Clay Minerals: Classifications, Identifications, Structures, and Applications

GEOL 650 – Clay Mineralogy
Instructor: Prof. Ahmet Umran Dogan
Clay Minerals:
Classifications, Identifications, Structures, and Applications
Omar A. Radwan
g201306050
ESD
1

OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Structures
– T
– O
– I
• Classifications
– TO
– TOT
• Identifications
– XRD
• Applications
• Concluding remarks
2

INTRODUCTION
• Group: Phyllosilicate
• Composition: hydrous aluminosilicates
• Formation occurs under:
– surface (alterites, soils, sediments) conditions or
– subsurface (diagenesis, hydrothermal alterations) conditions
• Size: few micrometers maximum
– Difficult to observe without using electron microscopy
3

STRUCTURES - T
• The Tetrahedral Sheet (T)
• SiO4
−4 or AlO4
−5 Tetrahedra
• linked together by sharing three of
four vertices (three basal oxygens)
• Only one O-2 anion (apical oxygen)
bonds cation pair
Murray, 2007
4

STRUCTURES - O
• The Octahedral Sheet (O)
• linked together by sharing their six
vertices
• Each anion is bonded to three
cations in the trioctahedral type
• Each anion is bonded to two
cations in the dioctahedral type
Murray, 2007
5

STRUCTURES - I
• The Interlayer Sheet (I)
• In 2:1 phyllosilicates
• interlayer cations compensate the negative charges in excess and
insure the electrical neutrality of the 2:1 layer
– Cations not bonded to each other (X)
– Cations forming an octahedral sheet without any shared vertex
with tetrahedral sheets (O)
Velde and Meunier, 2008
7

CLASSIFICATIONS
8
Negrón-Mendoza, 2011

CLASSIFICATIONS - TO
• 1:1 in which one tetrahedral sheet is bonded to one octahedral sheet
• KAOLINITE
9
Murray, 2007

CLASSIFICATIONS - TOT
• 2:1 in which one octahedral sheet is
sandwiched and covalently coordinated
between two tetrahedral sheets
• SMECTITE
• Water molecules and cations occupy the
space between the 2:1 layers
• Spices
– Sodium montmorillonite
– Calcium montmorillonite
– Saponite (magnesium montmorillonite)
– Nontronite (iron montmorillonite)
– Hectorite (lithium montmorillonite)
– Beidellite (aluminum montmorillonite)
10Murray, 2007

• ILLITE
• structure is a 2:1 layer in which
the interlayer cation is potassium
11Murray, 2007

• CHLORITE
• 2:1 layer mineral with an
interlayer octahedral sheet.
12Murray, 2007

CLASSIFICATIONS
• Pure clay minerals
• Mixed-layer clay minerals
13Brigatti et al., 2006

IDENTIFICATIONS
14
Bergaya and Lagaly, 2013

IDENTIFICATIONS
15Callister, W.D., 2012

IDENTIFICATIONS
• 4 STEPS:
– XRD for regular random oriented powder sample
– XRD for oriented clay size fraction
– XRD after glycolation
– XRD after heating
16
Clay Mineral group Air-Dried Heated Glycolated
Kaolinite 7.16 7.16 7.16
Smectite 15 10 16.9
Illite 10.1 10.1 10.1
Vermiculite 14.4 10 14.4
Chlorite 14.2 14.2 14.2

IDENTIFICATIONS - Ex
• CHLORITE:
17Poppe et al., 2001

IDENTIFICATIONS – Ex
• SMECTITE
18
Poppe et al., 2001

APPLICATIONS
Zhu and Njuguna, 2014
1 Earth and planetary sciences
2 Materials science
3 Engineering
4 Chemistry
5 Environmental science
6 Agricultural and biological science
7 Chemical engineering
8 Physics and astronomy
9 Energy
10 Biochemistry
19

APPLICATIONS
Adams and Hooper, 2001
20

CONCLUDING REMARKS
• Based on their layered structure, clay minerals can be
categorized as types 1:1 or 2:1
• X-ray diffraction is the basic tool for clay mineral identification
• Clays alone form an entire world in which geologists,
mineralogists, agriculturist, petroleum engineers, chemists
find extraordinary subjects for research.
21

REFERENCES
• Adams, J.M., Hooper, J.J., 2001. Clays, in: Veyssière, K.H.J.B.W.C.C.F.I.J.K.M.
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (Second Edition).
Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 1236–1242.
• Bergaya, F., Lagaly, G., 2013. Chapter 1 - General Introduction: Clays, Clay
Minerals, and Clay Science, in: Faïza Bergaya and Gerhard Lagaly (Ed.),
Developments in Clay Science, Handbook of Clay Science. Elsevier, pp. 1–19.
• Brigatti, M.F., Galán, E., Theng, B.K.G., 2013. Chapter 2 - Structure and
Mineralogy of Clay Minerals, in: Faïza Bergaya and Gerhard Lagaly (Ed.),
Developments in Clay Science, Handbook of Clay Science. Elsevier, pp. 21–81.
• Callister, W.D., 2012. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An
Integrated Approach, 4 edition. ed. Wiley, Hoboken, N.J.
• Meunier, A., 2010. Clays, Softcover reprint of hardcover 1st ed. 2005 edition.
ed. Springer
• Moore, D.M., Reynolds, R.C., 1997. X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and
Analysis of Clay Minerals, 2 edition. ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New
York.
23

REFERENCES
• Murray, H.H., 2007. Applied Clay Mineralogy, Volume 2: Occurrences, Processing
and Applications of Kaolins, Bentonites, Palygorskitesepiolite, and Common Clays,
1 edition. ed. Elsevier Science, Boston.
• Negrón-Mendoza, A., 2011. Clay, in: Gargaud, M., Amils, P.R., Quintanilla, J.C., II,
H.J. (Jim) C., Irvine, W.M., Pinti, P.D.L., Viso, M. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of
Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 316–319.
• Nesse, W.D., 2012. Introduction To Mineralogy. Oxford University Press, New York.
• Poppe, L. J., Paskevich, V. F., Hathaway, J. C., Blackwood, D. S., 2001. A laboratory
manual for X-ray powder diffraction. US Geological Survey Open-File Report,
1(041), 1-88.
• Velde, B.B., Meunier, A., 2008. The Origin of Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered
Rocks, 2008 edition. ed. Springer, Berlin.
• Zhu, H., Njuguna, J., 2014. 7 - Nanolayered silicates/clay minerals: uses and
effects on health, in: Njuguna, J., Pielichowski, K., Zhu, H. (Eds.), Health and
Environmental Safety of Nanomaterials. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 133–146.
24

34Meunier, 2010
M: montmorillonite
B: beidellite
S: saponite
V: vermiculite

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