg 5.78
2 0% 0.50
Total 1.256 - 5.78
Cement 1.046 230 /50 kg 4.81
3 0.60
Total 1.046 - 4.81
4|Page
5. S. D. Nagrale, Dr. Hemant Hajare, Pankaj R. Modak / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.001-005
Sr. No. RHA W/C Ingredient Quantity Rates Cost
Replacement ratio (kg) (Rs./bag) (Rs.)
Cement 1.187 230 /50 kg 5.46
1 0.45 RHA 0.209 2 /kg 0.42
Total 1.397 - 5.88
Cement 1.067 230 /50 kg 4.91
2 15 % 0.50 RHA 0.184 2 /kg 0.37
Total 1.256 - 5.28
Cement 0.889 230 /50 kg 4.09
3 0.60 RHA 0.157 2 /kg 0.31
Total 1.046 - 4.4
Sr. No. RHA W/C Cost without Cost with Saving %
Replacement ratio RHA (Rs.) RHA (Rs.) (Rs.) Saving
0.45 6.43 5.88 0.55 8.55 %
1 15 % 0.5 5.78 5.28 0.50 8.65 %
0.6 4.81 4.4 0.41 8.52 %
CONCLUSION
With the addition of RHA weight density of concrete reduces by 72-75%.Thus, RHA concrete can be effectively used as
light weight concrete for the construction of structures where the weight of structure is of supreme importance. The cost of
1 m3 of OPC concrete works out to Rs. 1157 while that of RHA concrete works out to Rs. 959. Thus, the use of RHA in
concrete leads to around 8-12% saving in material cost. So, the addition of RHA in concrete helps in making an
economical concrete. The Compressive Strength will increase with the addition of RHA.The use of RHA considerably
reduces the water absorption of concrete. Thus, concrete containing RHA can be effectively used in places where the
concrete can come in contact with water or moisture. RHA has the potential to act as an admixture, which increases the
strength, workability & pozzolanic properties of concrete.
REFERENCES
1. Chao Lung Hwang & Satish Chandra, The use of RHA in concrete.
2. Concrete for a warming world - An integrated approach to multiple binder concrete, improved quality, reduced CO 2
emissions @ 2007 Helena Meryman.
3. I.S-456:2000
4. Jaturapitakkul C. and Roongreung B., (2003), Cementing Material from Calcium Carbide Residue-Rice Husk Ash,
ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engg., September-October 2003, p. 470-475
5. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, ISSN 1583-1078, Issue 8, January-June 2006, Pg. 58-
70.
6. Mehta P.K., RHA a unique supplementary cementing material, in V.M.Malhotra (Ed), proceedings of the
international symposium on advancements in concrete Technology, CANMET/ACI, Athens, Greece, May 1992,
pg.407-430.
7. Oyetola E. B. and Abdullahi M., (2006), The Use of Rice Husk ash in Low-cost Sandcrete Block Production,
Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, Issue 8, January-June 2006, p. 58-70.
8. Sakr K. (2006), Effects of silica Fume and Rice Husk Ash on the Properties of Heavy Weight Concrete, ASCE
Journal of Materials in Civil Engg., May-June 2006, p. 367-376.
9. Shetty M. S.,”Concrete Technology”, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
10. Tashima M. M., da Silva C. A. R., Akasaki J. L. and Barbosa M. B., The Possibility of adding the rice Husk Ash
(RHA) to the Concrete, p. 1-9.
5|Page