02 Hirofumi Kugita (Japan)

CURRENT POLICY NEEDS IN THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF
TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DEISEASES
IN THE ASIAN PACIFIC REGION
Hirofumi Kugita
Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
e-mail: h.kugita@oie.int
ABSTRACT
The OIE is the intergovernmental organization established in 1924 is responsible for improving animal
health and welfare worldwide to facilitate safe international trade of animals and animal products. It
does this while avoiding unnecessary impediments to trade. OIE,as a WTO reference organization, works
to set and update its international standards (OIE Codes and Manuals)regularly through transparent and
democratic procedures. The OIE Regional Representation in Tokyo, Japan and Sub-regional
Representation in Bangkok, Thailand, are working to provide regionally adapted services to OIE
Members so that they may strengthen the surveillance and control of animal diseases in the region. The
overall vision of the OIE can be summarized by its slogan "Protect animals and Preserve our Future.
Keywords: World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD), GF-TADs,
One Health
INTRODUCTION
The OIE was created in 1924 by 28 countries, and thus predates the United Nations (OIE 2016g). The
founding countries wished to implement an international agreement that would enable them to work
together to try to put an end to the epizootics that were devastating their livestock. In particular, they
sought an undertaking from infected countries to inform the others in case of an important sanitary event,
thereby enabling them to take protective action. They also wished to have information on the most
effective methods of controlling the most dangerous animal diseases.
Today, these objectives of sanitary and scientific information in the veterinary field are still among the
priority missions of the organization, both for diseases solely affecting animals and also those
transmissible to humans.
In 1994, the Agreements that led to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) included
specific measures on the management of sanitary and phytosanitary problems (SPS Agreements) relating
to the risks posed by trade in animals and animal products (OIE 2016h). The standards, guidelines and
recommendations issued by the OIE were designated as the international reference in the field of animal
diseases and zoonotic diseases.
The OIE currently has a total of 180 Member Countries. It maintains permanent relations with 71 other
international and regional organizations (OIE 2016a) and has Regional and sub-regional Offices on every
continent, including Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific (RR AP) in Tokyo, Japan and Sub-
regional Representation for South East Asia (SRR SEA) in Bangkok, Thailand.MISSION OF OIE

Transparency
Nowadays, through the effects of globalization, infectious diseases can often spread at lightning
speed. The 60% of the pathogens that affect humans are of animal origin (OIE 2016d). Effective
surveillance, enabling early detection of these diseases at their source in animals, is therefore crucial so
that they can be quickly controlled, thereby protecting animal and human populations. Since its creation,
one of the OIE’s historic missions has been to ensure transparency and improve knowledge of the global
animal disease situation, including zoonotic diseases. This mission is fulfilled on a daily basis thanks to a
unique tool, the OIE World Animal Health Information System, better known as WAHIS (OIE 2016q).
The WAHIS is an internet-based computer system that processes data on animal diseases in real-time
and then informs the international community. Access to this secure site is only available to authorized
users, namely the Delegates of OIE Member Countries and their authorized representatives, who use
WAHIS to notify the OIE of relevant animal disease information. The system consists of two components,
namely, an early warning system and a monitoring system.
The early warning system
Whenever an important epidemiological event occurs in a Member Country, the Member Country must
inform the OIE by sending an Immediate Notification (terrestrial and aquatic animals) which includes the
reason for the notification, the name of the disease, the affected species, the geographical area affected,
the control measures applied and any laboratory tests carried out or in progress.
Once they have been received, verified and validated by the OIE, the immediate notifications are
published in the OIE Web site under the heading Alerts and sent to everyone on the OIE-Info Distribution
List, an electronic distribution list that was set up to facilitate and widen the dissemination of animal
health information.
After having informed the OIE of an immediate notification report, the Member must send weekly
Follow-up Reports so that the event can be monitored as it evolves. In all cases, the country must submit a
final report to notify either that the event has been resolved or that the disease has become endemic. In
both cases, the country will continue to submit information in its six-monthly reports if the disease is on
the OIE List (OIE 2016q).
The monitoring system
Six-monthly Reports (terrestrial and aquatic animals) provide information on the presence or absence of
diseases on the OIE List and the prevention and control measures applied. In 2009, a new possibility has
been added to differentiate, when relevant, between domestic and wild species using different occurrence
codes. This change is an important step forward to improve transparency and the knowledge of the animal
health situation worldwide in domestic and wild species, without necessarily putting unjustified trade
barriers against countries that notify diseases only in wild animals. For diseases reported as being present
in a country/territory during a given six-month period, the country/territory in question must provide
quantitative data on the number of outbreaks, susceptible animals, cases, deaths, animals destroyed and
animals vaccinated. For diseases that are present and are notifiable in the country, the OIE recommends
that countries provide quantitative data by month and by first administrative division.
Annual Reports: the two six-monthly reports of a given year are combined as part of the annual report
for OIE-listed diseases. Moreover and in cooperation with the WHO and the FAO, Member Countries are
asked to complete it once a year with information on non OIE-listed diseases, the impact of zoonotic
diseases on humans, animal populations, the Veterinary Services personnel, national reference

laboratories and their performed diagnostic tests, and, when appropriate, vaccine manufacturers and
vaccine production.
Standards
In the current trend of globalization, animal health measures have increasing importance to facilitate safe
international trade of animals and animal products while avoiding unnecessary impediments to trade. In
light of this, the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)
recognizes the OIE as the reference organization for standards relating to animal health and zoonotic
diseases under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and encourages the WTO members to base their
sanitary measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations, where they exist (OIE
2016h).
The OIE’s international standards are prepared and updated by the OIE's Specialist Commissions,
which use current scientific information to study problems of epidemiology, prevention and control of
animal diseases and develop or revise OIE's international standards to address scientific and technical
issues raised by Members (OIE 2016p).
Four Specialist Commissions are established, namely, the Terrestrial Animal Health Standards
Commission ("Terrestrial Code Commission"), the Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases
("Scientific Commission"), the Biological Standards Commission ("Laboratories Commission") and the
Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission (Aquatic Animals Commission). Each Specialist
Commission comprises of six members, who are elected by OIE Delegates for three years taking into
account the expertise and regional balance, among others (OIE 2016p).
The OIE is continuing to improve the transparency of its standard development process, in order to
have the best scientific basis for its standards and to gain their widest possible support. All reports from
OIE Specialist Commissions are published on the OIE public website and incorporate as appendices the
accepted reports from relevant OIE working groups and ad hoc groups. The views of OIE National
Delegates are routinely sought through the twice yearly circulation of new or revised texts. Member
Countries are strongly encouraged to get involved more actively in the OIE standard setting process as
such. The OIE does not solicit comments on these reports other than from Delegates, but will not refuse
comments from organizations with an interest in the OIE's work, as they often represent a very useful
source of information (OIE 2016p). The only pathway for adoption of a standard is via approval of the
World Assembly of Delegates meeting in May each year at the OIE GeneralAssembly (OIE 2016h).
The OIE publishes 2 codes (Terrestrial and Aquatic) and 2 manuals (Terrestrial and Aquatic) as the
principle reference for WTO members (OIE 2016h). These standards are designed to prevent and control
animal diseases, including zoonotic diseases, ensure the sanitary safety of world trade in terrestrial and
aquatic animals and animal products, and improve animal welfare, without setting up unjustified sanitary
barriers.
The Terrestrial Animal Health Code and Aquatic Animal Health Code respectively aim to assure the
sanitary safety of international trade in terrestrial animals and aquatic animals, and their products (OIE
2016h). The Terrestrial Animal Health Code was first published in 1968 and the Aquatic Animal Health
Code was introduced to the public in 1995. The codes traditionally addressed animal health and zoonotic
diseases, but they have, in recent years, expanded to cover animal welfare, animal production food safety,
consistent with the expanded mandate of the OIE which is ‘to improve animal health worldwide’. The
Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals and the Manual of Diagnostic Tests for
Aquatic Animals provide a harmonized approach to disease diagnosis by describing internationally agreed
laboratory diagnostic techniques (OIE 2016h). These codes and manuals are all available online.

Expertise
The OIE collects and analyzes the latest scientific information on prevention and control of animal
diseases. This information is then made available to Member Countries so that they can apply the most
effective methods. The work of the OIE is supported by a worldwide network of expertise that has
expanded and consolidated over the years. The regular increase in national Focal Points and OIE
Reference Centers, the permanent exchange of information and the constant strengthening of the scientific
and technical competencies of the members of this network all help to ensure the scientific excellence of
the OIE worldwide.
An OIE Reference Centre is designated (OIE 2016m) either as:
 “OIE Reference Laboratory” whose principal mandate is to function as a world reference center of
expertise on designated pathogens or diseases; or, “
 OIE Collaborating Centre” whose principal mandate is to function as a world center of research,
expertise, standardization of techniques and dissemination of knowledge on a specialty.
The network of Collaborating Centers and Reference Laboratories constitutes the core of OIE scientific
expertise and excellence. The ongoing contribution of these institutes to the work of the OIE ensures that
the standards,guidelines and recommendations developed by the Specialist Commissions and published
by the OIE are scientifically sound and up-to-date (OIE 2016m).
In 2016, the OIE has global network of 260 Reference Laboratories covering 119 diseases or topics in
39 countries, and 51 Collaborating Centers covering 46 topics in 26 countries (OIE 2016n). In Asia and
the Pacific, there are 48 Reference Laboratories covering 8 diseases in 8 countries and 11 Collaborating
Centers covering 11 topics in 5 countries (OIE 2016c, 2016n).
The expertise and scientific collaborations is also built with other counterparts such FAO-UN. A joint
worldwide networks of expertise on avian influenza (OFFLU) was launched by the OIE and FAO-UN in
2005(OIE 2016i). In 2009, this collaboration work was expanded in 2009 to include all influenza- to
support veterinary services in their efforts to reduce risks to animal and public health from animal
influenza viruses. The outcomes of OFFLU’s activities on supporting veterinary services (OIE and FAO
2014) are:
 established and maintained global avian, swine and equine influenza experts who provided expertise
on related influenza issues
 OIE and FAO reference centers engaged in OFFLU
 Developed diagnostic standards (e.g. Universally usable RNA standard for PCR assays)
 Assisted Indonesia and Egypt in vaccine efficacy projects
 Participated (OFFLU experts) in missions for outbreak investigations
Solidarity
The OIE supports its Member Countries and helps them strengthen and improve the structure of their
national animal health systems in line with the Organization’s intergovernmental standards, notably by
acting on the quality of the national Veterinary Services, diagnostic laboratories and veterinary education
(OIE 2016o).
To help developing and emerging countries deal effectively with health threats, the OIE provides
support through a range of programs, notably within the framework of the PVS (Performance of
Veterinary Services) Pathway, aimed at consolidating national animal health systems by providing
customized assistance (OIE 2016k).

The OIE provides technical support to Member Countries requesting assistance with animal disease
control and eradication operations, including diseases transmissible to humans (OIE 2016l). The OIE
notably offers expertise to the poorest countries to help them control animal diseases that cause livestock
losses, present a risk to public health and threaten other Member Countries. The OIE has a permanent
contact to international regional and national financial organizations in order to convince them to invest
more and better on the control of animal diseases and zoonotic diseases.
GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ACTIVITIES
GF-TADs
The Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs),
launched in 2004 is a joint FAO/OIE initiative to establish a global and regional framework for the fight
against transboundary animal diseases (FAO and OIE 2013). GF-TADs is a coordinating mechanism, not
an implementing one and is a critical and the only available global framework in promoting synergies in
approaches to control and prevention of TADs and other Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) among
international agencies and avoiding contradictions and duplications in policy and programs. The initiative
is built on experiences in the past showing that progress in controlling TADs at country level is not likely
to be successful and sustainable unless the efforts are part of a coordinated regional and global approach /
embedded into supra-national frameworks.
In the past decades, tireless efforts were dedicated to control and eradicate TADs at global, regional
and country levels. Some of major activities conducted under the GF-TADs framework includes:
- Rinderpest was declared as eradicated worldwide by the OIE and FAO in 2011. Joint post-
eradication activities are undergoing to minimize the risk of reoccurrence, including the destruction
of the virus, transfer of the virus to a rinderpest approved facility, and annual reporting by all
countries.
- The FAO/OIE Global Strategy to control FMD was endorsed during the Global Conference on FMD
Control, in Bangkok, Thailand, in June 2012. The SEACFMD campaign led by the OIE SRR SEA
has been implemented over the last three decades and served as a model for other regions. Currently,
more than 70 countries are recognized to have FMD free status with or without vaccination as a
country or part of the country (zone).
- The International Conference for the Control and Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
was convened by FAO and OIE in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, in 2015 and adopted the PPR Global
Control and Eradication Strategy with the goal of eradicating the disease by 2030. Since then, joint
FAO/OIE Regional Roadmap meetings are organized to assess the countries’ situation of PPR and
are encouraged to engage in a harmonized work in the fight against the disease.
OIE RR AP is serving as the Permanent Secretariat for the Regional Steering Committee for Asia and
the Pacific since 2005 and has organized, in collaboration with FAO Regional Representation for Asia, the
Regional Steering Committee meeting annually or bi-annually as well as the Sub-regional meeting of GF-
TADs for ASEAN, SAARC and SPC less frequently. Regional GF-TADs aims on the prevention and
control of main TADs in Asia and the Pacific, such as HPAI and FMD, by strengthening disease control
mechanism including epidemiological functions and strengthening capacity building on legislation and on
laboratory diagnosis (OIE 2016j).
In the current 5-year Action Plan for the period 2012-2016 of the Regional GF-TADs for Asia and the
Pacific (FAO and OIE 2013), priority diseases for ASEAN and SAARC were defined, namely, HPAI,
FMD, CSF and Rabies for ASEAN and HPAI,FMD,PPR and Rabies for SAARC,while SPC has no such
diseases and engages with the preventive measures only at this stage. Thanks to the support of

development partners and donors, notably by the European Union and Asian Development Bank, the
Regional Supporting Unit, the Epidemiology and Laboratory Network, the Leading Laboratories, as well
as regional strategies for priority diseases in ASEAN and SAARC which has been established and
strengthened during last decade and are expected to be further enhanced in each region.
While there is no established Regional Supporting Unit for the East Asia so far, collaboration among
countries and territories in the region has been enhanced under the OIE/ Japan Trust Fund Project and the
Roadmap for FMD Control in East Asia has been adopted in 2013.
Based on the experiences of Global and Regional GF-TADs for more than past ten years, further
strengthening the mechanism of GF-TADs are envisaged, including Key Performance Indicators, GF-
TADs labeling, revision of priority diseases, etc.
One health
Within the framework of the Tripartite Alliance, FAO, the OIE and WHO recognize their respective
responsibilities in fighting diseases, including zoonoses, that can have a serious health and economic
impact. They have been working together for numerous years to prevent, detect, control and eliminate
disease risks to humans originating directly or indirectly from animals. In 2010, the FAO/OIE/WHO
Tripartite Concept Note (April 2010) officially recognized this close collaboration, with joint strategies at
the human-animal-environment interface, to support their Member Countries.
Three priority areas of work were defined: zoonotic influenzas, rabies and the fight against
antimicrobial resistance (AMR), some of highlights of them are:
- Since its creation in 2005, the OFFLU, Joint OIE/FAO worldwide scientific network for the control
of animal influenzas, has engaged in exchanging scientific data and biological materials (including
virus strains), sharing such information, and providing members with technical advice, training and
veterinary expertise.
- WHO endorsed the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in May 2015, and urged
all members to develop relevant national action plans within two years. Global Action Plan also
includes the roles and activities to be shouldered by FAO and OIE, both of which committed strong
support to it. OIE conducted the global survey for collecting data from OIE Member Countries on
the use of antimicrobial agents in food-producing animals with the aim of creating an OIE global
database.
- The Global Conference on Global Elimination of Dog-mediated human rabies was held in December
2015 in Geneva, Switzerland and came up with the Global Framework as the most effective means
to achieve the goal by 2030.
As a part of the Tripartite coordination mechanism in the Asia-Pacific Region, annual regional
workshops have been organized to review progress in prevention and control of zoonotic diseases and to
define the way forward to further strengthen multi-sectoral coordination and collaboration. Since 2010,
five regional workshops have been organized to advance zoonotic diseases control and prevention. The
workshops provided opportunity for member countries in the region to update each other on the progress
made in establishing a functional multi-sectoral coordination mechanism, in implementing prevention and
control of zoonotic diseases at country level, and in sharing their experiences including problems and
constraints encountered.
OIE RR AP is conducting the JTF Project on Controlling Zoonotic Diseases in Asia since 2013, under
which various regional activities targeting rabies, HPAI and other zoonotic diseases have been
implemented.

PVS Pathway
Good governance of animal health systems based on a close public/private partnership is the
responsibility of all governments. If one country fails, it may endanger its neighboring countries, the
region, the continent and potentially the entire planet. The OIE considers the Veterinary Services as a
Global Public Good and their bringing into line with international standards (structure, organization,
resources, capacities, role of paraprofessionals) as a public investment priority (OIE 2016k).
The OIE “Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS)” Pathway is a global program for the sustainable
improvement of a country's Veterinary Services' compliance with OIE standards on the quality of
Veterinary Services. It is a comprehensive measurement and evaluation system that is an effective and
internationally recognized foundation for improving animal and public health at the national, regional and
international levels (OIE 2016k). Furthermore, it is a voluntary process that involves;
- the systematic evaluation of Veterinary Services with regard to international standards (initial PVS
Evaluation);
- estimated operational budgets based on integrating the PVS Evaluation findings with national
priorities (PVS Gap Analysis – PVS Costing Tool);
- assistance in the development and/or modernization of national Veterinary Legislation (PVS
Veterinary Legislation Support Program);
- review and improvement of the Veterinary Laboratory network (PVS Pathway Laboratory mission
and Laboratory Twinning Projects);
- strengthening and harmonizing veterinary education establishments to align with corresponding OIE
guidelines (Veterinary Education Twinning Projects);
- ensuring excellence of the veterinary profession in the private sector by setting standards and
establishing measures regarding education and licensing (Veterinary Statutory Body Twinning
Projects); and,
- a consistent mechanism for the monitoring and evaluation of progress of all components (regular
PVS Evaluation Follow-up missions).
In Asia and the Pacific region, 24 out of 32 members have already conducted the PVS Evaluation and
15 did the PVS Gap Analysis. In some member countries, the findings appeared in the PVS mission
reports and were shared among the relevant departments in the government and successfully used as a
tool to raise awareness of policy makers on the importance and urgency for strengthening the capacity of
veterinary services. The training seminar on the OIE PVS Tool for East Asia was held in Seoul, RO
Korea in April 2016 (OIE 2016f), inviting PR China, Japan, RO Korea and Chinese Taipei. This seminar
aimed to provide a better understanding of the PVS Pathway and more specifically the OIE PVS Tool to
participating countries/territory.
Capacity building
Regional capacity building programs for OIE Members’ Veterinary Services are established annually.
Such programs aim to strengthen animal disease surveillance and control, early outbreak detection and
rapid response to both regional and national levels. This also facilitates networking between Country
Delegates to the OIE and OIE National Focal Points (OIE 2016b).
OIE RR AP and SRR SEA organize on average between two and four regional seminars per region
and per year to maintain continuing information and education, and capacity building of Country
Delegates to the OIE and OIE National Focal Points in the country (contact persons for relations with the
OIE) specialized in the different relevant technical fields (OIE 2016b).
Through its expertise and the training it provides for senior officials, namely the OIE Delegates and

their national Focal Points specialized in 8 key fields, the OIE helps Members, at their own request, to
improve their sanitary governance and better define and implement animal disease control and eradication
programs. The following key issues are addressed through these regional seminars: the rights and
obligations of the National Delegates to the OIE, the structure and quality of National Veterinary
Services, the implementation of animal health standards; sanitary information systems; animal production
food safety; veterinary medicinal and biological products; aquatic animal diseases; animal welfare;
wildlife, veterinary service communication and laboratories (OIE 2016e).
Veterinary education and legislation are important fields of action for the OIE: its winning programs
help to improve the capacities and competencies of institutions in developing and transition countries
(laboratories, veterinary schools and Veterinary Statutory Bodies).
REFERENCES
FAO and OIE. 2013. Regional GF-TADs for Asia and the Pacific. 5-Years Action Plan for the period
2012-2016. (http://www.rr-
asia.oie.int/fileadmin/Regional_Representation/Programme/G_GFTADs/Main_documents/GF-
TADs_AP_5-year_Action_Plan_20Mar2013.pdf; Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2013a. The OIE/JSTF Project Phase II (2008-2009) (http://www.rr-asia.oie.int/activities/regional-
programme/hpai/oiejstf-project-2006-2008/; Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2013b. One Health. Activities. (http://www.rr-asia.oie.int/activities/regional-programme/one-health/;
Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2016a. About Us. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). (http://www.oie.int/about-us/;
OIE. 2016b. Capacity building activities. Solidarity: Support to OIE Members.
(http://www.oie.int/en/support-to-oie-members/; Accessed 2 June 2016)
OIE. 2016c. Collaborating Centres. Scientific Expertise. (http://www.oie.int/our-scientific-
expertise/collaborating-centres/introduction/; Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2016d. Do you know THE WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH? . from
http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Media_Center/docs/pdf/Key_Documents/EN_LeafletOIE_we
b.pdf
OIE. 2016e. Good Governance of Veterinary Services for identification of priority investments, training
trainers, and evaluation of Veterinary Services and promoting animal welfare. Regional Programme.
(http://www.rr-asia.oie.int/activities/regional-programme/good-governance-of-veterinary-services/;
OIE. 2016f. Good Governance of Veterinary Services: Workshops/Meetings. Regional Programme.
(http://www.rr-asia.oie.int/activities/regional-programme/good-governance-of-veterinary-
services/activities/2016-pvs-seoul/; Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2016g. History. OIE : About Us - History. (http://www.oie.int/about-us/history/; Accessed 2 June
2016)
OIE. 2016h. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS. (http://www.oie.int/international-standard-
setting/overview/; Accessed 2 June 2016)
OIE. 2016i. OFFLU. Scientific Expertise. (http://www.oie.int/our-scientific-expertise/offlu-the-animal-
influenzas-network/; Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2016j. OIE Activities in Asia and the Pacific Region. (http://www.rr-asia.oie.int/activities/;
OIE. 2016k. The OIE PVS Pathway. Solidarity. (http://www.oie.int/en/support-to-oie-members/pvs-
pathway/; Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2016l. Our Mission : Objectives. (http://www.oie.int/about-us/our-missions/; Accessed 2 June
2016)
OIE. 2016m. Overview of OIE Reference Centres. Scientific Expertise. (http://www.oie.int/our-scientific-

expertise/overview/; Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2016n. Reference Laboratories. Scientific Expertise. (http://www.oie.int/our-scientific-
expertise/reference-laboratories/introduction/; Accessed 15 June 2016)
OIE. 2016o. Solidarity : Support to OIE Members. (http://www.oie.int/support-to-oie-members/;
OIE. 2016p. Specialist Commissions. Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission (Aquatic Animals
Commission). (http://www.oie.int/about-us/wo/commissions-master/; Accessed 2 June 2016)
OIE. 2016q. The World Animal Health Information System. (http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-
world/the-world-animal-health-information-system/the-oie-data-system/; Accessed 2 June 2016)
OIE and FAO. 2014. OFFLU strategy assessment: objectives, actions and outcomes (September 2014):
OFFLU.

02 Hirofumi Kugita (Japan)

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