This document discusses chemical protective clothing and its requirements. It describes the different levels of chemical protection from A to D, with level A providing the highest level of encapsulation and respiratory protection. It also covers various textile and material types used for chemical protective clothing like flashspun polyethylene, SMS polypropylene, unsupported rubbers and plastics, and microporous films. Design features like seams, closures, and visors are also discussed. Finally, various ASTM test methods for evaluating chemical protective clothing performance are listed.
Clothing provides physical and psychological comfort and is a basic human need. Technical textiles are fabrics designed for their functional properties rather than aesthetics, and are used in applications like transportation, safety equipment, and military gear. Defensive textiles specifically protect the body in hazardous environments like fires, hospitals, and military camps. Technical textiles can be classified into 12 categories including agrotech, buildtech, and medtech. Protective fabrics aim to shield the wearer from environmental dangers and are considered technical textiles focused on performance over appearance. Classifying defensive clothing is complex due to various occupational needs.
This document discusses various types of protective textiles, including materials and classifications. It focuses on chemical protective clothing. Key points:
- Protective textiles are designed to protect the wearer from environmental hazards and include flame retardant, ballistic protection, medical, chemical, UV protection and industrial work wear fabrics.
- Chemical protective clothing must resist permeation, degradation and penetration from chemicals. Important considerations in design are breakthrough time and liquid repellency.
- Common materials for chemical protection include nonwoven fabrics like Tyvek and SMS polypropylene, activated carbon, and multi-layer combinations of fabrics and nonwovens.
- Extreme cold protective clothing uses durable, flexible and insulating
This document provides an overview of high performance fibers (HPF). It defines HPF as fibers with high strength, temperature resistance, flexibility, light weight, fine diameter and durability, mainly used for technical textiles. Key qualities for HPF include tensile strength, operating temperature, limiting oxygen index, and chemical resistance. The document then lists and describes common types of HPF, including glass fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylenebenzobisoxazole, polyphenyl sulfide, melamine, fluoropolymers, high-density polyethylene, ceramic fibers, and chemically and thermally resistant fibers. It provides details on the properties and uses of several of
Industrial textiles are textile materials used in non-textile industries that are engineered for specific purposes. They are widely used in sectors like chemicals, electronics, construction, and mechanical engineering. Common applications include conveyor belts, printer ribbons, brushes, soundproofing, and more. While industrial textiles make up a smaller portion of the textile industry than other sectors, Bangladesh has potential to grow this sector through research and development of new high-tech and filtration products.
This document discusses various types of automotive textiles including seat covers, sun visors, seat belts, interior carpets, air bags, insulating felts, nylon tyre cord fabric, and headliners. It describes the functions and characteristics of each textile. Seat covers are made from various fabrics and provide comfort. Sun visors block sunlight from the windshield. Seat belts are woven from high strength fibers to secure passengers during collisions. Air bags are made from nylon or polyester fabrics and protect the head and chest in crashes. Insulating felts provide noise and thermal insulation. Nylon tyre cord fabric provides strength to tires. Headliners are non-woven materials used as lightweight roof
Details study on apron, condenser, spacer and top roller.Asif Ahmed TONMOY
This document discusses various components used in yarn manufacturing, including aprons, condensers, spacers, and top rollers. It provides details on the materials and construction of aprons, the purpose and placement of different condensers, how spacer size is determined by roving hank, and the properties and functions of top rollers in controlling drafting.
Clothing provides physical and psychological comfort and is a basic human need. Technical textiles are fabrics designed for their functional properties rather than aesthetics, and are used in applications like transportation, safety equipment, and military gear. Defensive textiles specifically protect the body in hazardous environments like fires, hospitals, and military camps. Technical textiles can be classified into 12 categories including agrotech, buildtech, and medtech. Protective fabrics aim to shield the wearer from environmental dangers and are considered technical textiles focused on performance over appearance. Classifying defensive clothing is complex due to various occupational needs.
This document discusses various types of protective textiles, including materials and classifications. It focuses on chemical protective clothing. Key points:
- Protective textiles are designed to protect the wearer from environmental hazards and include flame retardant, ballistic protection, medical, chemical, UV protection and industrial work wear fabrics.
- Chemical protective clothing must resist permeation, degradation and penetration from chemicals. Important considerations in design are breakthrough time and liquid repellency.
- Common materials for chemical protection include nonwoven fabrics like Tyvek and SMS polypropylene, activated carbon, and multi-layer combinations of fabrics and nonwovens.
- Extreme cold protective clothing uses durable, flexible and insulating
This document provides an overview of high performance fibers (HPF). It defines HPF as fibers with high strength, temperature resistance, flexibility, light weight, fine diameter and durability, mainly used for technical textiles. Key qualities for HPF include tensile strength, operating temperature, limiting oxygen index, and chemical resistance. The document then lists and describes common types of HPF, including glass fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylenebenzobisoxazole, polyphenyl sulfide, melamine, fluoropolymers, high-density polyethylene, ceramic fibers, and chemically and thermally resistant fibers. It provides details on the properties and uses of several of
Industrial textiles are textile materials used in non-textile industries that are engineered for specific purposes. They are widely used in sectors like chemicals, electronics, construction, and mechanical engineering. Common applications include conveyor belts, printer ribbons, brushes, soundproofing, and more. While industrial textiles make up a smaller portion of the textile industry than other sectors, Bangladesh has potential to grow this sector through research and development of new high-tech and filtration products.
This document discusses various types of automotive textiles including seat covers, sun visors, seat belts, interior carpets, air bags, insulating felts, nylon tyre cord fabric, and headliners. It describes the functions and characteristics of each textile. Seat covers are made from various fabrics and provide comfort. Sun visors block sunlight from the windshield. Seat belts are woven from high strength fibers to secure passengers during collisions. Air bags are made from nylon or polyester fabrics and protect the head and chest in crashes. Insulating felts provide noise and thermal insulation. Nylon tyre cord fabric provides strength to tires. Headliners are non-woven materials used as lightweight roof
Details study on apron, condenser, spacer and top roller.Asif Ahmed TONMOY
This document discusses various components used in yarn manufacturing, including aprons, condensers, spacers, and top rollers. It provides details on the materials and construction of aprons, the purpose and placement of different condensers, how spacer size is determined by roving hank, and the properties and functions of top rollers in controlling drafting.
This document discusses agro-textiles, which are textile fabrics used in agriculture and horticulture. It provides classifications of agro-textiles and lists their benefits such as increasing crop yields and protecting farmers from pesticides. Common fibers used include nylon, polyester, and polypropylene. Applications include crop and soil protection from sunlight, wind and weeds. Examples of agro-textile products are woven crop covers, ground matting, land netting and fishing nets. In conclusion, agro-textiles help control the environment for crop growth and generate optimal conditions while reducing pesticide usage.
This document provides information on different types of fibres, including general fibres and high-performance fibres. It discusses the properties and uses of various high-performance fibres such as aramids, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylene sulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile and others. These fibres have high strength, temperature resistance and durability making them suitable for applications requiring high performance such as ballistics, aerospace engineering, protective clothing and automotive. The document also presents concepts for using high-performance fibres beyond bulletproof fabric in construction and transportation industries.
Talks about the main segment of technical textiles that is protective textiles. detailed information about the types material and fibres used, uses and more
The document discusses protective clothing and textiles used for industrial, military, and safety applications. It describes different types of protective fabrics that provide protection from heat, chemicals, bacteria, electricity, radiation, and ballistic threats. The textiles are designed for light weight, durability, comfort, and various functional properties depending on the intended use and environmental conditions. Future protective clothing aims to improve protection, comfort, compatibility between layers, reduce weight and costs, and integrate multiple functionalities into fewer layers.
The document discusses technical textiles, which are fabrics that are specially designed for their technical performance rather than aesthetic properties. It notes that technical textiles make up 20% of the global textile market and are used in applications like agriculture, construction, clothing, home furnishings, and more. The document also outlines opportunities and challenges for the technical textiles industry.
High performance fibers are fibers that provide higher strength and functionality compared to commodity fibers like nylon and polyester. They have unique properties such as high tensile strength, heat resistance, and chemical resistance that make them suitable for demanding applications. Examples of high performance fibers include aramid fibers like Kevlar and Nomex, which have very high tensile strength and heat resistance. These fibers are made through solution polymerization or interfacial polymerization of monomers like paraphenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride. The resulting polymers have aromatic rings in their backbone, providing properties like strength, stiffness, and thermal and chemical resistance.
Agrotextiles are textiles manufactured for agricultural applications such as agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry. They are used to control the environment for plants and animals. Recent developments in agrotextiles include polymer fibre balls as a soil substitute, screening fabrics for sunlight management, knitted net hoses for water transportation, superabsorbent polymer fibre mats for water management, and composites of hemp or polypropylene for reducing soil pollutants. For agrotextile products to be effective, they require properties such as resistance to solar radiation, weather, ultraviolet radiation, the ability to retain water, biodegradability, light weight, and resistance to microorganisms.
This document discusses technical textiles. It begins by defining technical textiles as textile products manufactured primarily for their performance and functional properties rather than aesthetic or decorative characteristics. It then discusses various segments of technical textiles including agro-tech, build-tech, cloth-tech, geo-tech, home-tech, industrials textiles, medi-tech, mobil-tech, oeko-tech, pack-tech, pro-tech and sport-tech. It provides examples of materials used for different technical textile segments including natural fibers, regenerated fibers, synthetic fibers, specialty fibers and high-tech fibers. The document concludes with discussing the application stages and uses of technical fibers.
Polypropylene fiber is the fourth most popular synthetic fiber. It is made from the polymer polypropylene through processes like gas phase or bulk phase polymerization using catalysts. The fibers are then manufactured through melt spinning and extrusion. Polypropylene fiber has good chemical and physical properties like acid and alkali resistance, low density, and elasticity. However, it has low melting temperature and is difficult to dye. Major applications of polypropylene fiber include nonwovens for products like medical fabrics and construction materials due to its performance and low cost.
Smart textiles are materials and structures that can sense and react to environmental stimuli. There are four main types: passive smart materials that only sense stimuli, active smart materials that can both sense and respond, very smart materials that can sense, respond, and adapt, and materials with artificial intelligence. Smart textiles find applications in sports, healthcare, military, fashion and more. New developments include light-emitting, scent-emitting, shape-shifting, and health-monitoring textiles. Smart textiles have the potential to revolutionize clothing and other fabrics.
The document is a presentation on textiles and man-made fibers from Southeast University in Bangladesh. It includes sections on textile fibers and their classification, properties of man-made fibers and how their chemical structure influences these properties. It also discusses various spinning processes like melt, dry, and wet spinning and manufacturing processes for specific fibers like viscose and cuprammonium rayon.
The document discusses protective clothing and technical textiles. It provides details on various types of protective clothing used for thermal, mechanical, biological, radiation, and other protections. It describes the properties and materials needed for different protective applications, including high strength fibers like Kevlar, carbon fibers, and novel fibers. The document also discusses the growth of the technical textiles industry in India and opportunities in protective textiles.
Textile Fibers are the basic structural units of Textile fabrics. Knowing the building blocks of textile fibers(polymers) is vital inoder to explain chemical and physical properties.
This document discusses Clothtech, which refers to technical textiles used in clothing and footwear manufacturing. It describes various Clothtech components like sewing threads, shoe laces, zippers, and interlinings. Properties required for Clothtech include stability at high temperatures, abrasion resistance, durability, and resistance to UV light and water. The document provides details on Clothtech market size in India and worldwide, and finishes by stating that Clothtech contributes 7% to the global technical textiles industry and is forecast to grow slowly in the long term.
1. The document provides an overview of topics a textile engineer needs to be familiar with, including textile fibers, yarn making, dye types and processes, wet processing ingredients, and fabric properties.
2. It defines key terms like fiber, yarn count systems, GSM measurement, types of dyes and their applications, and discusses processes like spinning, weaving, knitting and dyeing.
3. Common tests for fiber identification and properties of different fibers are also summarized.
This document provides a syllabus and overview of woven fabric structures and analysis. It discusses the fundamentals of woven design, including the basic elements of design, draft, and peg plan. It then covers specific weave structures like plain weave and its derivatives. Twill weave is classified and examples like pointed twill are outlined. Different types of drafts and their uses are also summarized. The goal is to teach students to analyze and understand the construction and properties of various woven fabrics.
The document introduces the team Phoenix and provides information about water repellent finishes for fabrics. It defines water repellent fabrics as those that resist being wetted by water and allow water drops to roll off. There are three main types of water repellent finishes - non-durable, semi-durable, and durable. Various chemistries are used in each type of finish. Common test methods for evaluating water repellency include the spray test method. Water repellent fabrics have applications in items like umbrellas, swimsuits, car seats, and more.
properties and application of technical textile fibersShahriar Shovon
Technical fiber or High functional fibers
High functional fibers are those, which have high technical properties based on the end uses. The properties are high tensile strength, high modulus, good chemical resistance, high dimensional stability, low thermal resistance.
Protective textiles are technical textiles that provide protection from various environmental and industrial hazards. They are used where safety and protection are prioritized over appearance. Protective textiles provide protection from heat, flames, chemicals, projectiles, radiation and other hazards. Various fiber types are used including aramid, carbon, glass, and polypropylene to produce clothing and materials for applications like heat/flame resistance, chemical protection, ballistic protection, space suits, cleanrooms and radiation protection. The need for protective textiles is driven by regulations to ensure workforce safety across various industries.
Personal Protective Clothing and EquipmentJo Woolery
This document discusses personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements from OSHA. It explains that employers must provide appropriate PPE to employees when workplace hazards are present. The document outlines how to identify hazards, select the proper PPE to address each hazard, and ensure PPE is properly fitted, maintained and used. Common types of PPE like head, eye, hand and foot protection are described along with hazards they address such as falling/flying objects, chemicals, electricity and noise. Proper PPE selection, fitting and maintenance procedures are emphasized to provide effective protection.
Military clothing is designed to provide protection from various environmental threats and hazards while maintaining physical comfort. It requires lightweight, durable fabrics that are woven, knitted, coated or laminated to offer insulation, water resistance, flame resistance, ballistic protection, and camouflage. The document discusses the criteria and design process for modern military textiles and provides examples of their use in applications like thermal insulation, waterproofing, flame resistance, ballistic protection, and camouflage. It also outlines some limitations in achieving all required properties in a single fabric.
This document discusses agro-textiles, which are textile fabrics used in agriculture and horticulture. It provides classifications of agro-textiles and lists their benefits such as increasing crop yields and protecting farmers from pesticides. Common fibers used include nylon, polyester, and polypropylene. Applications include crop and soil protection from sunlight, wind and weeds. Examples of agro-textile products are woven crop covers, ground matting, land netting and fishing nets. In conclusion, agro-textiles help control the environment for crop growth and generate optimal conditions while reducing pesticide usage.
This document provides information on different types of fibres, including general fibres and high-performance fibres. It discusses the properties and uses of various high-performance fibres such as aramids, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylene sulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile and others. These fibres have high strength, temperature resistance and durability making them suitable for applications requiring high performance such as ballistics, aerospace engineering, protective clothing and automotive. The document also presents concepts for using high-performance fibres beyond bulletproof fabric in construction and transportation industries.
Talks about the main segment of technical textiles that is protective textiles. detailed information about the types material and fibres used, uses and more
The document discusses protective clothing and textiles used for industrial, military, and safety applications. It describes different types of protective fabrics that provide protection from heat, chemicals, bacteria, electricity, radiation, and ballistic threats. The textiles are designed for light weight, durability, comfort, and various functional properties depending on the intended use and environmental conditions. Future protective clothing aims to improve protection, comfort, compatibility between layers, reduce weight and costs, and integrate multiple functionalities into fewer layers.
The document discusses technical textiles, which are fabrics that are specially designed for their technical performance rather than aesthetic properties. It notes that technical textiles make up 20% of the global textile market and are used in applications like agriculture, construction, clothing, home furnishings, and more. The document also outlines opportunities and challenges for the technical textiles industry.
High performance fibers are fibers that provide higher strength and functionality compared to commodity fibers like nylon and polyester. They have unique properties such as high tensile strength, heat resistance, and chemical resistance that make them suitable for demanding applications. Examples of high performance fibers include aramid fibers like Kevlar and Nomex, which have very high tensile strength and heat resistance. These fibers are made through solution polymerization or interfacial polymerization of monomers like paraphenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride. The resulting polymers have aromatic rings in their backbone, providing properties like strength, stiffness, and thermal and chemical resistance.
Agrotextiles are textiles manufactured for agricultural applications such as agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry. They are used to control the environment for plants and animals. Recent developments in agrotextiles include polymer fibre balls as a soil substitute, screening fabrics for sunlight management, knitted net hoses for water transportation, superabsorbent polymer fibre mats for water management, and composites of hemp or polypropylene for reducing soil pollutants. For agrotextile products to be effective, they require properties such as resistance to solar radiation, weather, ultraviolet radiation, the ability to retain water, biodegradability, light weight, and resistance to microorganisms.
This document discusses technical textiles. It begins by defining technical textiles as textile products manufactured primarily for their performance and functional properties rather than aesthetic or decorative characteristics. It then discusses various segments of technical textiles including agro-tech, build-tech, cloth-tech, geo-tech, home-tech, industrials textiles, medi-tech, mobil-tech, oeko-tech, pack-tech, pro-tech and sport-tech. It provides examples of materials used for different technical textile segments including natural fibers, regenerated fibers, synthetic fibers, specialty fibers and high-tech fibers. The document concludes with discussing the application stages and uses of technical fibers.
Polypropylene fiber is the fourth most popular synthetic fiber. It is made from the polymer polypropylene through processes like gas phase or bulk phase polymerization using catalysts. The fibers are then manufactured through melt spinning and extrusion. Polypropylene fiber has good chemical and physical properties like acid and alkali resistance, low density, and elasticity. However, it has low melting temperature and is difficult to dye. Major applications of polypropylene fiber include nonwovens for products like medical fabrics and construction materials due to its performance and low cost.
Smart textiles are materials and structures that can sense and react to environmental stimuli. There are four main types: passive smart materials that only sense stimuli, active smart materials that can both sense and respond, very smart materials that can sense, respond, and adapt, and materials with artificial intelligence. Smart textiles find applications in sports, healthcare, military, fashion and more. New developments include light-emitting, scent-emitting, shape-shifting, and health-monitoring textiles. Smart textiles have the potential to revolutionize clothing and other fabrics.
The document is a presentation on textiles and man-made fibers from Southeast University in Bangladesh. It includes sections on textile fibers and their classification, properties of man-made fibers and how their chemical structure influences these properties. It also discusses various spinning processes like melt, dry, and wet spinning and manufacturing processes for specific fibers like viscose and cuprammonium rayon.
The document discusses protective clothing and technical textiles. It provides details on various types of protective clothing used for thermal, mechanical, biological, radiation, and other protections. It describes the properties and materials needed for different protective applications, including high strength fibers like Kevlar, carbon fibers, and novel fibers. The document also discusses the growth of the technical textiles industry in India and opportunities in protective textiles.
Textile Fibers are the basic structural units of Textile fabrics. Knowing the building blocks of textile fibers(polymers) is vital inoder to explain chemical and physical properties.
This document discusses Clothtech, which refers to technical textiles used in clothing and footwear manufacturing. It describes various Clothtech components like sewing threads, shoe laces, zippers, and interlinings. Properties required for Clothtech include stability at high temperatures, abrasion resistance, durability, and resistance to UV light and water. The document provides details on Clothtech market size in India and worldwide, and finishes by stating that Clothtech contributes 7% to the global technical textiles industry and is forecast to grow slowly in the long term.
1. The document provides an overview of topics a textile engineer needs to be familiar with, including textile fibers, yarn making, dye types and processes, wet processing ingredients, and fabric properties.
2. It defines key terms like fiber, yarn count systems, GSM measurement, types of dyes and their applications, and discusses processes like spinning, weaving, knitting and dyeing.
3. Common tests for fiber identification and properties of different fibers are also summarized.
This document provides a syllabus and overview of woven fabric structures and analysis. It discusses the fundamentals of woven design, including the basic elements of design, draft, and peg plan. It then covers specific weave structures like plain weave and its derivatives. Twill weave is classified and examples like pointed twill are outlined. Different types of drafts and their uses are also summarized. The goal is to teach students to analyze and understand the construction and properties of various woven fabrics.
The document introduces the team Phoenix and provides information about water repellent finishes for fabrics. It defines water repellent fabrics as those that resist being wetted by water and allow water drops to roll off. There are three main types of water repellent finishes - non-durable, semi-durable, and durable. Various chemistries are used in each type of finish. Common test methods for evaluating water repellency include the spray test method. Water repellent fabrics have applications in items like umbrellas, swimsuits, car seats, and more.
properties and application of technical textile fibersShahriar Shovon
Technical fiber or High functional fibers
High functional fibers are those, which have high technical properties based on the end uses. The properties are high tensile strength, high modulus, good chemical resistance, high dimensional stability, low thermal resistance.
Protective textiles are technical textiles that provide protection from various environmental and industrial hazards. They are used where safety and protection are prioritized over appearance. Protective textiles provide protection from heat, flames, chemicals, projectiles, radiation and other hazards. Various fiber types are used including aramid, carbon, glass, and polypropylene to produce clothing and materials for applications like heat/flame resistance, chemical protection, ballistic protection, space suits, cleanrooms and radiation protection. The need for protective textiles is driven by regulations to ensure workforce safety across various industries.
Personal Protective Clothing and EquipmentJo Woolery
This document discusses personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements from OSHA. It explains that employers must provide appropriate PPE to employees when workplace hazards are present. The document outlines how to identify hazards, select the proper PPE to address each hazard, and ensure PPE is properly fitted, maintained and used. Common types of PPE like head, eye, hand and foot protection are described along with hazards they address such as falling/flying objects, chemicals, electricity and noise. Proper PPE selection, fitting and maintenance procedures are emphasized to provide effective protection.
Military clothing is designed to provide protection from various environmental threats and hazards while maintaining physical comfort. It requires lightweight, durable fabrics that are woven, knitted, coated or laminated to offer insulation, water resistance, flame resistance, ballistic protection, and camouflage. The document discusses the criteria and design process for modern military textiles and provides examples of their use in applications like thermal insulation, waterproofing, flame resistance, ballistic protection, and camouflage. It also outlines some limitations in achieving all required properties in a single fabric.
Nuclear energy is generated through nuclear fission or fusion reactions. In India, nuclear power provides about 3% of electricity and is expected to rapidly expand. There are currently 21 reactors providing 5,780 MW of power, with several new plants under construction. Issues include the challenge of long-term storage and disposal of radioactive nuclear waste, though nuclear energy has advantages of low carbon emissions. India's nuclear program is overseen by several government organizations and aims to increase nuclear power generation to 64,000 MW by 2032.
This document provides information on keeping workers safe in cold environments. It discusses cold-related illnesses like hypothermia and frostbite, risk factors, signs and symptoms, prevention, and first aid. Specific topics covered include cold workplaces and activities, how the body reacts to cold, heat loss mechanisms, stages of hypothermia, field management and first aid for hypothermia, frostnip, and frostbite. The goal is to educate about cold-related health risks and how to treat cold exposure injuries.
Experimental Test on Gfrp Gratings for Mechanical Properties and Chemical Res...IOSR Journals
This document describes an experimental study that tested the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) gratings. GFRP gratings were manufactured using a hand lay-up process with isopthalic resin and glass fiber rovings. The gratings were then subjected to tensile testing, flexural testing, chemical resistance testing using sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, and load bearing testing. The tensile testing found an ultimate tensile strength of 231.985 MPa. Flexural testing found a cross breaking strength of 448.2 N/mm2. Chemical resistance testing showed minimal weight changes (<0.2%) after exposure. Load bearing testing showed the gratings could withstand loads
This presentation discusses protective clothing, including the fibers and materials used to manufacture them and examples of different types. It covers heat and flame resistant clothing, protection against extreme cold/wet weather, chemicals, radiation, bacteria/viruses, and ballistics. Key points include:
- Common fibers include aramids, PTFE, PPS, melamine, and polyethylene for properties like heat resistance, moisture barrier, and insulation.
- Examples of protective clothing are firefighter turnout gear with outer shell, moisture barrier and thermal liner layers and Gore-Tex active fabrics for weather protection.
- New materials through nanotechnology aim to improve protective performance while reducing weight and bulkiness.
The document discusses the history and development of military textiles from brightly colored uniforms in the 19th century to modern camouflage and protective materials. Key points include: (1) the adoption of khaki uniforms in response to new long-range weapons in the early 20th century, (2) the introduction of camouflage patterns for airborne troops in 1941, and (3) the use of layered clothing systems and specialized protective materials for threats like ballistics, chemicals, and flames. Modern military textiles aim to balance properties like light weight, durability, and environmental protection.
This document provides guidance on responding to hazardous materials incidents. It discusses estimating the potential harm, determining appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) based on the material, prioritizing responder safety and victim care, preventing secondary contamination, and establishing control zones. The objectives are to protect lives, contain the hazard, gather information to understand the incident, and select defensive actions based on a risk analysis.
This document provides an overview of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) system that is being implemented in India. Some key points:
- GST is a comprehensive indirect tax that will combine multiple state and central taxes into one. It is levied at each stage of production and distribution.
- The proposed GST structure has two components - Central GST to be levied by the Centre and State GST to be levied by the states. Standard rates are proposed at 20% for goods and 16% for services.
- GST aims to reduce tax cascading and make India's tax system simpler, more transparent and boost the economy by making exports more competitive.
- There were challenges
This document discusses thermal and moisture protection in building construction. It covers why moisture and thermal protection are needed, types of each, and key concepts like condensation and vapor barriers. Specific topics covered include surface and concealed condensation, roof ventilation, vapor retarders, exterior cladding materials like siding and roofing, and roofing materials such as asphalt shingles.
Military clothing is designed to provide protection against various environmental threats and hazards on the battlefield through the use of specialized fabrics. These fabrics aim to be lightweight, durable, and high-performance while providing insulation, camouflage, protection from flames/heat, and resistance to chemicals and ballistics. The design process involves understanding the threats, selecting appropriate materials, and verifying the design meets requirements. Modern military textiles consider physical requirements, environmental conditions, camouflage needs, and economic factors to develop clothing that protects soldiers.
2.fire_fighters_clothing. Its very helpfulRuddroIslam
Firefighters' protective clothing uses various fabrics and fibers to protect against heat, flames, and other dangers. High-performance fibers like aramid, PBI, and PBO are inherently flame retardant while conventional fibers require flame retardant finishes. Membranes used include porous membranes like Gore-Tex that allow vapor to pass through tiny pores but block liquid moisture, and nonporous hydrophilic membranes that attract water vapor through their structure despite being impermeable to liquid water. The choice of fiber and fabric aims to balance protection, comfort, cost and processing limitations for firefighters.
Flame Retardant Finishes provide textiles with flame resistance through chemical treatments or inorganic materials. There are various mechanisms for imparting flame retardancy, including inhibiting combustion through chemical reactions, reducing fuel or oxygen availability. Different fiber types and fabric constructions impact flammability. Common flame retardant finishes discussed include Proban for cellulosics, Tyvek for nonwovens, and Siltex for easy care properties. Specific materials like Kevlar, Nomex and fiberglass are inherently flame resistant. Tests like the 45 degree angle test evaluate flammability performance.
This presentation discusses protective textiles and their uses in various applications such as protective clothing. Protective textiles are made from specialty fibers that provide protection against heat, radiation, molten metals, bullets, and chemicals. They are often used to manufacture personal protective equipment for applications like firefighting clothing, welding protection, bulletproof vests, and chemical protective gear. The presentation discusses the criteria for different types of protective textiles and clothing used in military and industrial settings to provide insulation, waterproofing, flame resistance, ballistic protection, and protection against biological and chemical threats.
This document defines flame resistant fabrics and discusses their production and properties. It defines flame resistance as preventing or inhibiting combustion when exposed to an ignition source. Flame resistant fabrics use flame retardant chemicals in the fibers or finishes to react with heat and extinguish flames. They are produced using inherently flame resistant fibers, manufactured fibers with added chemicals, or finishes applied to materials like cotton. While providing safety benefits, flame resistant fabrics are typically less comfortable, more expensive, and require extra care than other fabrics.
This presentation discusses high-performance man-made fibers, including Kevlar, Nomex, Twaron, and Dyneema fiber. It provides details on the key features, production processes, and applications of each fiber. Kevlar is strong, lightweight fiber used in clothing, accessories, and equipment to provide protection. Nomex is a flame-resistant meta-aramid fiber used in protective apparel. Twaron is a high-performance para-aramid fiber offering strength and stability. Dyneema fiber is the strongest fiber made of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. It concludes that while high-performance fibers are expensive, they provide high value to final products.
Aramid fibers and water soluble polymershasanjamal13
The document provides information about aramid fibers and water soluble polymers. It discusses the introduction and history of aramid fibers such as Kevlar and Nomex. Key points include Kevlar being stronger than steel and introduced in 1973, while Nomex exhibits heat resistance and was introduced in 1961. Applications of aramid fibers include uses in aerospace, body armor, and asbestos substitutes. Water soluble polymers are then categorized as synthetic, semisynthetic, or natural and can be used for thickening, gelling, and stabilizing in various industries.
This document provides an overview of developments in military textiles. It discusses how military clothing aims to provide protection from environmental threats, camouflage, and maintain physical comfort. Key materials used include polyester, cotton, Kevlar and Coolmax fabrics. The clothing systems are designed in layers to block bullets, heat, and radiation. Research focuses on minimizing weight while maximizing wear comfort through new fabric technologies like woven, knitted and nonwoven composites. Understanding threats and material requirements is critical to the design process.
This document provides information about a company that manufactures industrial workwear and flame retardant apparel. It was established in 2014 and is located in Ahmedabad, India. The company focuses on integrity, competence, commitment to clients, and adding value. It produces a variety of flame resistant and protective clothing, following various international safety standards, to protect customers working in industries like welding, oil and gas, utilities and mining.
This document discusses non-woven fabrics used for protective clothing. It describes the fiber used as high-density polyethylene which forms tough and durable sheet products. The fiber is used to protect the body from hazards by providing a barrier against chemicals, liquids, and particles. The document also outlines the manufacturing process of bonding polypropylene layers and various techniques to improve the barrier properties of these fabrics.
This document discusses protective textiles used in hazardous environments. It describes four levels (A, B, C, D) of protective clothing based on the degree of protection required. Level A provides the highest level of protection for the skin, eyes and respiratory system. The document also discusses different types of protective materials like air-permeable, semipermeable and impermeable materials. It provides examples of protective clothing used in defense like bulletproof jackets and NBC suits. Various designs of protective clothing like one-piece coveralls and two-piece garments are also mentioned.
Chemical bonding involves applying a liquid binder to a nonwoven web to improve its characteristics such as strength and durability. Binders work by being applied to the web and then forming strong bonds between the binder and fibers as the moisture or solvent is removed. There are various types of binders classified based on their chemical structure and functionality, including acrylics, styrenated acrylics, and vinyl acetates. Common chemical bonding processes involve saturating, foaming, spraying, printing, or applying binder powders to nonwoven webs. The bonded webs find applications in products like wipes, medical fabrics, and apparel.
Specialty fibers are engineered for specific uses that require exceptional strength, heat resistance, chemical resistance, or other unique physical properties. They include aramid fibers like Kevlar and Nomex, used in bulletproof vests and firefighter gear due to their strength and heat resistance. Other specialty fibers are HDPE, used in cut-proof gear and marine ropes due to its strength, chemical resistance, and floatability; PTFE, used in applications requiring chemical resistance and low friction; and carbon fiber, used in aerospace and aircraft due to its high strength and low weight. Smart textiles that can sense and react to conditions also represent an area of specialty fibers.
The document discusses various types of functional finishes for textiles, including antimicrobial, antistatic, crease resistant, durable press, flame resistant, soil release, and water and stain repellent finishes. It provides details on the objectives, methods, benefits, and requirements of antimicrobial finishes. It also explains the mechanisms and methods of application for antistatic and crease resistant finishes.
This document discusses various types of functional finishes that are applied to fabrics to improve their performance properties. It focuses on antimicrobial and antistatic finishes. Antimicrobial finishes inhibit microbial growth on fabrics. Antistatic finishes reduce static electricity buildup. The document explains the mechanisms, application methods, benefits and uses of these two types of functional finishes.
Textilelearner.blogspot.in textiles for safety flame resistant protective cl...Chockalingam Ambalavanan
Modern technological developments have increased workplace hazards requiring specialized protective clothing. Safety textiles provide protection against thermal/flame hazards, nuclear hazards, chemicals, pesticides, microorganisms, and ballistic threats. Fabrics are designed to be flame resistant, provide thermal or liquid chemical protection, or stop ballistic projectiles. Examples include Nomex used by navy personnel, jute developed for coal miners, and Gore-Tex membranes used in healthcare garments. High performance fibers like aramid, PBI, and glass are used in ballistic vests and armor to dissipate projectile energy through the fabric layers.
Nomex is a flame-resistant and heat-resistant synthetic fiber created by DuPont. It is an aromatic polyamide fiber that will not melt or drip when exposed to flames. Nomex exhibits high strength, chemical resistance, and heat resistance. It is commonly used in protective clothing for firefighters, racing drivers, and industrial workers where flame and heat protection are needed. The key properties that make Nomex suitable for these applications are its ability to withstand high temperatures without degrading and its resistance to chemicals, acids, and solvents.
This document provides information on various synthetic and specialty fibers, including their production methods, properties, modifications, and end uses. It discusses fibers such as nylon, polyester, olefin, acrylic, modacrylic, elastomeric fibers (rubber, spandex), aramid, glass, metal/metallic, and fibers with chemical/heat/fire resistance (novoloid, PBI). Each fiber type is described in terms of its chemical structure, physical structure, properties, care needs, environmental impact, identification methods, and common applications. Manufacturing processes and fiber modifications are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of how liquid crystal displays (LCDs) work. It discusses how liquid crystals are neither fully solid nor liquid, but have properties of both. LCDs use liquid crystals and polarized filters to control the transmission of light and display images. The document covers the basic components of LCDs, including color filters to produce color displays, and how advances like active matrix displays improved image quality. It also provides a brief history of LCD development.
The document discusses recent developments in combers. It outlines new features such as the SB D 22 + E 35 Omega lap that provides homogeneous batt build-up and even tension. Production has increased to 520kg/hr with higher batt weights up to 80g/m. Nippers now open more than 8 times per second and have reduced vibrations. Advanced ri-q combs have up to 900 points per inch and ensure consistent combing. New detaching rollers and feed mechanisms improve quality and reduce waste.
Humidity sensors have many applications in industries like semiconductor manufacturing, medical equipment, automobiles, agriculture, and general industry. There are different types of humidity sensors classified by their measurement techniques, including relative humidity sensors and absolute humidity sensors. Relative humidity sensors can be ceramic, semiconductor, or polymer-based, with ceramic sensors being the most common type. Ceramic humidity sensing materials include Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, spinel compounds, and other materials like MnWO4 and Fe2O3. Each material has advantages and limitations for humidity detection depending on factors like temperature range, response time, and minimum detectable humidity level.
This document discusses electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and electromagnetic shielding materials (EMS). It defines EMR and its classification. It describes the sources and hazards of EMR. Parameters that affect EMR shielding effectiveness are discussed. Various EMS materials like conductive fabrics and their production techniques are explained. Standards for measuring EMS effectiveness are summarized. The increasing use of electronics and need to reduce EMR hazards is noted.
The document provides definitions for various fiber and textile terms. It defines terms related to fiber properties like abrasion resistance, air permeability, and flame resistance. It also defines textile manufacturing processes like air jet spinning, beaming, braiding, dyeing, and finishing. Finally, it defines various types of yarns, fabrics, and other materials like aramid fiber, bi-directional fabric, carbon fiber, core-spun yarn, and geotextiles. In total, the document defines over 100 key terms in fiber science and textile engineering.
The document discusses automation in manufacturing through automation. It notes that metrics like return on net assets are increasingly scrutinized, requiring improved efficiency and agility. Automation can help control costs like labor, materials, and utilities while improving productivity, quality, and record keeping. Proper automation requires identifying needs and feasibility, selecting flexible systems, and considering performance factors. The textile industry in particular stands to benefit from automating processes like dyeing that require precise control of multiple parameters. Case studies show how automating systems at a textile plant improved consistency, reduced costs and waste, and increased productivity.
The document discusses the use of enzymes in textile processing. It begins by explaining what enzymes are and provides examples of some common textile processing enzymes like amylases, catalases, lipases, pectinases, proteases and cellulases. These enzymes are used to perform functions like desizing cotton by removing starch with amylases, removing hydrogen peroxide with catalases, and scouring cotton with a mixture of lipases, pectinases, proteases and cellulases. Enzymatic processes provide advantages for the textile industry by reducing water and energy consumption compared to traditional chemical methods.
This document provides an overview of flat bed weft knitting machines. It describes the key components of single and double bed machines, including the needle, cam carriage, and methods of knit, tuck, and float stitch formation. It also summarizes computerized flat bed knitting machines, explaining their control system, input/output components, and programming capabilities.
This document provides information on recent developments in card wire clothing used in carding machines. It discusses five main types of card wire clothing - cylinder wire, doffer wire, flat tops, licker-in wire, and stationary flats. For each type, it describes the key characteristics like tooth geometry, pitch, angle, and material composition that affect carding performance. It also introduces new cylinder wire profiles and integrated grinding systems that help maintain optimal carding conditions and minimize downtime for wire maintenance.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
This document discusses the geometry of card wires used in carding machines. It covers the different types of wires including cylinder, doffer, licker-in, and flat top wires. Important parameters that affect carding quality like tooth depth, pitch, base thickness, front and back angles are explained. Different steel alloys used in manufacturing card wires based on their applications are also outlined. Maintaining optimal wire geometry tailored to fiber characteristics is key to efficient fiber control and high quality carding.
L'Oreal is the world's largest cosmetics company founded in 1909. It has a global market share of 17% and owns brands like Garnier, Maybelline, Lancome, and The Body Shop. The document analyzes L'Oreal's market presence in India through its 4Ps - extensive product lines, viral marketing promotions, competitive pricing, and wide distribution channels. It finds that L'Oreal has approximately 20-22% market share in the Indian lip color market and is in the growth stage of its product lifecycle with 40% sales increases and heavy advertising investments.
This document discusses rotor spinning and the importance of the navel component. It covers the history of rotor spinning, the key components of a rotor spinning system including the opening roller, rotor, and navel. The navel plays a crucial role by inserting twist into the yarn and determining yarn characteristics. Different navel designs and parameters like the number of notches, surface geometry, and radius can impact properties of the spun yarn such as evenness, imperfections, hairiness, tenacity, and elongation. Fiber parameters and blend also influence navel selection for rotor spinning.
This document discusses filtration theory, including definitions of filtration, objectives of filtration, types of filtration collections and fibers used. It describes filtration efficiencies of different collector types and how yarn characteristics and weaves influence efficiency. The document outlines manufacturing methods, classifications of filtration, design considerations and testing of filters. It concludes that the optimal filter fabric depends on the specific use and conditions.
Geotextiles are permeable fabrics used with soil, rock, earth, and other geotechnical engineering related material as an interface. The document discusses the functions, classification, production process, forms, properties of fibers, and applications of geotextiles. Geotextiles are used for separation, filtration, drainage, reinforcement, protection, and erosion control in applications such as roads, railways, retaining walls, slopes, shorelines, and landfills. Common materials used include polypropylene, polyester, and natural fibers like jute. Geotextiles come in various forms like geomembranes, geogrids, geonets, and geocomposites.
3. INTRODUCTION
The fire hazard is the most pervasive, be it home, work
place or in the time of calamity.
The most devastating are the result of fire hazard
when a person’s clothing ignites.
Wearing fire resistant garment reduces the burn injury
and increasing the chances of surviving the flash fire.
3
4. Should Meet The Following
Requirements
Flame resistance .
Fabric integrity .
Good thermal insulation .
Oil repellency .
Easy cleanibility .
Wearer acceptance .
4
5. Flame Retardant Fibre
These fibres may be used solely or in blend form to arrive at
optimum performance and cost.
Chemically modified fibres and fabrics.
5
6. Measure for high temperature
performance
A high temperature textile is define as a material that
can be used continuously at temperature over 200 c
without losing its major physical properties.
Another is LOI which is used to rate the flammability
of fibre.
LOI is %age oxygen level that must be present in
oxygen/nitrogen mixture of air before the fibre would
ignite and burn when exposed to flame.
Fibre with LOI in the mid 20s and above is considered
flame resistant.
6
8. Aramid Fibres
Aramid fibres contains no flame retardant chamical i.e
phosphorus or halogen.
Nomex has good thermal stability and dose not melt.
Nomex especially suitable for firefighters.
Protective garments made from Nomex are also quit
comfortable.
Aamid fibre garment can be laundered and dry
cleaned without any loss of flame retardency.
8
9. Polybenzimidazole
PBI does not burn in air.
PBI fabrics remain stable and maintain integrity.
PBI retains its strength well when tested during
exposure at elevated temperature.
9
10. Kermal
Heat resistant and inherently non flammable fibres.
It is non melting and non shrinking organic fibre
which offer light weight and soft hand.
It is high price but high performance fibre
10
11. Polyphenylene Sulphide fibre
It is classified as non flammable .
LOI is 34-35 .
It dose not support combustion under normal
atmospheric condition.
In addition, its chemical resistance and ability to
retain its physical properties under extremely adverse
condition make it valuable for protective clothing.
11
12. Polyacrylate fibres
It neither burns nor melts.
It emits virtually no smoke or toxic gases.
LOI is 43 .
12
13. Semicarbon fibres
These fibres are produced by partial carbonization of
PAN fibres, for e.g Celiox and Panox .
Excellent heat resistance .
Comfort to wear.
13
14. Chemically Modified Fibres And
Fabric
Special treatment are given to fibre and fabric to make
them fire resistant , for e.g :-
At the polymerization stage.
By using some modifier.
By surface modification .
14
15. Protective Clothing
Firefighter protective clothing limit the dissipation of
body metabolic heat.
So protective garment has several layers :-
Outer shell .
Vapour barrier .
Inner liner .
15
16. Design Features
Coat and jacket .
Collar .
Front closure .
Coverall or pants .
16
17. Effect Of Fabric Construction
In hot environment or direct flame ( 150-250 g/m² )
For full installations (250-320 g/m² )
For workshop (320-400 g/m² )
Against molten metal (900 g/m² )
17
18. Current ASTM Standards
TPP, NFPA 2000, (the former ASTM D 4108), ASTM F
2700-08, ISO 9151,
ISO 17492, CGSB
ASTM F955 -07 : Molten Substances, ISO 9150, ISO
9185/BS373
18
19. ASTM standard
ASTM F 2700‐08, Standard Test Method for Unsteady‐State Heat
Transfer
Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with
Continuous Heating
(NFPA 1971 Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) test)
ASTM F1939 ‐08, Standard Test Method for Radiant Heat
Resistance of Flame Resistant Clothing Materials with
Continuous Heating
ASTM F 1060 ‐08, Test Method for Thermal Protective
Performance for Protective Clothing for Hot Surface Contact
ASTM 2701 – 08 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat
Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact
with a Hot Liquid Splash
19
21. Chemical Protection
Protective clothing cannot be made generic for all chemical
applications, since chemicals vary in most cases and a particular
CPC can protect only against a limited number of specific
chemicals.
Important considerations in designing chemical protective
clothing are
The amount of chemical permeation.
Breakthrough time for penetration.
Liquid repellency.
Physical properties of the CPC in specific chemical conditions.
21
22. c
Chemical protective clothing can be categorized as
encapsulating or non-encapsulating based on the style of
wearing the clothing.
CPC is rated for four levels of protection, levels A, B, C and
D from highest protection to normal protection.
22
24. Requirements
Chemical Protective Clothing Should Resist :
Permeation , Degradation, Penetration.
Durability
Flexibility
Temperature Resistance
Service Life
Clean Ability
24
25. Permeation
Permeation is the diffusion of a chemical on a
molecular basis through chemical protective clothing.
This movement of the chemical through the protective
material may not be readily noticeable because it
occurs on a molecular or microscopic level.
The time it takes the chemical to pass through the
protective material until it is first detected by an
analytical instrument is called the breakthrough time.
25
27. Degradation
The change in the physical properties of the material
as a result of adverse effects of the chemical is called
degradation.
Physical properties may include material
weight, dimensions, tensile strength, hardness.
The most common observations of material
degradation are Swelling, Loss of Strength or
Deterioration.
27
29. Penetration
Penetration is defined as `the flow of chemical
through closures, porous materials, seams, and
pinholes and other imperfection in a protective
clothing material on a non-molecular level.
This definition is intended to accommodate both
liquids and gases.
Penetration of chemicals may take place through
Zippers, Seams or Imperfections in Protective Clothing
29
31. Textile Materials
Ordinary textile materials are generally not considered suitable for protection
against chemicals, however special non-coated textile materials are used for a
variety of applications involving particulates and light liquid spray from
relatively non-hazardous chemicals.
Though woven textiles are not often found in chemical protective clothing, very
tightly woven, repellent-treated fabrics can provide some very low minimum
protection against liquid exposure.
More common are nonwoven fabrics that have demonstrated barrier
performance against particles and repellency of liquids.
Two predominant examples of non- woven fabrics are flashspun polyethylene
(Tyvek) and spunbond/ meltbown/ spunbond (SMS) polypropylene
(Kleenguard).
These textiles are used because of their relatively low cost and because the
materials provide a structure of microfibers that filter out dry particulates and
many water-based liquids.
31
32. Flash Spun Polyethylene
Made from very fine, high-density polyethylene fibers, lightweight
yet strong; vapor permeable, yet water- and chemical-resistant, as
well as puncture-, tear- and abrasion-resistant.
Tyvek® is formed by a fully integrated process using continuous
and very fine fibers of 100% high-density polyethylene that are
randomly distributed and no directional. These fibers are first
flash-spun, then laid as a web on a moving bed before being
bonded together by heat and pressure - without the use of
binders.
Extensive Temperature Range, Excellent Dimensional Stability: -
73°C (132°C). 32
33. SMS Polypropylene
Breathable fabric multilayered laminate.
The two outer spun bond layers are made of randomly deposited
15 – 20 micron diameter continuous polypropylene fibres which
provide cloth-like comfort while also offering fabric
strength, durability and abrasion resistance.
The inner melt blown layer provides a filter barrier and is typically
comprised of 1-3 micron diameter polypropylene fibres.
The advantage of melt blown as the barrier layer is that it is
permeable to both air and moisture vapour, meaning that both air
and sweat vapour can pass through the garment to keep the skin
cool and the wearer more comfortable in hot working
environments.
33
34. Unsupported Rubber and Plastic
Materials
Normally, chemical protective clothing materials include
supporting textile fabrics to provide strength.
However, there are some CPC materials that do not include a
fabric substrate. The rubber material or plastic is thick enough to
provide sufficient strength for clothing use.
Examples of polymers used in these materials are polyvinyl
chloride and chlorinated polyethylene.
Because the materials are continuous, they offer a barrier to
liquids and can be used in the construction of CPC intended for
protection against liquids and gases.
34
35. Micro Porous Film-Based
Materials
Microporous films have millions of microscopic pores per square
inch of the film structure.
In most cases, the pores are irregularly shaped with tortuous
paths through the film.
This material feature makes the film `breathable' .
The microporous films are generally glued or laminated to
woven or nonwoven fabrics for physical support.
Owing to their physical structure, these fabrics provide barrier
performance against liquids but not gases. 35
36. Adsorbent-Based Materials
These materials include adsorbents, such as activated
charcoal or other sorbent materials.
Activated Carbon : Activated carbon in very fine powder
or granular form is useful to purify both water and air.
Activated carbon has particular affinity to organic materials
such as solvents used in printing inks and common coatings.
36
37. Development of Chemical
Protective Clothing:
The chemical protective clothing is formed by five layers, the
outer shell made of polyester as it has low absorption of 2%
and it provides a good strength to the fabric and polyester
has a good resistance to lab grade chemicals.
The inner layer is made up of cotton fabric as it gives good
absorbency and comfort.
The middle layer comprises of cotton non woven
sandwiched with activated carbon.
37
38. Some other fabrics
Coated nylon or polyester fabric. Coated with butyl
rubber having base fabric varies between 250-500g/m².
Multilayer sandwiched type :-
Polymide or polyester is sandwiched between weldable
pollyolefin films.
Weight 100-150 g/m²
38
39. c
The conventional chemical protective clothing was
based on embedding activated carbon using adhesives
and polyurethane foam with a activated carbon load of
120 – 160 GSM.
These fabrics had low comfort properties of air
permeability and thermal comfort causing stress to the
wearer.
39
42. Garment Design Features
The type and location of Seams.
The type, length, and location of the closure system(s).
The type and characteristics of visors or face shields, if
integrated into garments.
The design of interface areas with other chemical
protective clothing or equipment.
42
45. Closure Systems
Closures are typically the `weak' link in the chemical
protective clothing barrier.
The simplest closures are zippers or a series of snaps.
CPC designs use storm flaps to cover the zipper or snaps
Liquid-repellent zippers are conventional zippers that
use rubber or plastic coated tape instead of woven cloth
on the sides of the zipper and that have a special chain
(teeth) that are coated to limit liquid penetration.
45
47. Garment Visors
Visors are generally incorporated into suits to offer chemical
barrier protection for the head and face area. In general, the visor
is constructed from a material that provides clear undistorted
vision as well as chemical resistance.
The principal materials used in visor construction are polyvinyl
chloride, polycarbonate, and polymethacrylate.
Since the visor material must provide optical qualities, only
transparent materials can be chosen as visors.
When greater chemical resistance is required, the visor be made
of a composite material that includes fluorinated ethylene
propylene (FEP) laminated to PVC.
47
49. Level A
Level A should be worn when the highest level of respiratory, skin, and
eye protection is required.
Level A is used when:
Conditions are unknown.
The hazardous substance has been identified and requires the highest
level of protection for skin, eyes, and respiratory system.
Operations are being conducted in confined, poorly ventilated areas.
Work function involves a high potential for splash, immersion, or
exposure to unexpected skin hazards .
49
51. Level B
Self-contained breathing apparatus, Chemical protective
clothing, gloves, and hard hat. Should be selected when the highest level
of respiratory protected is needed and some degree of skin protection is
required.
Level B is the minimum recommendation for initial site entry.
Level B protection is used when:
Air contaminants are unknown.
Air contaminants have been identified and the criteria for using APRs
are not met.
The atmosphere contains less than 19.5% oxygen.
Direct contact does not pose a severe skin hazard.
51
53. Level C
Level C should be selected when types of airborne contaminants
are known, the concentrations are measured and the criteria for
using air-purifying respirators (APRs) are met.
Level C protection is used when:
Criteria for the use of APRs are met.
Air contaminants have been identified and concentrations
measured.
Direct contact does not pose a skin hazard.
53
55. Level D
Level D should not be worn on any site with respiratory or skin
hazards.
Level D is primarily a work uniform providing minimal protection.
Level D protection is worn when:
Atmosphere contains no known hazards.
Work functions precludes the potential for unexpected exposure
to hazardous levels of any substances.
55