06.09.2013 Supporting Green Development in Mongolia: Development by Design, Bruce McKenney and Joseph Kiesecker

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This document discusses supporting green development in Mongolia through sustainable mining practices. It notes that mining leases in Mongolia have increased substantially in recent years, raising concerns about environmental and social impacts. The authors propose a vision for green development that uses landscape-level conservation planning to guide decisions about mining mitigation. They suggest identifying important habitats and areas of conflict before impacts occur to better enable avoidance. An offsets system is proposed to standardize ecological replacement of impacted areas. Challenges remain in strengthening protections, building capacity for implementation, and funding a long-term vision for people and nature in Mongolia.

Supporting Green Development in
Mongolia: Development by Design
Bruce McKenney and Joseph Kiesecker
Development by Design
The Nature Conservancy
Conference on Green Development
September 6, 2013
Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia

Green Development requires a
greener approach to mining
Source: EBRD 2012

Mineral Leases, 2010-2012 (area in km2)
2010 2012 net change
a.mining 4,752 0.3% 8,679 0.6% 3,927 83%
b.application 27,146 2% 25,580 2% -1,567 -6%
c.exploration 370,641 24% 199,238 13% -171,404 -46%
d.tender bid * 315,938 20% 404,388 26% 88,450 28%
subtotal 718,477 46% 637,884 41% -80,593 -11%
e.not a lease 843,374 54% 923,967 59% 80,593 10%
Mongolia 1,561,851 100% 1,561,851 100%
* tender bid = available but not currently leased

Growing public concern
• Loss of pasture lands and
wildlife habitat; permanent
changes to landscapes
• Loss and degradation of
water sources
• Impacts to cultural
heritage and way of life

A Vision for Green Development
How can a mining-focused economy
support Green Development
objectives for people and nature?

Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio
National PAs
Aimag borders

Conservation portfolio
National PAs
Aimag borders
conflict with conservation
portfolio
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases

Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

2012
existing mining leases:
potential offsets:
607,000 ha
6,070,000 ha
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

2013
new mining leases:
potential offsets:
121,400 ha
1,214,000 ha
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

2014
145,700 ha
1,457,000 ha
new mining leases:
potential offsets:
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

2015
174,800 ha
1,174,000 ha
new mining leases:
potential offsets:
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

2016
209,800 ha
2,098,000 ha
new mining leases:
potential offsets:
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

2017
251,800 ha
2,518,000 ha
new mining leases:
potential offsets:
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

2018
302,100 ha
3,021,000 ha
new mining leases:
potential offsets:
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

2019
362,500 ha
3,625,000 ha
new mining leases:
potential offsets:
Mining leases
active mines
application / exploration leases
Conservation portfolio

endemic / restricited range
Landform classification
wet/salty depressions
key evolutionary processes
unique ecosystems
source: McCarthy et al. (2009)
source: : McCarthy (2000)
globally and nationally endangered
conservation portfolio = critical habitat
congretory and migratory
+
=

Avoid Minimize Offset
Landscape Level Conservation Planning
Use conservation
vision to guide
mitigation decisions
Define conservation
vision

Achieving Green Development:
How DbD can help
Smart from the start
• Identify potential conflict before it happens
• Avoid impacts incompatible with Green Development
Challenge
Is the current protection classifications system
adequate to support Green Development for people
and nature?

Conservation portfolio
National PAs
Aimag borders
Herder Household Density
High
Low

National PAs
Aimag borders
High
Low
Conservation portfolio:
mean Herder Household Density

Achieving Green Development:
How DbD can help
Pragmatic offsets system
• Apply a consistent approach for identifying and
implementing ecologically equivalent offsets
Challenge
To what extent can a national approach be automated
and standardized for offsets implementation?

1) WellsLocs.shp uploaded
2) Pipelines.shp uploaded

Habitat type
area
(km2) % total
Semi Desert 55 2%
Desert Steppe 1368 51%
Dry Steppe 405 13%
Wet
Depressions 107 4%
Riparian 27 1%
Sand Massives 778 29%
TOTAL 2,682 100%

Habitat type area (km2) % total
Semi Desert 99 5%
Desert Steppe 894 45%
Dry Steppe 298 15%
Wet
Depressions 99 5%
Riparian 40 2%
Sand Massives 557 28%
TOTAL 1988 100%

A Green Future?
• Legal steps to support Avoidance & Offsets
• Building support and capacity for effective implementation
• Funding a vision for Green Development

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06.09.2013 Supporting Green Development in Mongolia: Development by Design, Bruce McKenney and Joseph Kiesecker

1. Supporting Green Development in Mongolia: Development by Design Bruce McKenney and Joseph Kiesecker Development by Design The Nature Conservancy Conference on Green Development September 6, 2013 Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia

2. Green Development requires a greener approach to mining Source: EBRD 2012

3. Mineral Leases, 2010-2012 (area in km2) 2010 2012 net change a.mining 4,752 0.3% 8,679 0.6% 3,927 83% b.application 27,146 2% 25,580 2% -1,567 -6% c.exploration 370,641 24% 199,238 13% -171,404 -46% d.tender bid * 315,938 20% 404,388 26% 88,450 28% subtotal 718,477 46% 637,884 41% -80,593 -11% e.not a lease 843,374 54% 923,967 59% 80,593 10% Mongolia 1,561,851 100% 1,561,851 100% * tender bid = available but not currently leased

4. Growing public concern • Loss of pasture lands and wildlife habitat; permanent changes to landscapes • Loss and degradation of water sources • Impacts to cultural heritage and way of life

5. A Vision for Green Development How can a mining-focused economy support Green Development objectives for people and nature?

6. Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio National PAs Aimag borders

7. Conservation portfolio National PAs Aimag borders conflict with conservation portfolio Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases

8. Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

9. 2012 existing mining leases: potential offsets: 607,000 ha 6,070,000 ha Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

10. 2013 new mining leases: potential offsets: 121,400 ha 1,214,000 ha Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

11. 2014 145,700 ha 1,457,000 ha new mining leases: potential offsets: Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

12. 2015 174,800 ha 1,174,000 ha new mining leases: potential offsets: Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

13. 2016 209,800 ha 2,098,000 ha new mining leases: potential offsets: Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

14. 2017 251,800 ha 2,518,000 ha new mining leases: potential offsets: Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

15. 2018 302,100 ha 3,021,000 ha new mining leases: potential offsets: Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

16. 2019 362,500 ha 3,625,000 ha new mining leases: potential offsets: Mining leases active mines application / exploration leases Conservation portfolio

17. endemic / restricited range Landform classification wet/salty depressions key evolutionary processes unique ecosystems source: McCarthy et al. (2009) source: : McCarthy (2000) globally and nationally endangered conservation portfolio = critical habitat congretory and migratory + =

18. Avoid Minimize Offset Landscape Level Conservation Planning Use conservation vision to guide mitigation decisions Define conservation vision

19. Achieving Green Development: How DbD can help Smart from the start • Identify potential conflict before it happens • Avoid impacts incompatible with Green Development Challenge Is the current protection classifications system adequate to support Green Development for people and nature?

20. Conservation portfolio National PAs Aimag borders Herder Household Density High Low

21. National PAs Aimag borders High Low Conservation portfolio: mean Herder Household Density

22. Achieving Green Development: How DbD can help Pragmatic offsets system • Apply a consistent approach for identifying and implementing ecologically equivalent offsets Challenge To what extent can a national approach be automated and standardized for offsets implementation?

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26. 1) WellsLocs.shp uploaded 2) Pipelines.shp uploaded

27. Habitat type area (km2) % total Semi Desert 55 2% Desert Steppe 1368 51% Dry Steppe 405 13% Wet Depressions 107 4% Riparian 27 1% Sand Massives 778 29% TOTAL 2,682 100%

28.

29. Habitat type area (km2) % total Semi Desert 99 5% Desert Steppe 894 45% Dry Steppe 298 15% Wet Depressions 99 5% Riparian 40 2% Sand Massives 557 28% TOTAL 1988 100%

30. A Green Future? • Legal steps to support Avoidance & Offsets • Building support and capacity for effective implementation • Funding a vision for Green Development

31. THANK YOU

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