This document summarizes research on cancer stem cells (CSCs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It first provides background on HCC as the 5th most common cancer and 3rd leading cause of cancer death, with risk factors including HBV/HCV infection, aflatoxin B1, alcohol, and obesity. It then defines CSCs as cells within tumors that self-renew and cause heterogeneous lineages. Studies identified a CD133+ subpopulation in HCC with CSC properties like tumorigenicity, self-renewal, differentiation, and chemoresistance. Further research showed this CD133+ CSC population contributes to chemoresistance through specific pathways and can be better characterized by A